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ការអប់រំកុមារតូចនៅកម្ព ុជា
Early Childhood Education (ECE) in
Cambodia
Mr. Prak Kosal, Director of ECE Dept., MoEYS
E-mail: echild.edu@gmail.com
សាវតា¼BACKROUND
សាវតា¼BACKROUND
• នរកាយថ្ងៃរំន ោះ ៧ ម្ករា ១៩៧៩ ម្នតេយយសិកាបានចាប់ដំន ើរការ
ន ើងវ ិញដូចនសវាអប់រំដ៏ថ្ៃនៃៀតដដរ សថ ិតនៅនរកាម្ការររប់ររងរបស់
រក ុម្ការងារអប់រំចំន ោះៃូនៅនិងម្នតេយយសិកា
• After the Liberation day (7th January 1979), Preschool Education was established
by a technical working group of General Education and Preschool Education
• ឆ្ន ំ១៩៨៦ បានផ្លា ស់បត ូររចនាសម្ព័នធនៅជានា.ចំននោះៃូនៅនិងម្នតេយ្
យសិកា តាម្រយៈនសចកេីសនរម្ចនេខ ៦២ អរ.ចត ចុោះថ្ងៃៃី១២ ដខនម្
សា ឆ្ន ំ១៩៨៦
• In 1986, the above working group changed to Department of General Education
and Preschool Education via Regulation No 62Gr>ct, 12 April 1986
• ឆ្ន ំ១៩៩៩ នា.ចំននោះៃូនៅនិងម្នតេយយសិកា បាន
បំ ដបកជាពីររឺ នា.ចំននោះៃូនៅ និង នា.បឋម្និង ម្
នតេយយសិកា តាម្របកាសនេខ ៣០៦អយក.របក ចុោះ
ថ្ងៃៃី០១ ដខនម្សា ឆ្ន ំ១៩៩៩
• In 1999, Department of General Education and Preschool was
divided into 2 departments: Department of General Secondary
Education, and Department of Primary and Preschool
Education via Regulation No 306Gyk>Rbk, 01 April 1999
សាវតា¼BACKROUND (Cont.)
• ឆ្ន ំ២០០២ នា.អប់រំកុមារតូច រតូវបានបនងកើតន ើង
តាម្អនុរកឹតយនេខ ១០៤អនរក.បក ចុោះថ្ងៃៃី១៤ ដខ
តុលា ឆ្ន ំ២០០២
• In 2002, Early Childhood Education
Department was established via
sub-degree No 104 GnRk>bk,
14 October 2002
សាវតា¼BACKROUND (Cont.)
បចច ុបបននភាព
នសវាអប់រំកុមារតូច
ECE Update
រកបខ័ ឌ រតិយុតេ/Regulations Framework
• ចាប់សេ ីពីការអប់រំ ឆ្ន ំ២០០៧: មារតា ១៦ “រដឋរតូវ គំពារនិងអប់រំកុមារ
តូច ចាប់ពីករម្ិតសូ នយឆ្ន ំម្ុន ម្នតេយយសិកាដដេជាៃូនៅរបរពឹតេនៅទារក
ឋ ន នៅសហរម្ន័ ឬនៅផ្ទោះ។ ការ អប់រំនៅម្នតេយយសិកា រតូវចាប់អនុវតេ
ម្ុនបឋម្សិកា នដើម្បីនរតៀម្េកខ ៈចូេបឋម្សិកា។ រកសួ ងៃៃួេបនទ ុកវ ិ
ស័យ អប់រំនិងរកសួ ង សាថ ប័នពាក់ព័នធ រតូវកំ ត់ខាឹម្សារសេ ីពីការ គំពារនិង
អប់រំកុមារតូច។”
• Education Law in 2007: Article 16_The state shall support early
childcare and childhood education from the age of zero to before
kindergarten, generally provided at childcare centers, communities or
at home. Kindergarten education shall commence education prior to
primary education for preparation to attend primary school. The
ministry in charge of education and other relevant ministries and
institute shall determine the meaning of early childcare and childhood
education.
ដផ្នការយុៃធសាស្តសេ វ ិស័យអប់រំ
 Education Strategic Plan (ESP)
នគេនៅជាតិអប់រំសរមាប់ទាំងអស់គន និងនគេនៅអភិវឌ្ឍ
ន័សហសសវតសរ៍កម្ព ុជា
 Education for All (EFA) and Cambodia Millennium Development
Goals (CMDGs)
នគេននោបាយជាតិសេ ីពីការគំពារ និងអភិវឌ្ឍនុកុមារតូច
 National Policy on Early Childhood Care and Development
រកបខ័ ឌ រតិយុតេ/Regulations Framework
វឌ្ឍនភាពនសវាអប់រំកុមារតូច
ECE Progress
 ម្នតេយយសិការដឋ/Formal Pre-School
 ម្នតេយយសិកាឯកជន¼Private Pre-School
 ម្នតេយយសិកាសហរម្ន៏¼Community Pre-School
 កម្មវ ិធីអប់រំកុមារតូចតាម្ផ្ទោះ¼Home-Based Education
Program
 កម្មវ ិធីអប់រំមាតាបិតា/Parental Education Program
វឌ្ឍនភាពនសវាអប់រំកុមារតូច
ECE Progress
• មត្តេយ្យសិក្សាមាន ៥៨០៧សាលា/ក្សន្នែង៖
• All kind of preschool 5 807 include:
• មត្តេយ្យសិក្សារដ្ឋមាន ៣ ១៨៤/Formal preschool 3 184
• មត្តេយ្យសិក្សាឯក្សជនមាន ៤០៣/Private preschool 403
• មត្តេយ្យសិក្សាសហគមន៍ ២ ២២០ក្សន្នែង/Community preschool 2 220
វឌ្ឍនភាពនសវាអប់រំកុមារតូច ២០១៣-២០១៤
ECE Progress in 2013-2014
• ការអប់រំក្សុមារតូចតាមផ្ទះមាន ១៨១ ស្សុក្ស៖
• Home Based programme 181 districts:
– មាតាបិតាបត្គោ លមាន ២ ៦០០នាក្ស់ / Core parents 2 600
– ស្បធានស្ក្សុម និងសមាជិក្សមាតាបិតាមាន ៧៨ ៤៨៨នាក្ស់ / Lead parents and
parent member 78 488
វឌ្ឍនភាពនសវាអប់រំកុមារតូច ២០១៣-២០១៤
ECE Progress in 2013-2014
េៃធផ្េនធៀបនឹងចំ ុ ចនៅ ESP ឆ្ន ំសិកា២០១៣-១៤
ភាររយកុមារអាយុ ៥ឆ្ន ំៃៃួេបានការអប់រំ តាម្រាជធានី នខតេ ឆ្ន ំ
សិកា២០១៣-២០១៤
ភាររយកុមារអាយុ៣-៤ឆ្ន ំ ៃៃួេបានការអប់រំ តាម្រាជធានី នខតេ ឆ្ន ំ
សិកា២០១៣-២០១៤
ម្នតេយយសិការដឋ
Formal Preschool (FPS)
 ម្នតេយយសិការដឋ (កន ុងបឋម្ និង ច់ន យដ ក) ដចកជា
៣ ករម្ិតៈ ករម្ិតទាប ករម្ិតម្ធយម្ និងរម្ិតខពស់ ដដេ
ៃៃួេកុមារអាយុ ពី ៣ នៅនរកាម្ ៦ឆ្ន ំ
 FPS (attach in primary school and independence) include
3 levels: Low level, Medium level, and high level to
accommodate children aged from 3 to under 6 years old.
 ររូម្នតេយយសិការដឋ រឺជាររូរកបខ ឌ រដឋ ដដេៃៃួេបាន
ការប ត ុ ោះបណ្តេ េរយៈនពេ ២ឆ្ន ំ នៅសាលាម្ធយម្សិកាម្
នតេយយម្ជឈឹម្ រាជធានីភនំនពញ
o FPS teachers are the government officials who received
2 years pre-service training from the Preschool
Teachers Training Center in Phnom Penh
ម្នតេយយសិការដឋ
Formal Preschool (FPS)
• ចំនពាោះកម្មវ ិធីសិកាសរមាប់ម្នតេយយសិការដឋ នរៀបចំន យ
រកសួ ងអប់រំ យុវជន និងកីឡា (នា.អកត និងអងគភាព
ពាក់ព័នធ) ន យដផ្ែកនេើសេ ង់ សិកា
• FPS curriculum is developed by Ministry of Education, Youth
and Sports (ECE dept. collaborate with relevance departments)
based on early learning development standard (ELDS)
ម្នតេយយសិការដឋ
Formal Preschool (FPS)
• ម្នតេយយសិកាឯកជន មាន ២របនភៃ៖
– ម្នតេយយសិកាឯកជន ដដេអនុវតេកម្មវ ិធីជាតិ
– ម្នតេយយសិកាឯកជន ដដេអនុវតេកម្មវ ិធីអនេរជាតិ
• 2 kind of private preschool:
• Private preschool that use national curriculum
• Private preschool that use international curriculum
ម្នតេយយសិកាឯកជន
Private Preschool
• ការនចញអាជាា ប័ ឌ របស់ម្នតេយយសិកាឯកជន មាន ២របនភៃ
៖
– អតិងិជនសុំនបើកដតម្នតេយយសិកា រតូវនចញន យរបធាន រចកនចញ-
ចូេដតម្ួយនៅតាម្រស ុក ខ ឌ
– អតិងិជនសុំនបើកពីម្នតេយយសិកាដេ់បឋម្និងម្ធយម្សិកា រតូវនចញ
ន យ រចកនចញ-ចូេដតម្ួយរបស់រកសួ ង
• 2 kind of License of private preschool:
• For client propose only private preschool will issued by one-window service at
districts level
• For client propose from preschool to primary school or secondary school will
issued by one-window service at MoEYS.
ម្នតេយយសិកាឯកជន
Private Preschool
• ត្បសក្សក្សមម ៖ ផ្េល់ជំនាញនិងចំត្ ះដ្ឹងដ្ល់មាតាបិតា សេីពីអាហារូបតថមភ ការន្ែទំដ្ំបូង ការអប់រំក្សូនដ្ំបូង និងការត្ស្បើស្ាស់ត្សវាសុ
ខាភិាលន្ដ្លត្ៅជិតផ្ទះ។ មាតាបិតា/ររួសារ ដដេមានកូនអាយុនរកាម្ ៦
ឆ្ន ំ។
• Provide skills and knowledge to parents on nutrition, first care, first education
and using health services near their houses. Especially the parents who have
children under 6 years old.
អប់រំកុមារតូចតាម្ផ្ទោះ
Home Based Programme
• ត្ោលត្ៅ៖ ក្សុមារក្សនុងស្គួសារទំងត្នះនឹង មានអាហារូបតថមភទទួលានការអប់រំ/ន្ែទំដ្ំបូងស្បត្សើរត្ ើងនិងទទួលាននូវត្សវាសុខាភិា
លត្ៅមូលដ្ឋឋ នន្ដ្លត្គស្តូវការ ត្ដ្ើមបីត្ស្តៀមលក្សខ ៈចូលសាលាត្រៀនានទន់ត្ពលត្វលា
• Number of Children in better care, nutrition, education, and
access to healthcare services and preparation before
schooling.
អប់រំកុមារតូចតាម្ផ្ទោះ
Home Based Programme
• ទក្ស់ទងការអប់រំដ្ំបូងៈ មាតាបិតាជាស្គូដ្ំបូងឬអនក្សជួយ្ក្សូនត្ដ្ឋយ្ផ្ទទ ល់តាមត្ពលត្វលា និងទីក្សន្នែងសមស្សប ដ្ូចជា៖ ការអនុវតេ
សក្សមមភាពស្បចំថ្ែៃ សក្សមមភាពមេងមាា ល ស្ពឹតេការពិត្សស បត្ងាើតបរិយាកាសត្ដ្ឋយ្ក្សេីស្សឡាញ់ញ់និងសុវតេិភាព
• Education: Parents are their children teacher by using their available time
and suitable areas. Main topics for educating their children such as daily
life activities, periodic activities, special events, and especially to create
lovely and safety environment for their children development.
អប់រំកុមារតូចតាម្ផ្ទោះ
Home Based Programme
Some example of Home –based activities
អប់រំកុមារតូចតាម្ផ្ទោះ
Home Based Programme
បញ្ហា របឈម្
• កងវៈររូ និងសមាា ររូបវនេ
• កម្មវ ិធីសិកាម្ិនទាន់ន្ាើយតប ELDS
• សម្តថភាពររូ ជាពិនសសររូបឋម្បនរងៀន
ថ្នន ក់ម្នតេយយសិកាម្ិនទាន់បានេម្ែ
• ការគំរៃនិងការនេើកៃឹកចិតេ សរមាប់ររូ ម្
នតេយយរដឋ និងម្នតេយយសិកាសហរម្នុ នៅដត
ជាបញ្ហា អាៃិភាព
sUmGrKuN

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ecce Sok sokho medit

  • 1. ការអប់រំកុមារតូចនៅកម្ព ុជា Early Childhood Education (ECE) in Cambodia Mr. Prak Kosal, Director of ECE Dept., MoEYS E-mail: echild.edu@gmail.com
  • 3. សាវតា¼BACKROUND • នរកាយថ្ងៃរំន ោះ ៧ ម្ករា ១៩៧៩ ម្នតេយយសិកាបានចាប់ដំន ើរការ ន ើងវ ិញដូចនសវាអប់រំដ៏ថ្ៃនៃៀតដដរ សថ ិតនៅនរកាម្ការររប់ររងរបស់ រក ុម្ការងារអប់រំចំន ោះៃូនៅនិងម្នតេយយសិកា • After the Liberation day (7th January 1979), Preschool Education was established by a technical working group of General Education and Preschool Education • ឆ្ន ំ១៩៨៦ បានផ្លា ស់បត ូររចនាសម្ព័នធនៅជានា.ចំននោះៃូនៅនិងម្នតេយ្ យសិកា តាម្រយៈនសចកេីសនរម្ចនេខ ៦២ អរ.ចត ចុោះថ្ងៃៃី១២ ដខនម្ សា ឆ្ន ំ១៩៨៦ • In 1986, the above working group changed to Department of General Education and Preschool Education via Regulation No 62Gr>ct, 12 April 1986
  • 4. • ឆ្ន ំ១៩៩៩ នា.ចំននោះៃូនៅនិងម្នតេយយសិកា បាន បំ ដបកជាពីររឺ នា.ចំននោះៃូនៅ និង នា.បឋម្និង ម្ នតេយយសិកា តាម្របកាសនេខ ៣០៦អយក.របក ចុោះ ថ្ងៃៃី០១ ដខនម្សា ឆ្ន ំ១៩៩៩ • In 1999, Department of General Education and Preschool was divided into 2 departments: Department of General Secondary Education, and Department of Primary and Preschool Education via Regulation No 306Gyk>Rbk, 01 April 1999 សាវតា¼BACKROUND (Cont.)
  • 5. • ឆ្ន ំ២០០២ នា.អប់រំកុមារតូច រតូវបានបនងកើតន ើង តាម្អនុរកឹតយនេខ ១០៤អនរក.បក ចុោះថ្ងៃៃី១៤ ដខ តុលា ឆ្ន ំ២០០២ • In 2002, Early Childhood Education Department was established via sub-degree No 104 GnRk>bk, 14 October 2002 សាវតា¼BACKROUND (Cont.)
  • 7. រកបខ័ ឌ រតិយុតេ/Regulations Framework • ចាប់សេ ីពីការអប់រំ ឆ្ន ំ២០០៧: មារតា ១៦ “រដឋរតូវ គំពារនិងអប់រំកុមារ តូច ចាប់ពីករម្ិតសូ នយឆ្ន ំម្ុន ម្នតេយយសិកាដដេជាៃូនៅរបរពឹតេនៅទារក ឋ ន នៅសហរម្ន័ ឬនៅផ្ទោះ។ ការ អប់រំនៅម្នតេយយសិកា រតូវចាប់អនុវតេ ម្ុនបឋម្សិកា នដើម្បីនរតៀម្េកខ ៈចូេបឋម្សិកា។ រកសួ ងៃៃួេបនទ ុកវ ិ ស័យ អប់រំនិងរកសួ ង សាថ ប័នពាក់ព័នធ រតូវកំ ត់ខាឹម្សារសេ ីពីការ គំពារនិង អប់រំកុមារតូច។” • Education Law in 2007: Article 16_The state shall support early childcare and childhood education from the age of zero to before kindergarten, generally provided at childcare centers, communities or at home. Kindergarten education shall commence education prior to primary education for preparation to attend primary school. The ministry in charge of education and other relevant ministries and institute shall determine the meaning of early childcare and childhood education.
  • 8. ដផ្នការយុៃធសាស្តសេ វ ិស័យអប់រំ  Education Strategic Plan (ESP) នគេនៅជាតិអប់រំសរមាប់ទាំងអស់គន និងនគេនៅអភិវឌ្ឍ ន័សហសសវតសរ៍កម្ព ុជា  Education for All (EFA) and Cambodia Millennium Development Goals (CMDGs) នគេននោបាយជាតិសេ ីពីការគំពារ និងអភិវឌ្ឍនុកុមារតូច  National Policy on Early Childhood Care and Development រកបខ័ ឌ រតិយុតេ/Regulations Framework
  • 10.  ម្នតេយយសិការដឋ/Formal Pre-School  ម្នតេយយសិកាឯកជន¼Private Pre-School  ម្នតេយយសិកាសហរម្ន៏¼Community Pre-School  កម្មវ ិធីអប់រំកុមារតូចតាម្ផ្ទោះ¼Home-Based Education Program  កម្មវ ិធីអប់រំមាតាបិតា/Parental Education Program វឌ្ឍនភាពនសវាអប់រំកុមារតូច ECE Progress
  • 11. • មត្តេយ្យសិក្សាមាន ៥៨០៧សាលា/ក្សន្នែង៖ • All kind of preschool 5 807 include: • មត្តេយ្យសិក្សារដ្ឋមាន ៣ ១៨៤/Formal preschool 3 184 • មត្តេយ្យសិក្សាឯក្សជនមាន ៤០៣/Private preschool 403 • មត្តេយ្យសិក្សាសហគមន៍ ២ ២២០ក្សន្នែង/Community preschool 2 220 វឌ្ឍនភាពនសវាអប់រំកុមារតូច ២០១៣-២០១៤ ECE Progress in 2013-2014
  • 12. • ការអប់រំក្សុមារតូចតាមផ្ទះមាន ១៨១ ស្សុក្ស៖ • Home Based programme 181 districts: – មាតាបិតាបត្គោ លមាន ២ ៦០០នាក្ស់ / Core parents 2 600 – ស្បធានស្ក្សុម និងសមាជិក្សមាតាបិតាមាន ៧៨ ៤៨៨នាក្ស់ / Lead parents and parent member 78 488 វឌ្ឍនភាពនសវាអប់រំកុមារតូច ២០១៣-២០១៤ ECE Progress in 2013-2014
  • 13. េៃធផ្េនធៀបនឹងចំ ុ ចនៅ ESP ឆ្ន ំសិកា២០១៣-១៤
  • 14. ភាររយកុមារអាយុ ៥ឆ្ន ំៃៃួេបានការអប់រំ តាម្រាជធានី នខតេ ឆ្ន ំ សិកា២០១៣-២០១៤
  • 15. ភាររយកុមារអាយុ៣-៤ឆ្ន ំ ៃៃួេបានការអប់រំ តាម្រាជធានី នខតេ ឆ្ន ំ សិកា២០១៣-២០១៤
  • 16. ម្នតេយយសិការដឋ Formal Preschool (FPS)  ម្នតេយយសិការដឋ (កន ុងបឋម្ និង ច់ន យដ ក) ដចកជា ៣ ករម្ិតៈ ករម្ិតទាប ករម្ិតម្ធយម្ និងរម្ិតខពស់ ដដេ ៃៃួេកុមារអាយុ ពី ៣ នៅនរកាម្ ៦ឆ្ន ំ  FPS (attach in primary school and independence) include 3 levels: Low level, Medium level, and high level to accommodate children aged from 3 to under 6 years old.
  • 17.  ររូម្នតេយយសិការដឋ រឺជាររូរកបខ ឌ រដឋ ដដេៃៃួេបាន ការប ត ុ ោះបណ្តេ េរយៈនពេ ២ឆ្ន ំ នៅសាលាម្ធយម្សិកាម្ នតេយយម្ជឈឹម្ រាជធានីភនំនពញ o FPS teachers are the government officials who received 2 years pre-service training from the Preschool Teachers Training Center in Phnom Penh ម្នតេយយសិការដឋ Formal Preschool (FPS)
  • 18. • ចំនពាោះកម្មវ ិធីសិកាសរមាប់ម្នតេយយសិការដឋ នរៀបចំន យ រកសួ ងអប់រំ យុវជន និងកីឡា (នា.អកត និងអងគភាព ពាក់ព័នធ) ន យដផ្ែកនេើសេ ង់ សិកា • FPS curriculum is developed by Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (ECE dept. collaborate with relevance departments) based on early learning development standard (ELDS) ម្នតេយយសិការដឋ Formal Preschool (FPS)
  • 19. • ម្នតេយយសិកាឯកជន មាន ២របនភៃ៖ – ម្នតេយយសិកាឯកជន ដដេអនុវតេកម្មវ ិធីជាតិ – ម្នតេយយសិកាឯកជន ដដេអនុវតេកម្មវ ិធីអនេរជាតិ • 2 kind of private preschool: • Private preschool that use national curriculum • Private preschool that use international curriculum ម្នតេយយសិកាឯកជន Private Preschool
  • 20. • ការនចញអាជាា ប័ ឌ របស់ម្នតេយយសិកាឯកជន មាន ២របនភៃ ៖ – អតិងិជនសុំនបើកដតម្នតេយយសិកា រតូវនចញន យរបធាន រចកនចញ- ចូេដតម្ួយនៅតាម្រស ុក ខ ឌ – អតិងិជនសុំនបើកពីម្នតេយយសិកាដេ់បឋម្និងម្ធយម្សិកា រតូវនចញ ន យ រចកនចញ-ចូេដតម្ួយរបស់រកសួ ង • 2 kind of License of private preschool: • For client propose only private preschool will issued by one-window service at districts level • For client propose from preschool to primary school or secondary school will issued by one-window service at MoEYS. ម្នតេយយសិកាឯកជន Private Preschool
  • 21. • ត្បសក្សក្សមម ៖ ផ្េល់ជំនាញនិងចំត្ ះដ្ឹងដ្ល់មាតាបិតា សេីពីអាហារូបតថមភ ការន្ែទំដ្ំបូង ការអប់រំក្សូនដ្ំបូង និងការត្ស្បើស្ាស់ត្សវាសុ ខាភិាលន្ដ្លត្ៅជិតផ្ទះ។ មាតាបិតា/ររួសារ ដដេមានកូនអាយុនរកាម្ ៦ ឆ្ន ំ។ • Provide skills and knowledge to parents on nutrition, first care, first education and using health services near their houses. Especially the parents who have children under 6 years old. អប់រំកុមារតូចតាម្ផ្ទោះ Home Based Programme
  • 22. • ត្ោលត្ៅ៖ ក្សុមារក្សនុងស្គួសារទំងត្នះនឹង មានអាហារូបតថមភទទួលានការអប់រំ/ន្ែទំដ្ំបូងស្បត្សើរត្ ើងនិងទទួលាននូវត្សវាសុខាភិា លត្ៅមូលដ្ឋឋ នន្ដ្លត្គស្តូវការ ត្ដ្ើមបីត្ស្តៀមលក្សខ ៈចូលសាលាត្រៀនានទន់ត្ពលត្វលា • Number of Children in better care, nutrition, education, and access to healthcare services and preparation before schooling. អប់រំកុមារតូចតាម្ផ្ទោះ Home Based Programme
  • 23. • ទក្ស់ទងការអប់រំដ្ំបូងៈ មាតាបិតាជាស្គូដ្ំបូងឬអនក្សជួយ្ក្សូនត្ដ្ឋយ្ផ្ទទ ល់តាមត្ពលត្វលា និងទីក្សន្នែងសមស្សប ដ្ូចជា៖ ការអនុវតេ សក្សមមភាពស្បចំថ្ែៃ សក្សមមភាពមេងមាា ល ស្ពឹតេការពិត្សស បត្ងាើតបរិយាកាសត្ដ្ឋយ្ក្សេីស្សឡាញ់ញ់និងសុវតេិភាព • Education: Parents are their children teacher by using their available time and suitable areas. Main topics for educating their children such as daily life activities, periodic activities, special events, and especially to create lovely and safety environment for their children development. អប់រំកុមារតូចតាម្ផ្ទោះ Home Based Programme
  • 24. Some example of Home –based activities អប់រំកុមារតូចតាម្ផ្ទោះ Home Based Programme
  • 25. បញ្ហា របឈម្ • កងវៈររូ និងសមាា ររូបវនេ • កម្មវ ិធីសិកាម្ិនទាន់ន្ាើយតប ELDS • សម្តថភាពររូ ជាពិនសសររូបឋម្បនរងៀន ថ្នន ក់ម្នតេយយសិកាម្ិនទាន់បានេម្ែ • ការគំរៃនិងការនេើកៃឹកចិតេ សរមាប់ររូ ម្ នតេយយរដឋ និងម្នតេយយសិកាសហរម្នុ នៅដត ជាបញ្ហា អាៃិភាព

Editor's Notes

  1. This is just Rany’s idea so please Lok Kru Kosal you are feel free to delete if not necessary. Thanks