Director del Centro de Excelencia para rl Desarrollo de la Primera Infancia de la Univerisdad de Montreal, Canadá en el Seminario Internacional “El Impacto de la Educación Inicial”, organizado por JUNJI, Unicef y el Ministerio de Hacienda.

2. 21

3. Statistics Canada (2001)

5. Adolphe Quetelet 1831

6. Eisner, 2003

8. Panel on the Understanding and Control of Violent Behavior "Modern Psychological perspectives emphasize that aggressive and violent behaviors are learned responses to frustration, that they can also be learned as instruments for achieving goals, and that the learning occurs by observing models of such behavior. Such models may be observed in the family, among peers, elsewhere in the neighborhood, through the mass media ...". USA National Academy of Sciences Reiss and Roth, 1993 p.7

9. The Montreal Longitudinal-Experimental Study Subjects : 1,037 boys from low SES neighborhoods Assessment Ages : 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 23, 28 Sources : Teachers, peers, parents, self, official files. Direct Observation in home, at school, in laboratory Experiment : Parent and child training (age 7-9 years) for aggressive boys in kindergarten (randomized)

10. Brame et al., 2001

11. Group 4 (4%) Group 2 (53%) Group 3 (28%) Group 1 (14%) PHYSICAL AGGRESSION TRAJECTORIES (Nagin & Tremblay, 1999)

13. Copyright restrictions may apply. Barker, E. D. et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007;64:592-599. Trajectories for theft (12 to 31 years of age)

14. Violence, Theft, Executive Function Barker et al., 2007, AGP

16. HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA (%)

20. Childhood Chronic Physical Aggression Tobacco Alcohol Drugs Early Sex Violence Unemployement Poverty School Failure Depression

22. Group 4 (4%) Group 2 (53%) Group 3 (28%) Group 1 (14%) PHYSICAL AGGRESSION TRAJECTORIES (Nagin & Tremblay, 1999)

23. He who considers things in their first growth and origin... will obtain the clearest view of them. Aristotle, Politics, Book 1 chap 2

25. Québec Longitudinal Study of Children Subjets : 2,223 children representing births in 1997-98 (twins: 500 pairs) Age at evaluations : 5, 17, 30, 42 months, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 years Sources of info : Parents, child care provider, teachers, peers, children, official files. Observations at home, in day care, at school, in the laboratory. Domains : Physical, emotional, cognitive, social development

29. Physical Aggression Trajectories From 1.5 and 17 years N=2000 QLSCD N=10 000 NLSCY Côté et al. (2007) Côté et al. (2006) Lacourse et al. (2003) N=1000 MLES

30. delinquency accidents Depression Obesity Drug abuse School drop-out Unemployment Poverty ENVIRONMENT GENOTYPE Neighborhood Physical and Social Characteristics Risk Factors Proximal Distal Bio-Psy-socio Development Trajectories Additive interactive Brain Development Gene Expression Peers Exposition increases With age Parents Exposition decreases with age Genes-Environment-Brain-Behaviour School 5-12 y. Targeted genes MAOA 5-HTT 5-HT1A 5-HT1B 5-HT2B TPH2 Pregnancy Infancy 0-2 y. Pre-K. 3-4 y. Ado-Adult 13-30 y.

32. Dionne et al., 2003 A C E 82% 0% 18% A C E 82% 0% 18% Intraclass MZ and DZ correlations and ACE Model for Physical Aggression and Expressive Vocabulary at 18 Months

33. Chronic Physical Aggression Young mother Low education Single parent Smoke Mother behav. prob. Poverty Pregnancy Birth - 6 M. Obstetrical complic. Mother coercive Poor Marital Relat. Mother depressive 12 M. +

34. 27 June 2004

35. Low LG High LG L1 H1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5’ 3’ 5’ 3’

36. Methylation of rRNA promoter from whole blood DNA High Medium Provençal et al., 2006 Upstream Control Element (-186 - -50) Core Promoter (-50 - +20) Legend: :CG methylated :CG unmethylated :CG ? UCE CP A B C D UCE CP E I J

40. Evidence of ECD Services Effects Support to Parenting Olds et al., 1998 (Pregnancy to 24 m.) Antisocial behavior at 15 years of age. Mednick et al., 1987 (Birth +) Antisocial behavior up to adulthood Support to Parenting and Day Care Campbell et al., 2001 (12 to 60 m.) Cognitive development up to adulthood Schweinhart et al., 2006 (36 to 48 m.) Antisocial behavior 18 to 40 years of age. Raine et al., 2001 (36 to 60 months) CNS arousal and orienting at 11 years of age

41. Cameiro & Heckman, 2003

47. Unless you give infants everything they want, they cry and get angry, they even beat their own parents … Thus an evil man is rather like a sturdy boy, or a man of childish mind, and evil is simply want of reason at an age when it normally accrues to men by nature governed by discipline and experience of harm. Thomas Hobbes, On the Citizen, 1647