5. History
Central bank: manages a
state’s currency, money
supply, interest rates
1609: The Bank of
Amsterdam
1694: The Bank of England
1790: The currency crisis
1800: The Bank of France
http://ilcorsomercurio.altervista.org/Il_corso_M/Materie/4.Ingles
e/Images_UK/15-Bank.of.england.arp.750pix.jpg
6. History
The 18th-19th centuries:
evolved slowly
The 19th century:
established in many
European countries
The 20th century:
established in Africa and
Asia
The People's Bank of
China(1979): the most
recent bank model http://content.headlineasia.com/wp-content/
uploads/2014/02/pboc_imaginechina.jpg
7. History
Naming of central banks
‘Bank of Country’
(normally used, but
Bank of India)
‘Central Bank of
Country’ (except Central
Bank of India)
‘Reserve Bank of
Country’
http://lindagalindo.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/bank.jpg
9. Monetary Policy
Involve establishing what
form of the country’s
currency
Involve the issue of some
form of standardized
currency
Use another country's
currency: directly or
indirectly
Refer to the interest-rate
targets and other active
measures http://fambizsuccess.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/face-of-banking1.
jpg
10. Monetary Policy
Functions :
Implementing monetary policies
Determining Interest rates
Controlling the nation's entire money
Managing foreign exchange, gold reserves and
stock register
Regulating and supervising the banking industry
Setting the official interest rate
11. Monetary Policy
Goals:
Currency issuance: hold
assets and incur liabilities
Interest rate interventions:
control certain types of short-term
interest rates
Limits on policy effects:
impossible to control both
interest rates & currency rates
http://borderlessnewsandviews.com/wp-content/
uploads/2013/04/money.jpg
13. Policy Instruments
Interest rates
Marginal lending rate: a fixed
rate for institutions to borrow
money from the central bank
Main refinancing rate: the
publicly visible interest rate
the central bank announces
Deposit rate: the rates parties
receive for deposits at the
central bank http://www.thedigeratilife.com/images/interest_rates.jpg
14. Policy Instruments
Open market operation
Buying or selling securities
Temporary lending of money
for collateral securities
Foreign exchange
operations such as foreign
exchange swaps
Capital requirements: hold a
certain percentage of their
assets as capital
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11/radiantskies121101115/16489336-abstract-word-cloud-for-open-
market-operation-with-related-tags-and-terms.jpg
15. Policy Instruments
Reserve requirements: hold only a small percentage
of their assets in the form of cash reserves
Exchange requirements:
require that some or all foreign exchange receipts
-> the local currency
generally used in countries with non-convertible or
partially convertible currencies
Margin requirements: establishes a minimum ratio of
the value of the securities to the amount borrowed
16. Conclusion
Central bank has the primary function of
managing the nation's money supply and
has some considerable supervisory powers.