1. Development and Validation of a U-BIM Model For mitigation of the Urban Heat Island effect Hypothesis: Urban scale computer modeling for solar insolation can aid in learning about mitigation of the Heat Island effect through albedo modification and increased vegetation, among other solutions. 03/11/2009 /20 Anupam Jain Thesis Committee: Prof. Thomas Spiegelhalter (Co-Chair) Prof. Karen Kensek (Co-Chair) Dr. Farnoush Banaei-Kashani Prof. Doug Noble Anupam Jain, B.Arch

8. The Site 03/11/2009 Anupam Jain /20 Measurements were taken on the points indicated on the site plan. N

10. Infrared Images 03/11/2009 Anupam Jain /20 Pea gravel roof (MCB): Temperatures range between 46-56 °F for the roof and between 90-107 °F for the dark colored brick tile façade. Tar and gravel roof (DRB): Temperature of roof is between approx. 50-57 °F. Asphalt and Concrete Paving (Parking Lot 6 in front of MCB): Temperature of asphalt paving is approx. 108 °F and of concrete paving is approx. 96 °F.

11. 03/11/2009 Anupam Jain /20 Brick tile and concrete pavements: Temperatures range from 80-84 °F for the brick tiles and approx. 74 °F for the concrete. However, under shade both are between 64-67 °F. Shaded patch of grass (outside PSA): Temperatures range from 50-55 °F for the grass and between 80-82 °F for the brick tile paving in the background. Sunlit patch of grass (outside DRB): Temperatures range from 43-58 °F for the grass. Compare with temperature of asphalt paving that is approx. 108 °F (as seen earlier).

12. Sample of Data Collected 03/11/2009 Anupam Jain /20 FIELD DATA MEASUREMENTS University of Southern California Campus Site Point Time Air Temperature (°F) Surface Temperature (°F) Surface Type Material Emissivity Reference Luminance (fL) Measured Luminance (fL) Sky Illuminance (lux) GE Sky Illuminance (fc) Illuminance parallel to surface (lux) Reflectance 2009.02.02 SUNNY DAY 85% white A 11:25 AM 89 Parking Lot Asphalt 0.95 500 142 0.2414 B 11:27 AM 94 Car on Parking Lot Metal 0.2 950 500 0.4474 C 11:40 AM 102 Parking Spot Asphalt - old 0.95 2800 740 0.2246 D 11:42 AM 104 Parking Aisle - Not Shaded Asphalt - new 0.95 1600 400 0.2125 E 11:57 AM 104 Brick Tile Paving Brick Tile 0.9 2260 600 0.2257 F 12:05 PM 59 Shaded Parking Spot Asphalt 0.95 375 30.1 0.0682 G 12:20 PM 48 Wet grass in front of DBR Grass 0.95 240 7.21 0.0255 H 12:25 PM 68 Wet grass in sunlight (in front of DBR) Grass 0.95 410 145 0.3006 2009.02.05 RH = 51.50% CLOUDY DAY 85% white 1 11:15 AM 72.6 68 PSA Concrete 0.91 334 110 7520 4100 0.2799 2 11:50 AM 67.2 68 PSA Concrete 0.88 460 147 6800 3700 0.2716 3 11:58 AM 69.5 66 PSA Concrete 0.88 440 153 9830 6500 0.2956 4 12:07 PM 68.4 72 PSA Concrete 0.88 810 240 5430 3450 0.2519 5 12:23 PM 68.6 56 Grass in front of DBR Grass 0.95 589 32.4 12170 500 0.0468 6 12:27 PM 68.6 72 Pavement in front of DBR Brick Tiles 0.9 659 82.6 16310 1110 0.1065 2009.02.06 RH = 47.5% CLOUDY DAY 85% white 7 2:56 PM 70.9 67 Point 2 Concrete 0.88 348 122 4970 200 3500 0.2980 8 3:05 PM 67.7 68 Point 3 Concrete 0.88 812 250 9110 70 1470 0.2617 9 3:12 PM 66.9 66 Point 4 Concrete 0.88 405 126 9020 70 9000 0.2644 10 3:25 PM 67.1 66 Point 1 Concrete 0.88 449 128 7880 80 1340 0.2423 11 3:32 PM 66.1 66 Grassy area abutting PSA Grass 0.98 302 19.4 7000 40 250 0.0546 12 3:34 PM 66.1 69 Pavement in between PSA and DBR Brick Tiles 0.9 334 50.2 6450 40 4100 0.1278 2009.02.12 RH = 44.8 % PARTLY CLOUDY DAY 18% gray 13 3:45 PM 72.2 49 Rooftop - MCB Sarnafil Membrane 0.92 80.7 290 10250 3800 0.6468 14 4:15 PM 75.7 69 Rooftop - KAP Pea Gravel 0.9 275 214 420 (10%), 5200 280 (10%) 0.1401 15 4:30 PM 65.6 53 Rooftop - KAP Pea Gravel 0.9 59.9 79.1 7660 1540 0.2377 16 4:35 PM 62.7 57 Rooftop - KAP Pea Gravel 0.9 265 412 16600 4730 0.2798 17 4:38 PM 62.5 52 Rooftop - KAP Pea Gravel 0.9 - - 6020 1110 18 4:50 PM 63.2 58 Rooftop - DBR Tar and gravel 0.92 113 180 13300 5020 0.2867 19 5:04 PM 60.6 51 Rooftop - DBR Tar and gravel 0.92 60.1 143 8130 2540 0.4283 20 4:58 PM 60.6 53 Rooftop - DBR Tar and gravel 0.92 82 171 10300 3350 0.3754

15. Insolation and Shading Calculations 03/11/2009 Anupam Jain /20 Shading profile with an overlay of sky insolation Sky map for a specified point lying on Parking Lot 6 Direct solar radiation available through the sky at the specified point on site. Ecotect was used to model the buildings on site and study the shading patterns as well as the incident solar radiation at different points on site. Incident insolation on roofs and pavements can be plotted on a grid (to be completed).