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Zvuk je po svojoj prirodi val titranja
estica zraka koji se širi zrakom uč
odr enom intezitetu i odre enomđ đ
brzinom.
 nastaje kada izvor
zvuka tj. neka
materija vibrira što
uzrokuje pomicanje
ili titranje esticač
zraka koje se
nastavljaju širiti
 osjetilo za sluh
UHO
 Zvuk putuje brzinom 300 m/s
 FREKVENCIJA – broj titraja koje
materijal ini u jednoj sekundi (Hz -č
Hertz)
 Raspon ljudskog sluha:
• Frekvencije 20 Hz – 20 Hz
 Niske: 20 Hz – 400 Hz
 Srednje: 400 Hz – 8000 Hz
 Visoke: 8000 Hz – 20000 Hz
• Infrazvukovi – ispod 20 Hz
• Ultrazvukovi – više od 20 KHz
 Datoteke u valnom obliku ili digitaliziraneDatoteke u valnom obliku ili digitalizirane
audio datotekeaudio datoteke
- zvu ni valovi unašaju se u ra unalo uč č
analognom obliku i putem zvu neč
kartice se pretvaraju u digitalni oblik
 MIDI datoteke
- sadr e pohranjene MIDI upute zaž
reprodukciju zvuka koje se šalju na
sintetizator
 Nastaju mjerenjem amplitude analognog
zvu nog vala, zatim se zvuk digitalizira tj.č
izmjerene vrijednosti se pretvaraju u
broj aneč
 Velike datoteke
proces pretvaranja
analognog signala u
digitalni oblik
datoteke valnog oblika
nastaju digitalizacijom
zvu nog signalač
Postupak se naziva
“uzrokovanje” (eng.
sampling)
Uzimanje uzoraka
 mjerenje amplitude zvu nog signalač
 U ESTALOST UZROKOVANJA – broj uzorakaČ
uzetih u razdoblju jedne sekunde (Hz)
 Ljudski glas sa maksimalnom frekvencijom od
4 Hz zahtijeva frekvenciju uzrokovanja bar 8
kHz
 Minimalna vrijednost frekv. Uzrokovanja za
prihvatljivu kakvo u zvuka je pribli no 11 kHzć ž
 Ve i broj kHz – reprodukcija e biti kvalitetnijać ć
Kvantizacija
 vrijednost svakog uzorka
se zaokru uje na najbli iž ž
zadani uzorak – kvantizacija
 kvantizacijom svodimo
uzorke na kona an brojč
razina kvantizacije
 uz broj bita k dobiva se
2k
razina kvantizacije
(npr. 28
= 256 )
 pretvaranje izmjerenje vrijednosti
amplitude zvu nog vala u binarni brojč
odre ene du ineđ ž
 uporaba binarnih brojeva du ine 8 ili 16ž
bitova
 ve a brzina uzrokovanja ić
ve i uzorak – kvalitetniji zvukć
 Formula za odre ivanje veli ine audiođ č
datoteke:
veli ina datoteke (byte) = brzina uzrokovanjač
(Hz) x veli ina uzorka (byte) x kanali (1-mono,č
2-stereo) x trajanje (sekunde)

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Zvuk 1

  • 1. Zvuk je po svojoj prirodi val titranja estica zraka koji se širi zrakom uč odr enom intezitetu i odre enomđ đ brzinom.
  • 2.  nastaje kada izvor zvuka tj. neka materija vibrira što uzrokuje pomicanje ili titranje esticač zraka koje se nastavljaju širiti  osjetilo za sluh UHO
  • 3.  Zvuk putuje brzinom 300 m/s  FREKVENCIJA – broj titraja koje materijal ini u jednoj sekundi (Hz -č Hertz)  Raspon ljudskog sluha: • Frekvencije 20 Hz – 20 Hz  Niske: 20 Hz – 400 Hz  Srednje: 400 Hz – 8000 Hz  Visoke: 8000 Hz – 20000 Hz • Infrazvukovi – ispod 20 Hz • Ultrazvukovi – više od 20 KHz
  • 4.  Datoteke u valnom obliku ili digitaliziraneDatoteke u valnom obliku ili digitalizirane audio datotekeaudio datoteke - zvu ni valovi unašaju se u ra unalo uč č analognom obliku i putem zvu neč kartice se pretvaraju u digitalni oblik  MIDI datoteke - sadr e pohranjene MIDI upute zaž reprodukciju zvuka koje se šalju na sintetizator
  • 5.  Nastaju mjerenjem amplitude analognog zvu nog vala, zatim se zvuk digitalizira tj.č izmjerene vrijednosti se pretvaraju u broj aneč  Velike datoteke
  • 6. proces pretvaranja analognog signala u digitalni oblik datoteke valnog oblika nastaju digitalizacijom zvu nog signalač Postupak se naziva “uzrokovanje” (eng. sampling)
  • 7. Uzimanje uzoraka  mjerenje amplitude zvu nog signalač  U ESTALOST UZROKOVANJA – broj uzorakaČ uzetih u razdoblju jedne sekunde (Hz)  Ljudski glas sa maksimalnom frekvencijom od 4 Hz zahtijeva frekvenciju uzrokovanja bar 8 kHz  Minimalna vrijednost frekv. Uzrokovanja za prihvatljivu kakvo u zvuka je pribli no 11 kHzć ž  Ve i broj kHz – reprodukcija e biti kvalitetnijać ć
  • 8. Kvantizacija  vrijednost svakog uzorka se zaokru uje na najbli iž ž zadani uzorak – kvantizacija  kvantizacijom svodimo uzorke na kona an brojč razina kvantizacije  uz broj bita k dobiva se 2k razina kvantizacije (npr. 28 = 256 )
  • 9.  pretvaranje izmjerenje vrijednosti amplitude zvu nog vala u binarni brojč odre ene du ineđ ž  uporaba binarnih brojeva du ine 8 ili 16ž bitova  ve a brzina uzrokovanja ić ve i uzorak – kvalitetniji zvukć
  • 10.  Formula za odre ivanje veli ine audiođ č datoteke: veli ina datoteke (byte) = brzina uzrokovanjač (Hz) x veli ina uzorka (byte) x kanali (1-mono,č 2-stereo) x trajanje (sekunde)