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・重力波検出のインパクト
・論文のアブストの読み方
・一般相対性理論の考え方
・論文の図面を読んでみよう
・難しいところはどこだったか
ABSTRACT
On September 14, 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC the two detectors of
the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory simultaneously
observed a transient gravitational-wave signal.
The signal sweeps upwards in frequency from 35 to 250 Hz with
a peak gravitational-wave strain of 1.0×10−21.
It matches the waveform predicted by general relativity for the inspiral and merger of
a pair of black holes and the ringdown of the resulting single black hole.
The signal was observed with a matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of 24
and a false alarm rate estimated to be less than 1 event per 203 000 years,
equivalent to a significance greater than 5.1σ.
The source lies at a luminosity distance of 410+160−180  Mpc corresponding
to a redshift z=0.09+0.03−0.04.
In the source frame, the initial black hole masses are 36+5−4M⊙ and 29+4−4M⊙,
and the final black hole mass is 62+4−4M⊙, with 3.0+0.5−0.5M⊙c2radiated
in gravitational waves. All uncertainties define 90% credible intervals.
These observations demonstrate the existence of binary stellar-mass black hole system
This is the first direct detection of gravitational waves
and the first observation of a binary black hole merger.
PRLの論文より
ABSTRACT
On September 14, 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC the two detectors of
the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory simultaneously
observed a transient gravitational-wave signal.
The signal sweeps upwards in frequency from 35 to 250 Hz with
a peak gravitational-wave strain of 1.0×10−21.
It matches the waveform predicted by general relativity for the inspiral and merger of
a pair of black holes and the ringdown of the resulting single black hole.
The signal was observed with a matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of 24
and a false alarm rate estimated to be less than 1 event per 203 000 years,
equivalent to a significance greater than 5.1σ.
The source lies at a luminosity distance of 410+160−180  Mpc corresponding
to a redshift z=0.09+0.03−0.04.
In the source frame, the initial black hole masses are 36+5−4M⊙ and 29+4−4M⊙,
and the final black hole mass is 62+4−4M⊙, with 3.0+0.5−0.5M⊙c2radiated
in gravitational waves. All uncertainties define 90% credible intervals.
These observations demonstrate the existence of binary stellar-mass black hole system
This is the first direct detection of gravitational waves
and the first observation of a binary black hole merger.
重要と思われる部分
について説明します
On September 14, 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC
the two detectors of the Laser Interferometer
Gravitational-Wave Observatory simultaneously
マイケルソン・モーリーの光干渉計のこと!!
It matches the waveform predicted by general relativity for
the inspiral and merger of
a pair of black holes and the ringdown of the resulting single
black hole.
The signal was observed with a matched-filter signal-to-noise
ratio of 24
and a false alarm rate estimated to be less than 1 event per
203 000 years,
・重力波からブラックホールの融合がわかった
・この測定が雑音を勘違いしただけである可能性は
20万年に一度のレアイベントぐらいありえない
This is the first direct detection of gravitational
waves
and the first observation of a binary black hole
merger.
世界ではじめて重力波の“直接観測”に成功した!
(連星パルサーの運動が厳密に相対論に
従うことは知られていたので
おそらく重力波も出ているとは思われていた)
・ところで、重力波ってなに?
・アインシュタインが予言したってほんと?
・時空の歪みってなに?時空ってなに?
・どこが難しかったの?
http://gwcenter.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/plan/aboutu-gw
一般相対性理論の概要
重力波観測の動向(試験機)
重力波観測でみえるもの
電磁波では宇宙の晴れ上がりより前は絶対に見られない
⇒重力波やニュートリノ観測が必須
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%
BE%E6%80%A7%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96
時空の歪を決める
未来の運動を決める
一般相対性理論の“考え方”
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%
BE%E6%80%A7%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96
未来の運動を決める
T
X
等速直線運動は時空図では直線に対応
Point:静的な線が運動の状態に対応する。
一般相対性理論の“考え方”
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%
BE%E6%80%A7%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96
未来の運動を決める
T
X
加速度運動(重力などがある)は時空図では曲線に対応
一般相対性理論の“考え方”
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%
BE%E6%80%A7%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96
未来の運動を決める
T
X
加速度運動(重力などがある)は時空図では曲線に対応
経路はいつも曲がった時空の上での“直線”(最短経路)
これを平坦な時空の尺度(遠方)で測ると“曲がって見える”
一般相対性理論の“考え方”
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%
BE%E6%80%A7%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96
T
X
加速度運動(重力などがある)は時空図では曲線に対応
一般相対性理論の“考え方”
理解する上で大事なことは
時空=時間+空間 ではない!
時間と空間が混ざり合った(よくわからない)4次元の実態があるということ。
だから時間と空間がお互いに影響しあう。不可分。
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%
BE%E6%80%A7%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96
Riemann幾何より
相対論より エネルギー保存則
アインシュタイン方程式の導出
0v
uvG 
0v
uvT 
Rieman幾何学
より
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%
BE%E6%80%A7%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96
Riemann幾何より
相対論より
したがって
ここでRiemann幾何より なので とできる。
共変微分(∇)を
掛けると等しくなる
微分する
と0になる
のがg
この係数Λが宇宙項!
比例係数kは万有引力定数Gを含む
アインシュタイン方程式の導出
uv uvG T C 
0v
uvT 
0v
uvG 
0v
uvg  uvC g 
Riemann幾何より
相対論より
したがって
ここでRiemann幾何より なので とできる。
共変微分(∇)を
掛けると等しくなる
微分する
と0になる
のがg
この係数Λが宇宙項!
比例係数kは万有引力定数Gを含む
アインシュタイン方程式の導出
uv uvG T C 
0v
uvT 
0v
uvG 
0v
uvg  uvC g 
重力場が弱いときはF=GM/r^2 (実験事実)と一致する
にはk∝Gとなるしかない。これでkが決まる。
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%
BE%E6%80%A7%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96
時空の歪を決める
未来の運動を決める
一般相対性理論の“考え方”
つまり、
数学に「エネルギー保存則」と「物体は最短経路を取る」を足すと
物理の一般相対性理論が出てくる!!
(あと共変性も課しているけど。。)
http://eman-physics.net/relativity/gwave.html
g = η+hとおく。ηは平坦な時空。hがズレ量
□h = 0
(と、hのローレンツ条件)
(参考)電磁気学の波動方程式=電磁波
□A= 0
(と、Aのローレンツ条件)
重力場が弱い時には時空の歪みhが形を崩さず伝搬する!(重力波)
重力波検出の方法
分かれた光が干渉する時、位相差(時間差)をφとすると、検出光強度Pは
P∝(1-cosφ) ←これを利用している(後述)
重力波検出の方法
分かれた光が干渉する時、位相差(時間差)をφとすると、検出光強度Pは
P∝(1-cosφ)
24dB
Occurring within the 10-ms intersite propagation time,
the events have a combined signal-to noise ratio (SNR) of 24
重力波の振幅レベル(想定)
重力波の周波数
(想定)
とらえた信号のSNR(信号と雑音レベルの差)は24dB=10^(2.4)倍の有意差
重力波検出の方法
分かれた光が干渉する時、位相差(時間差)をφとすると、検出光強度Pは
P∝(1-cosφ)
Pがわかればφがわかる。
φは明らかに時空の歪みhで決まるので、hもわかる。
hがわかれば重力波源の質量(比)もわかる!
何が難しい?
安定させるべきパラメータの多さ、精度の高さ!
・レーザーの周波数、強度 (何もしなければめちゃ揺らぐ)
→ドアの開け閉めによる振動を拾うレベル。(免震してても)
・ミラーの力学的なずれ、光圧によるずれ・・・
・電子デバイス(PD)のショットノイズ、電源ノイズ・・・
・レンズ系の整列(アライメント)
ブラックホール融合と重力波の波形
このようになると
数値計算で予想されていた
実験データ
数値計算
ほぼLIGOの感度の良い
周波数(前述)の
イベントであった
(ラッキー!)
実験データ
数値計算
数値計算と高精度で一致!!
別の場所の測定データとも一致!
→でも、雑音がたまたま数値計算結果に似てるという可能性
は??
測定系のノイズ量から、たまたま一致する可能性は
20万年に一度ぐらいのイベント
→物理学的にまぁ起こりえないといっていい
明らかに特異

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重力波