The ear is a basic organ for relating to the environment . Sounds travel through the air in the form of vibrations, which reach our ears, which transform them into nerve impulses and send these to the brain, which translates these nerve signals into the sounds we feel. In addition, the ear is in charge of controlling balance.
However, given its delicacy, the ear is susceptible to various disorders that, despite being usually mild, can lead to hearing problems and even deafness.
In this article we will see some of the disorders that we can suffer in the ear most commonly , explaining both their causes and symptoms, as well as the treatments associated with these diseases.
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The ear is a basic organ for relating to the environment . Sounds travel through the air in theÂ
form of vibrations, which reach our ears, which transform them into nerve impulses and sendÂ
these to the brain, which translates these nerve signals into the sounds we feel. In addition, theÂ
ear is in charge of controlling balance.Â
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However, given its delicacy, the ear is susceptible to various disorders that, despite beingÂ
usually mild, can lead to hearing problems and even deafness.Â
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In this article we will see some of the disorders that we can suffer in the ear most commonly ,Â
explaining both their causes and symptoms, as well as the treatments associated with theseÂ
diseases.Â
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Otolaryngology: what is it and what does it study?Â
With an almost unpronounceable name, otorhinolaryngology is the branch of medicine thatÂ
studies the physiology and anatomy of the ear, nose, and throat , as they are three closelyÂ
interconnected structures, so they must be analyzed together.Â
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This discipline is divided into sub specialties. Audiology is the one that studies the alterationsÂ
that we can suffer in the ears, as well as both infectious and non-infectious diseases thatÂ
usually compromise people's hearing.Â
Therefore, in this article we will look at some of the conditions that otolaryngologists typicallyÂ
face.Â
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The 18 most common ear diseasesÂ
We tend to think that the only disorders we can suffer in the ears are otitis and deafness, but theÂ
truth is that there are many other diseases that can endanger our ability to capture sounds .Â
Here are the 18 most common ear diseases in humans.Â
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1. External otitisÂ
Otitis externa is the most common hearing disorder and consists of an inflammation of theÂ
outer part of the ear . It is caused by a bacterial or fungal (yeast) infection of the external earÂ
canal.Â
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It is usually caused by swimming in water contaminated by these pathogens, which reach theÂ
ears when the person is submerged in the water. The main symptomatology is earache,Â
although redness of the ear and swelling of the lymph nodes that are around it are alsoÂ
common. Fever and hearing loss are not common.Â
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Treatment consists of applying antibiotic ear drops, which are applied for a week until theÂ
infection resolves.Â
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2. Acute otitis mediaÂ
Acute otitis media consists of an infection of the middle ear, located behind the eardrum , byÂ
bacteria or viruses. It is caused by a blockage of the Eustachian tube, which is responsible forÂ
draining fluid, but if it becomes clogged, it can lead to the growth of pathogens that will lead toÂ
infection.Â
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Being acute, this otitis media consists of a short episode but with a lot of earache. TheÂ
symptoms are similar to external otitis, although here the pain is greater. The problem with otitisÂ
media is that the causative germs can spread to other structures in the head, so it is importantÂ
to treat it quickly.Â
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To avoid causing hearing problems, otitis media is treated in the same way as external, with theÂ
application of antibiotic ear drops.Â
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3. Secretory otitis mediaÂ
Secretory otitis media develops when the acute otitis media has not completely resolved , soÂ
there is still excess fluid in the middle ear.Â
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The main symptomatology is that there is a certain loss of hearing due to the plugging of theÂ
Eustachian tubes, which hinder the movement of the eardrum, so it does not capture vibrationsÂ
well. In addition, those affected often have a feeling of congestion in the ear and notice clickingÂ
sounds when swallowing.Â
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Treatment consists of applying decongestants and performing maneuvers to regain pressure inÂ
the ear, as the plugging makes it too low. If this doesn't resolve, an ear may need to be drained.Â
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4. Chronic otitis mediaÂ
When episodes of otitis media persist and recur periodically, we speak of chronic otitis media. ItÂ
usually occurs when the liquid is not eliminated, which causes continuous reinfections byÂ
bacteria and viruses.Â
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In addition to the symptoms of an episode of otitis media, the chronic one ends up causingÂ
permanent damage to the ears: affections in the mastoid bone behind the ear, ear secretions,Â
hardening of the ear tissue, formation of cysts ... Hearing, at the same time long, it may beÂ
compromised.Â
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5. MĂŠnière's diseaseÂ
MĂŠnière's disease is an inner ear disorder caused by fluid build-up in the inner ear , although it isÂ
not known what causes this to occur.Â
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This condition is characterized by episodes of vertigo and dizziness. In addition, it can causeÂ
hearing loss, a feeling of plugging, the perception of ringing in the ears, etc.Â
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There is no cure for this disease, so treatments (medications to prevent dizziness and nausea)Â
are aimed at reducing the severity of symptoms.Â
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6. Vestibular neuritisÂ
Vestibular neuritis consists of an inflammation of the vestibular nerve , which is located in theÂ
inner ear and is responsible for controlling balance.Â
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This inflammation is caused by the infection of a virus and the symptoms usually consist of aÂ
vertigo crisis that lasts between 7 and 10 days. This bout of dizziness can be accompanied byÂ
nausea, vomiting, and rapid jerking of the eyes from nerve damage.Â
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Being caused by a virus, it cannot be treated with antibiotics. Treatment consists of relieving theÂ
symptoms of vertigo and dizziness, in addition to applying intravenous fluids to preventÂ
dehydration if vomiting is very frequent.Â
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7. PresbycusisÂ
Presbycusis is the gradual loss of hearing . It is very common for it to appear with age. In fact,Â
one third of people over 65 have hearing loss.Â
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This disorder is caused by aging itself, although the lifestyle that the person has led has a greatÂ
influence. Hearing loss is never total, although symptoms include: difficulty in carrying on aÂ
conversation, trouble picking up soft sounds, muffling of speech, asking people to speak slowly,Â
etc. Ultimately, it compromises the sociability of the person.Â
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The damage to the ears is irreversible, so the lost hearing cannot be recovered. TreatmentÂ
consists of applying hearing aids, devices that are placed in the ear and that amplify sounds.Â
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8. CofosisÂ
Kphosis is the most serious form of deafness . Those affected cannot perceive any sound, thatÂ
is, there is a total loss of hearing. It is less common than presbycusis.Â
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The most common cause is genetics, although it can also be due to other diseases or trauma,Â
especially if they affect the auditory nerve.Â
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Treatment consists of applying a cochlear implant, a device that is implanted by surgery whenÂ
hearing aids are not enough. The cochlear implant allows people with cofosis to receive andÂ
process sounds.Â
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9. TinnitusÂ
Tinnitus (or tinnitus) is an auditory disorder characterized by the recurrent perception of noise orÂ
buzzing in the ear . It is very common, since it affects more or less recurrently 20% of theÂ
population.Â
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The causes are extremely varied, although they are generally related to disorders of the innerÂ
ear. Many times the origin is unknown. The main symptom is that the person hears noise orÂ
humming even though there is no sound around them.Â
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Although it is not serious, tinnitus can be very annoying and compromise the quality of life ofÂ
those affected, especially if the episodes are very recurrent and / or also occur at night, in whichÂ
case there are usually problems sleeping.Â
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Treatment consists of solving the trigger that has led to tinnitus (for example a wax plug),Â
although if this is not possible, the doctor may recommend the use of devices that inhibit noise,Â
such as hearing aids or white noise machines .Â
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10. Barotrauma of the earÂ
A barotrauma is damage to the ear when the body experiences very sudden pressure changes ,Â
especially when traveling by plane or diving.Â
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The ear is very sensitive to these pressure variations. Symptoms, which usually go away quickly,Â
are as follows: pain, plugged ears, dizziness, and sometimes hearing loss.Â
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There is no treatment, as it is the body's response to pressure changes. Yawning or chewingÂ
gum can prevent symptoms from appearing.Â
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11. OtosclerosisÂ
Otosclerosis is an abnormal growth of the bones of the middle ear . The cause is unknown,Â
although it is believed that it could be hereditary.Â
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The symptoms of this bone malformation are the following: progressive hearing loss, dizziness,Â
dizziness, tinnitus, etc. Otosclerosis slowly worsens, but hearing loss can be significant.Â
Â
Being genetic, there is no cure. Treatments with calcium or vitamin D can slow down hearingÂ
loss, although this is not entirely substantiated. When the disease has progressed a lot, hearingÂ
aids and even surgery on the affected bones (replacing them with a prosthesis) can be helpful.Â
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12. PerichondritisÂ
Perichondritis is an infection of the epithelial tissue that surrounds the cartilage of the ears . It isÂ
usually caused by bacteria of the genus "Pseudomonas", which manage to grow when there areÂ
traumatic lesions in the ear that compromise the structure of the perichondrium, which is theÂ
layer of skin above the cartilage.Â
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Symptoms include: pain, inflammation and redness of the ear and, occasionally, fever and evenÂ
suppurations from the wound site.Â
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Treatment consists of antibiotics, although if too much pus collects, drainage surgery may beÂ
necessary.Â
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13. OsteomaÂ
An osteoma is a benign tumor (not cancer) that appears in any type of bone in the body . TheyÂ
are not a health hazard nor do they spread to other organs. They always stay in the same place.Â
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Despite being more common in other bones of the body, osteomas can appear in the eardrumÂ
bone. This causes hearing loss, an increased likelihood of ear infections and pain.Â
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Tumors are usually very small and not too much of a problem, although if they are larger thanÂ
normal and severely compromise hearing, surgery may be necessary.Â
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14. Acoustic traumaÂ
Acoustic trauma is injury to the inner ear due to exposure to very loud noise . It is a veryÂ
common cause of deafness since the eardrum is very sensitive to vibrations greater than what itÂ
can withstand.Â
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The main symptomatology is hearing loss, although tinnitus is also very common. The damageÂ
is irreversible, so treatment is only applied if the damage to the eardrum is extremely large andÂ
surgery is required.Â
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15. Earwax plugsÂ
In the ear there are glands that produce wax, which protects the ear from irritation by water andÂ
dust and pathogens. However, some people produce more than normal and this wax can hardenÂ
and block the ear canal, forming a wax plug.Â
Â
Failure to remove excess wax can lead to earache, a feeling of plugging, tinnitus, and evenÂ
hearing loss. Treatment can be administered at home and consists of applying drops, althoughÂ
if the problem persists, a doctor can wash to remove excess earwax.Â
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16. ExostosisÂ
Auditory exostosis is an ear disorder that appears from prolonged exposure to cold water .Â
Therefore, it is a very common condition in surfers.Â
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Exostosis is characterized by the formation of protrusions in the temporal bone of the skull, aÂ
circumstance that can obstruct the ear canal and make it more prone to otitis and other earÂ
diseases.Â
The treatment is surgical, so it is recommended to prevent the development of this disorder byÂ
using ear plugs when you are going to repeatedly come into contact with cold water.Â
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17. OthematomaÂ
Othematoma, also known as "cauliflower-shaped ear," is a disorder that results from frequentÂ
injuries to cartilage, especially from heavy trauma. Therefore, it is common in boxers.Â
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This damage to the cartilage of the ear is accompanied by internal bleeding and the appearanceÂ
of scar tissue, which ends up causing hearing loss. Â
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The injuries are irreversible, so the only possible treatment is to perform surgery, although itÂ
cannot always be done.Â
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18. Seborrheic dermatitisÂ
Seborrheic dermatitis is a fairly common skin disease caused by a fungal infection , although itÂ
is sometimes due to a malfunction of the immune system. Despite being more common on theÂ
scalp, face and nose, seborrheic dermatitis can also affect the skin of the ears.Â
Â
Symptoms include redness and itching, which can be very annoying. There is no hearing loss asÂ
it does not affect the internal canals of the ear. In addition, it usually disappears without theÂ
need for treatment. Personal hygiene is the best way to prevent its appearance.Â
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Bibliographic referencesÂ
â Black, B. (2000) "An Introduction to Ear Disease". International Journal of Audiology.Â
â Minovi, A., Dazert, S. (2014) "Diseases of the Middle Ear in Chilhood".Â
Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie.Â
â Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019) âPreventing and Treating EarÂ
Infectionsâ. CDC.Â
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