2. Parkinson’s Disease
Progressive neuro-generative disease
This disease results as the dopamine contained neurons known as
neuro-malanin reduce or die.
These neurons are located in substantial nigra in the midbrain.
These neurons are black in color.
The symptoms of Parkinson's are only seen when more than
<90% of dopamine neurons die.
3. Movement signs of Parkinson’s
SHAKINESS
• Tremors
STIFFNESS
• Movements are not
smooth but, very rigid
SLOW MOVEMENT
Bradykinesis
DIFFICULTY
BALANCING
Occurs much later in due
course of the disease
4. Non-Movement signs of
Parkinson’s
Psychosis
• Mood affect
• depression
Cognitive Problems
Memory loss (forgetfulness)
Dementia
Poor concentration
Trouble with multitasking
Anxiety problems
Sleep disturbance
Fatigue
Constipation
Sensory problems
Poor sense of smell
Difficulty in
distinguishing between
different smells
Excess sweating
5. Idiopathic- The actual reason is unknown, however following causes can be
considered:
GENETIC CAUSES
Gene mutation:
ENVIROMENTAL CAUSES
Exposure to pesticides and
cleaning chemicals
Age: in geriatric population
Parkinson’s is much
common <65 years.
Gender: As per the
researches Parkinson’s is
more common in males.
Heavy metals like
manganese (Mn), copper
(Cu) and lead (Pb) used in
Industries can also be the
cause.
CAUSES of Parkinson’s
100% Parkinson’s
Chance of having
Parkinson’s
7. Cortex (stimulates)
Striatum (inhibits)
GP(external)less inhibition of
Substantial nigra
Substantial nigra (stimulates)
GP(internal) more inhibition to
Thalamus
Thalamus (less stimulated)
Cortex (less stimulated)
Results in controlled unwanted
muscle movement.
8. Managing Parkinson’s Disease
• Parkinson’s is a progressive
disease therefore no medication or
surgery can treat or cure it
completely.
• Though people suffering from
Parkinson’s show similar
symptoms, they show difference in
severity, timeline and individual
experiences.
• Through medication (L Dopa)
dopamine level can be increased or
replaced. However with due time
side effects are seen as dyskinesia
and wearing off.
9. • When symptoms are not managed by
medication surgery is recommended, mainly
DBS (Deep Brain Stimulation)
• DBS is operated in either of 2 ways:
1. Surveying: electrode is skill fully placed in
area of basal ganglia, this electrode can find
the misbehaving neurons and analyze their
activity with sound waves which are
indications to the surgeons to operate ON.
2. Permanent electrodes: these electrodes stay
in the brain depending on the severity of the
symptom. These electrodes are connected to
a battery power pacemaker located down the
collar bone. These electrodes send signals
and adjust the neural activity in the brain.
The main areas that are targeted in DBS are:
Globus pallidus internal: is too active and it
inhibits the activity of thalamus which further
inhibits the activity of motor cortex in
Parkinson’s.
Sub thalamic nucleus: is too active which
activates Globus pallidus at fist place in
parkinson’s.
10. Lifestyle:
Exercise and physiotherapy can help to alleviate associated
pain and rigidity and postural changes that happen to develop
during the disease. Though exercise the stiffness and rigidity
of muscles can be reduced.
Speech therapy: lot of people tend to develop soft speech due
to lack of muscle co-ordination . therefore therapy is
recommended help to train increase volume and help the
person chew the food well.
Emotional and psychological support from family and friends is
needed as Parkinson's is also associated with psychological
problems and as its progressive in nature.
11. 1. Coursera Parkinson's video was
taken as base:
https://www.coursera.org/learn/neur
obiology/lecture/Gwbol/parkinsons-
disease
2. Following YouTube videos were
referred:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3n
8UjH9h_8I&t=5s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4q
dD4Ny34cc&t=232s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5h
M8xUB07Y0&t=57s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HF
ecdPI_-dg&t=75s
3. Images where taken from Google
Bibliography
12. Grateful
I am grateful to Coursera for
having such an
informative and detailed
course. I am very happy
that I got this opportunity
to share this PPT with you
all. This course has
helped me a lot to
understand the
neurobiological
functioning of the brain. As
I am a school psychologist
I encounter many students
having special needs. This
neuro biology of brain has
inspired me to even
understand their neuro
biological activities of
brain and plan activities
