Rust converters commercially available and cathodic rust conversion systems

Ever wonder why the colors have some metals like iron
silver and copper gradually change with time? Even when using inferior rust converters?
This is caused due to corrosion when these metals are exposed
air and moisture they get corroded.
We will talk about corrosion on these metals. It is important to note that some rust converter products such as gemplers, crc, evaporust, eastwood,
backstar rust converter all do a pretty good job with converting rust to an inert polymer.
We will try to get these products tested in the test tube study mentioned here.
will learn more about corrosion when silver objects are exposed
air they slowly turned black silver react to the sulfur in the air to form a
coating
silver sulfide the reaction of copper with moist carbon dioxide in the present
air is copper carbonate which is a green coat formed on the copper substance when
it loses its shiny brown surface
resting environ occurs when iron is exposed to moist air for a long time
for me brown flaky substance now.
Let's reform in activity to check the conditions in which the resting
iron takes place place clean iron nails in three test tubes that are labeled as
be and see some water should be poured into test tubes
and a court should be placed on oil distilled water and about one millimeter
oil should be added to test to be and covered with the cork.
the heirs prevented from dissolved in water due to the oil which floats on the
water.
a small amount and chloride should be added to test it see
and it should be court the moisture which will be present in this test it
will be absorbed by the chloride. Some rust converters will block this from happening.
the test you should be left undisturbed for a few days and then absurd
note that the nails in test you a
are exposed to both air and water the nails in test to be exposed.
only two water and that mates in test tubes CE are exposed to dry air.

So it's clear from this experiment that both
air and water are needed for the resting iron by keeping
and substances away from both air and water we can prevent them from rest.
Beware of OSHA Guidelines when working with chemicals in the field and at home.
Testing cathodic protection that is a lot like what a rust converter can do to rust.
a reduction to cathodic protection as intended for just
anybody who wants a basic understanding
have what cathodic protection is and really is an orientation for
what is cathodic protection? Well its quite different
fight protectionism how it works
and quite simply the deficit by protection is it's a means to prevent
corrosion in metals
okay it's not the only means to prevent corrosion but it's a means to prevent
corrosion
and it's a means to prevent corrosion of metals by using electrical current act
if we can use electrical DC current properly applied
it will stop the corrosion reaction completely so if by corrections done
correctly it will completely stop
corrosion I and I think it's important notice
some cathodic protection will slow down corrosion
so interior Summers is only have this asset now I want the last years
they don't need a fall percent like Texas solution a maybe I'll get away
with
less than a hundred percent
like solution so
what is corrosion and as you can see from the slide here corrosion
is I'm it's a reaction
and with very few exceptions
all metals take a lot of energy to put into them to be able to use them
okay you don't go out you find a carbon steel pieces rebar
what you aren't you mine is mine iron oxide not to turn at iron oxide
into a metal that you can use that's true for a pic basically every medal
there are few exceptions gold
silver the two notable exceptions gold actually metal nature's founders an oxide has to be
processed
and that processing the process put a lot of energy
into metal
but that's not natural nature wants to take that energy
back out okay so if you take a metal has been refined
in a steel mill or refinery its natural state
has been changed you bought a lot of energy into that metal
crushes just the process of nature take that energy back out
and as a picture ever
a rusty or car that's what happens wanna
process models are left out the environment long enough

they'll return to a more natural state in this case iron oxide or rust
is the processor energy leaking out so identify protection
miss a means to stop the energy from leaking out of the structure
how does it work??
the rust converter reaction basically is what we call
a oxidation reduction reaction like in a rust converter,
it's a chemical reaction where the metal reacts with the environment
to reduce it to an oxide for metal oxide for
if you look at the micro level what you see here is
one side is this the structures could be
the wall in the tank bottom for example or could be the the surface that car we
just saw the rusty surface the car
one section to that structures will call an Arctic
slightly less negative electrically then the next session
and that current will flow from that an odd exception
to the more positive section the cathodic area and corrosion occurs where
that
current leaves the structure okay we call this a
corrosion sell or a galvanic corrosion cell and this is what happens in nature
if you look at that rusty ok are you'll see there's rust spots in the spotters
no rust
over time that moves event for the whole thing turns to rust
to the point where you stick your fingers through your the sender a rusty
or car where you can use a rust converter
but this is happening on a micro level throughout the whole structure
current leaving in one area and where it leaves that's the corrosion reaction
and current landing in another area not
wetlands are no corrosion going on at least at that time now later
termite discharge of here and move somewhere else does the
cuz reaction keep going and as the electrochemical properties change
it moves where the reaction occurs but if you ever look at something is rusty
it won't be just homogeneous rah still be rusty spots here and there are no
spots are rusty
Not really long enough the rust spots will will
start my great move that we actually started migrating move
before elements to that your micro corrosion cell that I showed
that's really see if you live up here in the Northeast remember that because we
have acne grocery stores and if those are your cartoon bus remember the Acme a
roadrunner and know the Acme a brand dynamite
The acronym you need to remember for work rose
anode a cathode
a metallic path an electrolyte now go through body to those mean
I but if you can eliminate anyone who's for you'll stop at grocery action
let's go back to our slide here academic of
back to the previous like here my anode
my cathode and my metallic path
the structure itself provides that its inherent and I'm
piece of metal it already has an odor is a
cathode has a metallic path
all you really need is this electrolyte electrolyte this fancy word for saying
something or current can flow
and in most cases that water its soil
in the atmosphere that rusty car we looked at that rustic art on is a thin
film of
love condensation to create an environment where corrosion can occur
if you take and Newbury St oak wine
and go back and look for a hundred years later still points gone cuz or dissolve
there's enough water for moisture in the soil
rise electrolyte don't have the waters likeliest
University were are so we're
to is there ride the is very virtually zero
your in fact if you took our foot on the moon
there is no electrolyte
so in fact is mankind were white be wiped off the face there tomorrow the
last vestiges of humankind private the flag on the moon because it will never
corrode no never go away
it just sits there are so so yes if you're
if you have no electrolyte there's no corrosion
okay unfortunately here on earth there's corrosion
and the hotter is the warmer it is the more
humidity is faster corrosion rates can always be
soap if you get nothing else at this presentation
if you can just in bed this picture in your mind
this is how cathodic protection works everything else is details
basically the way cuz I protection works is we take a nano
this is an external device replace it in the electrolyte
and create a circuit where current flows from the anode that we put into the
circuit
through the electrolyte to the surface in the structure
member I said where current lands there's no corrosion our current
discharge is where the corrosion occurs
we're moving the corrosion to this Anna
guy so by putting current
onto the structure flowing electrons onto the structure we've moved across
nine tensely made the slideshow corrosion
you're not putting metal back. Like when you use a rust converter.

So if we take and structures been out there for ten or fifteen years in the
field
and we provide protection on it is not be returned back to its
ritual state all we do is stop the corrosion from occurring any further
K
will eventually and it has a life and if it's not putting out enough current to
in their tomato crop how much is enough current in all those are details
just keep in mind current flowing from the anode
through the electrolyte to the surface the structure we're trying to protect
will protect the surface from rusting
are corroding back
one other comment here if the structure is in such bad condition
that its mostly rust and very little meat left
very little solid metal and you because I protection on it
it could still fail okay
so if somebody would come to us at that is above ground storage tank I'm worried
about my tank bottom that in contact with soil and I'm worried about the
corrosion that take part in the tank leaking
very common application for because I protection
and you talk to me find out that takes years old that they did just
survey have the floor the tank they found the cat - percent corrosion
bring CP on it probably won't keep it from leaking in fact it might actually
encourage leaking
is what does happen is you flow current under their that rust particles
will start to be pushed away a little bit and now I got left is nothing
but real thin piece a battle maybe so that's one caveat there
is if the structures in such bad shape that
even if you stop the corrosion from occurring he further it's already gone
okay so at some point you very to repair it puts EP on it and have it last
forever from that point
but if you get a structure that's had some minor corrosion
and you put CP on it you'll stop the corrosion and your
maintain like that structure for as long as on the CP systems properly operate
that's a great question I repeat that if this was the wall over pipe
and corrosion on the outside the pipe does that affect actual cracked the
inside the pipe
the answer is No okay psychics only works
by stopping current from leaving the structure by putting current onto the
surface in the structure
okay now talk about some analogies here think help you visualize that process
but I can't put current on the inside of the pipe and was at the anode in the
pipe.
which have a product for that for certain applications where you guys have
anodes inside the pipe
that bro current to the inside the pipe to protect from internal corrosion
I guess can
now if you're talking about a pipe in the ground
and you've got a an outsource current doesn't flow
exactly straight line current will flow in around the whole pipes you can
protect the entire.
exterior the pipe from a nano this remote as long as far enough away
now talk about that weekend distribution current distribution
the car will act to flow around something as opposed to
a light where he puts on from like that but we'll go but beyond
and talk not like that with my next analogy I'm
a lot of people have a really hard time visualizing electricity
you can't really see it okay and and
so electrical discussions it's hard for pulitzer prize is hard for me cause
actual I sometimes
file it is now geez the first now judges like
if I can light up the surface a structure with current
I could stop it from corroding okay so a lot of times when I think about the fact
that I think
how do I light up the structure I and also my light source
okay so clearly if you take a light bar a flashlight you put really close to
Wall.
you're only to light up a small area the wall remove the backing a light up more
okay that to you for now drink by production snags perfect analogy is a
sec current will flow around things
but a good analogy considers so I I use the light now I T
about lighting up a structure okay
and then question just be honest I get the light distributed everywhere and to
get enough like causes a third
Russia wants to assert my light is not growing anymore
okay some like that's below that Russia will slow down the corrosion rate
anyways good like to use that analogy
another now jackie is the stadium analogy
and in the stadium analogy again we talked electrons flowing onto the
surface corrosion the term oxidation-reduction reaction.
If your chemistry percent is basically
you talk about losing electrons losing part positive charges as part that

reaction
okay I was negative charges should be
so if you can bombard the surface with electrons
the structure can't give up electrons except metals want to do they want to
give up electrons
and react with the environment great rust okay
so if you bombarding the surface with electrons you can't give up electron
just like trying to walk into a very crowded stadium at the end the game
when everybody's leaving okay it's really hard to get in because
everybody's leaving
the same thing is true with the red reaction for corrosion if I'm bombarding
the surface with
electrons electrons can't leave the surface
let's take a look at a pipeline example I
here's a pipeline with no cuz I protection on it
okay and as you see along the pipeline typically buried still has a potential
somewhere around minus $ million votes okay
it varies little bit Michael Moore might be a little less and he took a pair pipe
when you put in the ground
you finders variations along a pipeline naturally-occurring cuz I still was not
exactly the same everywhere the soil virus not exactly the same everywhere
sorry minor differences in the potential everywhere you go from
a minor positive to a minor negative you create this
a current flow okay so along with pipeline have all these lil micro cells
where galvanic corrosion worker we call that galvanic corrosion
I so there's no Chi perfection on a bare pipeline
your stuff corrosion now in real life we don't put a lot of their pipelines and
we typically will coat the pipelines
all that does is is provide a barrier so that
the pipe steals no longer touch with the environment but no coding is perfect so
even if it was cold pipelines still have
this phenomenon who just be at those areas where the coating was a perfect
but if you put if I protection on that pipeline and I now have an anode like
Mac or when he ran out for example okay
and I run that pair love the pipeline I'm just charging current of the
pipeline
are of the anode onto the pipeline
and lighting that pipeline up I'm flowing electrons onto the pipeline
I'll stop the corrosion what happens is the entire steel structural become more
negative it if you're throwing
negative charges onto a structure you to some local polarize
okay with our polarization quite a bit type texan polarization just means I'm
making it more
negative by shower electron I stopped the shower
electron you go back to his normal or native state as larger
throwing electrons I'd like %uh like visualize that is like in
if if your Star Trek person who got shields up
would look like to Internet power supply with star flanker non
were put to shield on that pipeline as long as she'll drop as long as the
powers go on
that pipe was not gonna corrode that we're doing here signup see this
pipeline is gone from you
- - sixty miles with all these little micro differences in
potential I'm sure the whole thing so much current that that now so the whole
thing is a -
guy and there's no way current discharge of that pie because it's got current
flowing onto it
with your next slide this is a a slide shows corrosion rate
verses applied current so this is me lighting up
that structure and you see the corrosion rate goes basically crucial never
goes to
but it gets so low that a thousand years from now you will notice the difference
ok I I'm as long as the
see pieces ran the whole thousand years the couple place in CP system and put a
new instance they don't last that long
- years is reasonable for a corrosion system
I but you can see the corrosion rate drops as we start to apply current
now for some metals I mean we get into
detailed design talk on specific occasions we worry about this case like
for some metals their reach the point where he started playing too much
current national cause damage the mail
okay so that's that's the Sun over here I search on
the crows resource increase at some point if you start apply too much
current but the goal is to apply not currently the crows rate down to where
it's functionally
add up when we say it's cathartic Lee protected
we use the term criteria what constitutes enough
cathodic protection at what point do I have enough light on the structure
that that corrosion rate is effectively zero
okay other several criteria
that we use for corrosion like section
I'm there's international criteria scripture in the US Canada and the
United States use basically the same type criteria I there's no recession called and the international corrosion society
this be the National Association corrosion but they've gone global
and they don't like to be called nationally more

I'm so it's combine ace but I
basis has to find three criteria Nexus first two are basically the same
or something on a % off
number I said that this natural potential still an expiry generals
around miles novels
if you can shift it to being negative member I City brokered onto it
becomes more negative
if you can shift it to negative it's perfect
okay we is on an off base their same on
means that when you have the CP system on
is nearly fifty of means many turned off it still
negative okay and there's
technical issues about what the differences between on the for
for persists customers to say are baseless anchored here negative
the other critters a hundred mobile shift if you can get a hundred normal to
polarization from his native state
to its statements without a protected
you'll stop at grocery now you'll say day city s more than
novels that's true
general state okay arm
the sometimes still in bed still to be - my
oval shift manager at actually tested before you put the CP on
have a native state potential and then you're going to
compare that to a protected potential
om to post or use quite a bit the industry on
the key concept there is I don't know how I am NOT like
okay to light up the structure I we talk about too much current
over protection can have some adverse affects this is especially true on
certain models like stainless steels titanium
exotic as carbon steel I'm it's almost
is virtually impossible for too much going on but there's a practical issue
there too at some point he's
you're just wasting current once is protected wipe for a lot more
juice on to it like a lot more light on to it okay so while it is pretty
on immune to over
current a point to its gonna the fractal aspect of why would you do that
doesn't make sense to put too much current
you see this point presentation I ask everybody
do you have exact action system in
your house now those are you heard me ask a
question
don't raise your hand but that just for
for grounds cost you know you're new here do you know if your cartridge
system house
up okay water exactly
insiders almost every water heater there is expectation system
because the water circulates ano in a boiler water heaters pretty corrosive
water
make those heat water heater tanks our carbon steel
and they put an anode side there the and will protect that carbon steel for long
as you know class
and the the the recall thing is that in calculate how long they think that
outlasted
and they base their weren't on that so if you go to Home Depot and you buy a
year warranty hot water heater
that an order size the last about ten years after less than years casinos
can take some time for the corrosion to cause a failure
and if you go on by when this guy -year life it's gotta be ran outside
nearby commercial water heater they actually have a threading threaded
connection you got your place the anode
because they know that the they're more expensive the client and replaces and as
a maintenance bases
and in theory that water heater should last as long as they keep replacing an A
somewhat Amazon the basic CP system components
now you understand how could i text work what do we do to make it work where we
need
on obviously we need something to protect
we need a structure we're going to protect we protect lottery structures
we talk about designing CP systems will later we're going to ask questions about
the structure
but you need something protect in electrolyte got a call
the other day from II client in Brazil actually in they were doing a
offshore windmills to generate electricity
and they want to protect the fans on the windmill
because it grosses saliency water environment I said well you know we
can't put that I protection
on the blades have your when males because there's no electrolyte there
yes you're gonna get sea water spray on minutes gone cause corrosion issues
but I can't put an anode in the electrolyte its low current through
the electrolyte protect the steel so they had to go some other type a
corrosion protection
we don't do well with atmospheric applications because the air does not
allow
the conduction of electricity but we're great if you've got something in water
seawater or soil most for applications in those
electrolytes were to electrolyte the other one is concrete we actually
protect metal and concrete reinforcing steel
I am Sony a structure to protect the electrolyte the current can flow through

obviously you need some sort of an an ode to deliver current is my lights
the earth mine up the structure I'm and then there's some cabling in there
to connect the collector that metallic path that circuit okay
so you have to something connecting the anode to the structure
afternoon multiple connections are the anode to the structure
and finally I always emphasize this with with people in the provision for testing
it because if I
if you gonna could expect action system and you want to go to make sure that
it's working properly and testing it so we put provision for testing
and Justin a schematic standpoint
I'm here the the orange colors electrical current flowing exist just a
big circle
okay if you have a rectifier a power supply current flows of the power supply
through the cabling system there maybe junction boxes
connecting the cables to the anode system
through the electrolyte to the structure back through cables
back to the REC fire it's a circuit now if you were to cut those cables
it's an open circuit current will flow just like in your house if you cut the
tables to your lights lights are gonna turn on okay
so that's the basic schematic avoid a CP system
now we have all-time flavors and structures we protect tanks we protect
sea walls we protect jetties we protect
I pipelines if all other types of anodes
but that's basically how this the system looks from an overview
and in some cases direct fire
I'll talk about that in a few minutes about not govern an existing were
actually your
using a system that doesn't need a power supply but IMO in many cases
a power supply is neither for for especially for larger structures or or
structures that
you won't have a longer life on just doesn't go through a quick example a
look if I protection system ok I
a real-world ap ap ap actual application hear what you see this is a very common
and any type of love near shore or at on the shore
facility call the seawall basically taking sheet piles is
metal I'm sheets the pound them into the ground
okay and that separates the the water
firms from the left side the nice thing about that is now you can dredge
this the that area and ironing for boats up name you can you can make that very
deep even
so if you've got a LNG terminal where you bring and large LNG tankers
united as runners-up the short have hit the sand you got to create a channel a
deep channel where you can birth
the LNG tanker see was a very common to do that
on so what you see here is a typical
seawall and if you can see it closely you can see rule over rust on that
the atmosphere excited to see you all okay russ's answering thing because
for certain steel structures rust become the coding and econ slows down the
corrosion
after that okay you can also paint that but with the bigger concern in
for the structure is what's happening in the soil side
and what's happening worth buried and in the water we've got the sea wall
structure
okay there's actually a couple places were concerned about
there's the land side to the seawall where the sheet piles driven and the
land
and you have Soil Sci corrosion okay
there's the very bottom is she polishes and so on both sides to this below the
water level
and then there's that area there the water is okay is also small area where
there's a
the atmosphere and is tied to go up and down that could change in its height
okay that's the area you can one visually inspect
as easy as to get to repair if you were to have corrosion
and to you can paint that where many cases the the Oct the iron oxide
actually becomes a
a coating in effect the the rust you get a Stanley Rusnak to become the coating
and it's very common and in the type of steel that they're using free she passed
but you can't inspect the landside be very difficult to to visually inspect
Lawnside for corrosion
he certainly can't do anything you know it's very difficult on the waterside
your thing is a lot of times with the structures
is if they start to fall apart it can be very difficult
to get in effect repairs to them socket type texan's very commonly applied to
these type structures
and one way to do that is with what we call it the pan out sister a deep well
system
on and out
discussed a little more his presentation but as you can see here I've got current
flowing from my an outsource
to the soil side and hopefully up into the waterside
protecting the whole structure from one large system guy
so it's a very typical comment to buy protection system
the heart any CP system is the anode system itself
act and there are two types of anodes
there's galvanic anodes often refer to a sacrificial anodes this year so it's a
sacrificial anode
they're referring to a galvanic Anna it's not the correct term technically
and in fact Hall and Oates have a finite life
okay there's now an audit has infinite life on
so all an artifact sacrifice themselves
to protect the structure type tagged and into their life that be replaced
but the governor Dan Oates have no power supply to associate with them

now talk about that just a second impressed current anodes
that's what mostly we manufacture that's what we manufacture rust converter impressed
turnout systems
Press turnout systems have power supplies
okay have pros and cons to each year go through than just a minute
but again galvanic a sacrificial no external power supply
impressed current input is bigger power supply on them is a system warrants
this chart here shows what's called electro potential of common metals
and the state's buried soil and what you'll see here is
magnesium aluminum and zinc are naturally
more negative then steal
okay also point out the copper is much more positive than steel
and even notice I silver gold platinum actually a positive metals
because noble metals they don't corrode
if you took a gold coin in Newbury it
in the soil and archaeologist come around two thousand years later to find
a gold coin
if the guy still coin and you buried it
five years later Prime not gonna find anything okay will complete his
completely rusted away and dissolved into the soil
okay.
Magnesium is is more negative would would would have a tendency to two
to consume even faster if you couple magnesium
to steal current flows from the more negative to the more positive
curl flow of the magnesium we're currently is a metals where corrosion
occurs
magnesium will consume or sacrifice itself
in this galvanic reaction okay occur will flow from the magnesium to the
steel
how much karol flow that's gonna be a function of
what the resistances voltage differences text
mechanism has a natural potential still has a certain potential remember when we
flow currently at the still potentials gonna change is gonna polarized become
more negative
so that difference in voltage potential
we call the driving force okay that's
How much we can push current of that magnesium?
so the advantages
a galvanic an assist in a lot people will come to us and say I wanna see
pieces my galvanic sistersacrificial systems that are poor power
supply and at
great we can do that maybe if it works right
or very limited because we have a very small driving force
less than between magnesium
and polarized steel okay so it's less than
where's with the power supply many the paris by with we supply or
votes
magnitude the border more more driving force
your marker not American lighting up the structure with enough light
polarizer but
there are occasions where many cement works just great
take a bunch of these and typically come in casting gets
I've hunks about basically pound magnesium out very common in our
industry
sorry to companies may have your period next thing you try protector on a
wire over to reconnect them so your circuit
not -pound bag and I will start to consume and start flow current under the
steel best it can if everything works out great
no work some cases it's just not enough for you need to man up
so governor Dan Oates no need for power
in many cases their lower costs because you don't have a power supply
and in theory little or no maintenance
they have to physically connected
by he said
yes to my knees ass be connected to the pipe often they do it through
attestation so you can actually
measure how much current slowing of it as the only really waited to know
if then as the working or not about gonna wait now
seizes where now it also is waiting asked me how long the analyte will be
because we know how much the magnesium will consume for everything up
current discharge of it so just like a light pole reversal me
kilowatt-hours
an anode is rated for somebody am powers
so if you know it's do in million volts and
are two in a milli amps excuse me when you measure it
you calculate how long it's going to last based on how much weight has
disadvantages
galvanic anodes very low output
small driving force low output icon goldilocks anodes
the only work when the temperature you know
member goldilocks story that the poor just too hot for just two to called
get company cannot only work when the circumstances line up perfectly
source to these meaning the current can flow too fast as hell to consume too
fast

is there is a serious too high you not big enough current often protect
anything
okay to structures to be aching knees too much current they're not gonna work
between the two men have remained up putting in
thousands of pounds at these as not cost-effective anymore
ok I so icon goldilocks and i think is important when we talk to people about
CPA
I that we were we we make sure they understand that there's no free lunch
yes you don't need a power supply but they are limited to where they're
they work and work well and that's where an expert can come and look at they tend
to have short url
now an odd life I don't have a large choice is for what and a material it is
there's a three medals magnesium aluminum zinc they're more negative st.
I can't use anything else
ok I on there's no power switch
so what i install that and I discussed are distracting current based on the
resistance in the soil and and and
vehicles I R talk but that low bat but there's no adjustment
okay I put it and it starts working
really don't have a lot of love way of controlling it
so I didn't is a design quite right or the design has was based on some flight
data
and you put an there's no real adjustment with a
impressed current system with the rectifier power supply I have a switch
I could turn up the power I can turn down the power
cases there's a disadvantage there with that up beware copper grounding systems
if you remember copper was at -
on that chart me as much more negative are much more positive
when you're when you have copper and steel mixed together
in a structure or if there's a piece of pipe pipeline there's a copper grounding
system nearby
and their electrically connected that an outgoing trifecta copper first
because it's more there's a bigger driving force is more it's more positive
was not try to bring it up wears the same potential steel for comfort for
flounder still quite a bit
when is a parent with with government again it is they can never protect the
copper fast enough copper just sucks up current
for copper does it's a grounding system and copper
take current really quickly takes a lot of current to shift the potential copper
a lot more current that steel
so you'll be where copper grounding systems as much harder to test
and are powered by psychical powers by measure things
so coming to town systems there's a misconception I think in with a lot of people in in various industries that use rust converter.
that the government systems are
because I have no powers by there's no maintenance but I make the argument
that it's also harder to test and you really never have that congress of
a power supply I can have somebody go by the power supply
once a month look at the Pan don't say yup it still kicking up current
still kicking out what's an app's nothing's changed still working
the Governing Council Smith Barry the pipeline is buried
its forgot about five years later and nobody's testing I got a call yesterday
for guys got a pipeline project would go back and ask them
have you had a test is now do you know it's working now
have had a rectifier powered by take a look at our sponsors yep it's still
working is still working
yes when the because they
into the that they her your
you could put test facilities and pick up and down system we design go bang out
just as we do do that
but it does require some level love sophistication to test it
above and beyond just looking at a power supply in saying yes it's still where it
was last month
okay so with those systems you do require a little more specific action
testing them
but yes we do definitely I mentioned earlier components you wanna have
provisions for testing
but you know they're on until their consumed and then there they fail
stop unimpressed current and it's a little bit I
there's like a conventional anodes and these the the Nexus either conventional
as these tend to be very large anode
the consumer relatively fast rates okay
sort of pounds per ampere so we still need a pretty large anode
to journal our current the first one is our call graphite anode
a slurry a piece of graphite as a cable connection to it
stake in the ground and rancor of it it consumes a rate
about two pounds per ampere and you can generate
about half a nap per square foot a surface area
ok I
the next generation of an a star uses in nineteen fifties estar come out with
these
high so I can cast iron out back for that even they would take all railroad
ties
they cook them in the ground for powers by min pecan of the railroad ties
but they came over for my scarf high silicon cast iron to special formulation
used in an odd production of cast iron
still in use today quite common I saw kick-ass star Anna its
I their hunks or Saunders have cast iron
they consume read about one pound per ampere so slow but better demographic
prices better

graphite are and they can't
kick out twice as much current for same square footage but one
wanna am per square foot
then in the nineteen eighties her sixties and the moving in the s we
start using precious metal
anodes and these precious metal Annan's
on they're much smaller and oats
kick out a lot more current have a lot longer life
okay he's a real high-tech anodes first love platinum
lot of issues a platinum anodes a Mac or was at the forefront
using platinum and it for a long time I lot experience when we still use and
some selected cases
why Ranger configurations basically become a very
then layer of platinum
micron levels of platinum
over some sort of a substrate some forever metal that holds the Platinum on
the climate here's to and on
they consider a about micrograms per ampere
milligrams per ampere very low constant concern not not compound for happier now
talk about
milligrams per ampere and they can take out $ off per square foot is posed to
one or two
wonder half an hour per square foot so I get a lot more current offer them
I'm sure a lot more current offer a smaller and a package
and the last longer and they make we started with the mixed metal oxide and
outs
a wide range of configurations and
I'm to
a wide range configurations and
these have almost no consumption rate actually miss boxer and other unique
piece and that's what Mac or does now
all the answer we produced with exceptions some the platinum and as we
produced.
Mixed metal oxide based and its mixed metal oxide
I'm actually is more the catalyst than an hour
all the other as we talk about really give up or consume
physically consume this is a dimensionally stable and no
over to it allows the corrosion reaction to occur are alas current to just
to start of it in the presence or voltage gradient
to me rephrase again if you have a vote to trim your power supplies during a
voltage differential
over that anode you'll start taking of current
is not actually part of is not giving up itself to kick off current like a
like a commensal outward but it it uses
the environment to generate current with the current generator but has a finite
life at some point
it ceases the workers manner okay but these things last a very long time
worries that
specialize in building national oxide no because you
exceptionally long life
except for high-reliability and generate
large mount a current for a small and out
that's your thing the anode I miss my lock size actual coding over titanium
substrate so we take titanium metal
that metal can be in a wide-ranging configurations actually won my letters
like to talk about configurations
I'm like a cast iron and over based your casting a cylinder
long rod okay and you can only cast a lot of
need structures we can we can cast metal oxide or we can
we can make coat Meek Mill oxide on a wide range %uh structures
fears ribbons wires we do a lot a wire and always very thin wire color would
make my rods to plates
mass chicken wire mash for example you brown concrete us is a wide range of
configurations
that you can use me a lot of them some the other components in an assistant
while on these bodies
these are private up we often use a backfill around the Anna
my back to Liz it's a nice low resistance environment that we're going
to start coming off the anode
it's nice that the current destruction to a nice
low resistance environment what that does is it it's like when you have a
light bulb in your house
like bob is actually at filament element and
incandescent light bulb but then there's a housing around it so that the like
discharges really of that housing well that's at the core back to work for Coke
Laskar district evenly of the entire Anna so the entire wears evenly
and then it distracts from the coke into the soil
another oh man professor impressed current systems is the power supply
I was in the Gulf an existing we talk about that no part by don't have a
wrecked car
but this is a common backfire at first comment all shapes and sizes
and an FBI AC electricity generator power supply
ok I pipelines remote areas where there's no lack of power
we can use it like for Jenner a generator allottees gas pipelines are
they've got gas flowing through many where farewell had cited the net power
on their day the guy gas wellhead but there's no AC power to it well they're
producing gas they have natural gas you people generator there that burns a
natural gas
creates electricity to run your CP system solar power
with batteries your solar power panel

are several solar power panels I go battery system the batteries DC power
you got your CP system
you're off and running with no no electric power letter powers
during the cheapest way to go become a solar power or thermal electric
generators that burn gas
or some for a fuel cell hybrid system the start to get expensive
but if you have no power that might be a way to go
some other components we talk about test stations Bill Maher things
uses or yellow pipes if you drive along Highway your guy sees all your pipe
sticking up on the size of highways
SATC all signs a gas pipeline the test asians
that's an ability to go in touch the work or electrically connect to the
pipetter dig it up
I N exit right here in the center picture the center picture you see some
wires connected to the pipeline's owner put the pipeline n
they'll make
attachments to the pipe so you can physically test the pipe without a
day of the pipeline to make a connection to the pipe at that point sows testes
typically they put a new pipeline in a protest Asian every mile now every mile
yes place to connect to the pipeline RN
on the on right hand side there's a reference electrode
reference electrode is just a fixed potential that you could put that in
your
shown there's a sack there's a lot we make those here here in our shop
I'm put the reference electrode you bury it you put it next to the metal
structure
now that you are coming up the structural are coming up on some right
there above ground I have to take a voltmeter
measured potential between the structure
and the reference out suffix known potential and do your testing
that's how you can test to see if you're getting polarization
you can turn CP system of way to Adi polarizes completely
you can measure it an intern CP system on
allow overtime for to polarize go back to measure against
you can measure what that polarization its am I getting enough light to protect
that structure
we're getting a little bit of design theory here this is not intended to make
an interview designers SEP system but just to give you an idea of what
information we tend to look for and how we go about designing CP systems
guy so there's my legal disclaimer just cuz he said here
mississippi cover design don't do it at home in a couple ways you can start
I was like to start with the structure tribe attacked that's you all
application that we showed earlier show the picture that will see you all
what's the structure what's geometry what's its size
is that code is it not code is the coding brand new and really high-quality
because we have some great coatings today was put in the nineteen fifties in
the coatings technology in nineteen fifties once a good plus
it's now for your fifty-years-old coding okay
coatings the last for the great so so we ask questions about that
I'm is electrically continuous you have some structures that there may not be a
lateral continuity
between different parts of it okay
ductile iron pipe systems are really bad for that cause a ductile iron pipe
deserters
joint a pipe for joint galore bell to it
the other has got a Gosset to it they the pushin pressure fitting together
put a gasket between I gasket because let go isolation
so you may not have continuity between one section the other that could be
really
bad issue when you separate thanked action on it because what happens is you
pull right one segment
occurrence not flowing to the segmented isolated because it's not for the
circuit
and now said you have a major opting for current to flow of a viewer CP system
onto the structure
is isolated and then back off again his ass to get back to this
to the circuit and workers back of corrosion call that
interference and usually cause corrosion very quickly if you do that
what's the solution you have to have bonded structures
ok I or and suck as you may have to dig up the structure and put bondsmen
yeah select who are they pay they will
attached to both sides have a pizza pie to join
yeah I'm with the seawall you can test for continuity
yeah you got one into the pipeline go the other in the pipeline
run a wire between them and see if there's like I know you're not
we will do continuity testing on some structures that see you all a show those
are generally
individual segments she their
piled driven in the ground and connected what you wanna make sure those
connections
are let go so what's a global test measures your country there again freeze
the bond across some
arm so so there's dismisses their
what metal is number I mention her some battles that you don't want to put
too much light onto
because you can damage them metal carbon steel is it
is it is a copper in the area great worry about coppers there's a lot of
questions we'll ask about the structure we're trying to protect
the second stage
is to evaluate the environment ok I
up around the structure
says about with Russia in effect a slight apologize I'm
so we went too far talk about the environment what what's around that
structure

okay that's that she Powell all that we showed okay
is that seawater freshwater because that's all
Allegra for river where the water fresh as a
whole different animal benefits in seawater is it in seawater up in the
northeast
where the waters cold and is not much salt in it was it down in the caribbean
worst warm all the time Mira mentioned temperature
affects corrosion rates affected significantly every ten degrees Celsius
increase in temperature
doubles the grocer guy
as a general rule of thumb for corrosion rates can't go out really quickly if you
get an elevator
that's why things in hot temperatures always interesting lot faster and things
in colder temperatures
I'm so it's a lot of questions we asked about the environment
does environment changers a steady-state okay
if you're back or we're located here
your Philadelphia the Delaware River changes seasonally
in the summer the salt line moves up the river
you end up with very low resistance very salty corrosive water
in the winner that's all I tested to move back towards
the ocean you have a structure to have be more freshwater
last corrosion less less corrosive Ross a more difficult
to flow current through cuz now the resistance the water change a bit
so does this does the environment changeover times a seasonal
in some places the soils
can change radically just
you know when it's wet season or dry season
so we ask questions about the environment
I'm the final step to consider is and a placement
are there constraints to where I can put the Anna
I'm earlier talked about a flashlight bring a close to all moving it back
sometimes you can't move it back sometimes you're physically
constrained in the what I can do with where I can put an A
okay if we're working on a a gas well
the owner owns a hundred-foot by hundred-foot square
plot where his gas well as and around that a former SEAL
I put an ad in the farmer's field and
every spring East running his tractor through there and and and you know I've
be careful where
howdy property and knows where to put the wires will even let me put an
audience feel
you got put a month in that one hundred-foot square
I well casing that he that the that the operators lease from the the field so
so there's all kinds of questions about where can i put anodes
is open stream I design so after about my questions about
was a structure what's the environment around the structure
and what's the constraint for what country and as I can use now I can start
thinking about designing
the first thing we do when we design a CP system
is we try to evaluate how much current I'm going to need
and government lighting up the structure putting enough light on the structure to
light it up
how much like to any we can run some calculations on that
okay on so there's theoretical calculations that we can run to
determine
how much like I need another way to do it well the field tested
okay I take a portable or a
on good
reportable on power supply
I Drive an anode in the ground or stake in the ground around current offer that
I measure how much shift I get to the structure
call that I a condom and test
let's say I put to absent current of this
is a car battery for that we actually done that will take a car battery will
put a stake in the ground will have the car battery up
will provoke me on the structure was up structure shifted
Nov altered of based on that I can extrapolate
how much current I need just to shift at a hundred normal
okay just got a car tremendous sometimes Kurt mantis were great
many times we just estimate okay we know that if we put so much current per
square foot a surface area
on dope a car carbon steel structure they were gonna get enough polarization
the surface structures the biggest issue your
yes what we're trying to protect so
again a sample calculation or talk about an above-ground storage tank in a very
common
CP application Mac or a systems that we sell for this
I let's take a foot diameter tank bottom
to the pig crew or storage tank to her foot diameter okay
like it see I'm roundup refinery or term or near airport we've got big
fuel storage tanks to her foot diameter
executives nice easy to miss the rate is and calculate the
area over circle I R squared
okay so we know we've got thirty , square feet
a surface area on that tank bottom that sitting on the sand bass
K well if we know that I only one million per square foot
AVP air service area protect that tank bottom I know about , square feet
i know it. . amps tubes
to protect it having engineers we always over design thanks what's out there were
fifty answer
capacity I have ask paseando that I can protect that Akbar
so with our current density requirements were tightly how much current we need
the current issue cards varies with electrolytes

and being in this business for a long time and and and the industry's develop
certain
currencies that are typically are standard used
for steel in soil thats knots
really badly corrosive moderately crosses soils $ million per square foot
good
really corrosive soils very low resistance wet soils
with lots assaults on that might get on the Gulf Coast or marshy areas
you might need York $ million per square foot if you got steel in seawater
it might be ten millions per square foot if it's still in seawater this really
warm
you might wanna go to more than that okay
so we come up with these these guidelines so it varies depending on the
structure it very proud typeof mentally protecting
member I mention copper really loves current you can throw a lot occurring on
the copper
to protect still takes million per square foot to protect copper
case not twenty million per square foot twenty times as much current
as copper lots current now
often we don't really care about protecting copper
but if the coppers in the same circuit is a steal I've got a protected to be
object to steal
so that case sometimes its copper zinc if you're on a power play with the got a
grounding grid you try and pick the plant piping the plant piping is not
isolated from the ground a great
as very difficult isolate the plant piping the ground a great you have to
worry about the ground a great damaging a prime you a lot more current
so you can see current to the copper
so you could get some current to go to the steel
we can decide to an out selection
this requires a pretty good understanding of
how much design life we need is different and not consume a different
rates
and the quantity vanity want to put its gonna be a function of how long you want
the old system last
for building a brand new foot diameter crude oil storage tank and you
know that thanks to be in service fifty sixty seventy years
and your pussy pieces and underneath that tank where you can't get there
again
once it's built this really almost impossible to get back underneath that
tank
your pussy pieces miss design for fifty or sixty years
so you wanna design life a current distribution in that gets into
what's a geometry a structure how where the animals need to be located to get
current to light up the whole structure
where my constraints were can't I put anodes I'm
water electrolyte stability does that the environment change over time
I so it's a lot a constraint for comes to picking what and how to use
one other issue with our house and its system resistance
okay and oats have a resistance factor
based on their geometry largely okay
so it's important selecting an anode has some idea of how much resistance you
need
drive current other through some miscalculations
a bit but the key thing there and would like to really drives with resistance at
the end it is the longer the anode
the lower the resistance to the Anna out
we have some questions that we run through I'm we have great Scot light
equation you used to calculate and resistance
not get and the I'm calculating that too much
I but as you can see from this calculation here five got a four inch by
AT&T graphite has a standard size for graphite out for its diameter by
inches long
prolong anode okay and put in four thousand summers of fort out of their
missiles
relatively normal soil okay it's not
super low resistance is not super high resistance its
pretty common a slow Rangers it no one
someone told me they had soil and it was not in the desert no one in the Gulf
Coast
you know in a marshy area I would use , , summer solstice the gas
until we had some data
that's a common for resistance that -inch by -inch graphite
when you're on the basket have about owns resistance
which means to get one have a current offer that any volts
as because I R are and you can
copley there's other composers this is %uh not get too much into the resistance
here
I did mention vehicles I R this is a very
basic electrical om
equation the current this discharge the functions
resistance and the voltage applied
again with the Gulf and again is that the component is very small
because I only have a difference between the the National potential one model to
another
with the power supply I can just the voltage but putting a bigger power
supply
I design my calculations
I'm I mention the hot water heater and the five year warranty in year
warranties and then calculate how long the outgoing last
that's part of what we do when we design CP system say we're in it so much
current
we designed it for so much current when other consumption re the anode
we can come up with a design life calculation we can calculate pretty much

how long that house the last
if it operated at the conditions were expected to be operated at
how often we designed it for amps go on the field
find out that house is fine well that's great now to last longer cuz I'm not
running as fast
or you got the field you find out you know what it wasn't exactly a
a foot long she powell's foot-long
and take a little more current than we thought I was gonna take or operate that
tan system a £m
well that's fine work in most cases
but my last as long as you designed it to
so in this application that for it by aliens graphite I talked about
operating at three amps has a way to pounds
I'm about . years I found that Anna
ca that the best solution
I don't know that depends on the the actual
application requirements maybe nine point six years is great or maybe about
man
now got forty five years life that's par
design process this is wrapping up the design basics
ICP system designs quantitative meaning there's things I can calculate
I kinda happen how much current anything to clear how long the end of the last
based on the number of an attack put in there and how fast the
the channel consumes I'm however the designs also very
qualitative okay I
why CCP designs qualitative Chris
it want to cap a helmet light I need to light up the structure for as long as I
wanna lighted up
but there's also the issue where I put the lights where I put these an urge to
make sure the currents distributing properly to the whole structure
hey and that's a qualitative assessment this really
almost impossible tooth completely calculate that for every unique
application
sup this is easier than others but in many cases it's it's a pretty complex
consideration
there are basically three and out
regulations ways that we place an out one is called a remote Hannah
going to that detail your what is called discrete analysts a bunch of individual
anodes
that are discreetly placed in selected locations
and the third way to call any ran a as long Anna
that now
runs along like parallel to the structure trying to protect
school terminology here ground bad
that's a common term in our industry a ground that basically is a place where
in an hour located
we talk about shallow ground beds with a run de piano ground beds
shall grab it generally means is located close to the surface
- feet depth a
de piano ground bed is grounded where we might draw down
feet put in a really deep in the earth so they'll spread current a
long ways
so remote ground bed system
Remo ground beds we use that term there's actually some car being
electrically remote
for far enough away from something you're like the remote meaning that
every pore structure basically the same distance electrically
from the other I use the analogy a stadium lighting at a football stadium
okay I do these presentations are national have this picture of a cricket
field
lit up but now they understand cricket United States arm
but India they love cricket some that's why use
or soccer stadium turn Englander someplace but
self-concept the same I can light up a football stadium
from three or four lights for like spur like tension on
on four corners and football stadium if they're far enough away
and a high-powered enough I can light up the whole stadium so people can read the
newspaper and read a book they can
free to play book taken play football or whatever for just a few lights
but that we really high-powered nap before enough way
okay we have an systems are like that are durable system we manufacture here
I'm at our facility it's a deep and out system its intended to go three four
hundred feet down the ground as attended tickle our current from one
deep an outlook a cinematic up forty fifty has a current
okay to now goes to it statewide
this is a typical Tea panel configuration
got holes drilled in the ground and then
down to the bottom holes an active area where to put an O's one or more anodes
into the ground those panels are designed to kick out like pretty
expensive installation
was very effective put locker now and every designer right it can last long
time
art thermal systems are typically designed the last thirty-plus years
key issues with the panel systems
a you are about a.m.
their high output systems okay that's not always good
there are some issues with high output in a system that has been designed
properly at his right materials you have to use the right construction
techniques yet put in the right place on if you have
chlorides naturally occurring fluoride results in the ground
par the reaction occurs at the anode usual generate corning gas
not a whole lot budgetary some Korean gas
quite gas gun attack cabling cause premature failure system that's why for
drama system for user

corn resistant Kynar cabling
so this misuse with her but that's all for the design
current radiates indiscriminately I put a deep an assist in the ground currents
just writing of it
okay anything it's electrically connected to the circuit
is subject to getting current I can't really control workouts went by pretty
bounce is no power plant about network a pipe to the power plant I got grounding
and other stuff
they're all electric enacted I can't control where the current gonna go very
well
flat up a lot a current lineup everything just like my Stadium analogy
federov cart like the whole place up
I may not have places where is good like commonly used to protect
plan varmints were have a real congested underground throw but city Pantoja
you through a tunnel light up to current up in from from these the panel's up to
the
to the surface and try to protect everything trial I love everything other
also commonly used crack she power loss reserve that is
cheap hours to clear coated in a given the ground in a large pair service area
so you start doing the math is very mean a lot a current
okay pas is my second to put the deep an odd system
offset it from there the C Powell election that diagram earlier put it
deep enough you might affect both sides actually power
with just one land-based system sometimes end up putting out in the
water is well protected
just depends on of to use for
for long-distance pipelines
like I said people one and a station and going are miles per annum station
in
they're protecting miles insurrection
not at all uncommon
another similar I'm Anna to the
deep an assistant car remote horizontal ground bad remote cores are out there is
basically the same thing
except the seller going down I'm going away
okay so I have a pipeline I can put a bunch of bananas to create my
high-powered
remote system have to get a far enough away this remote
okay from this case I might be a thousand feet away from the pipeline
this basically is a bunch of an output together into a call around bed
horizontal
shall around it now this is because it to let your vote meaning it's
this pipeline here here here know where we go along a pipeline
basically the same current distance
okay I'm on electromode I will protect a large swath that pipeline just as if I'd
roll down five hundred feet
with the underground that way very common in places like
appear in the Northeast where we are very shallow bedrock
sorry the place in the Northeast if you go five
feet twenty feet on the ground your gonna hit rock
iraq has not conducted your brand's iraq has nothing with the start of them
so there often they'll put shall around bit further away
they can generate a lot of current thats were im mp is our package canister and
outs
in MP's are used for correct that they're commonly used to grant
linear and it can also be used for a remote pours on ground that
discrete cannot systems a discrete how system
are fundamentally anodes okay if we use the stadium lighting analogy
where you got one high-powered bank of lights
protecting a lot these are like floodlights
they're still pretty high-powered not nearly as high powered
as for stadium lights said to be forty or fifty has me we're talking about
amps current a put-on
you know every so many feet twenty feet feet feet you know where your
space some
and their space around the structure so that your lighting up the structure for
me to these individual discrete
lights RMNP czar canister energy use for this purpose as well
okay and typically are put in a five to for death
so you can take an auger it
on you drill hole fire for D you drop the anode in the whole
go on some distance away put another one in
and another one to you got enough %uh to protect the structure
you can't attack them all together in one one strand or your
or your rectifier or you can connect them
to I'm junction box and power the junction box in Iraq for a bit ultimate
they were all get connected to a
one or more rectifiers if you've got enough for them spread around if large
facility
you may have multiple wreck firepower in banks have these discrete and ads
the issue with the street out just like spotlights around the house
is where I put them how I make sure that their space I'm getting current
everywhere okay is I don't put the lights on right place to my peers are
getting current
mess more art than a science in fact
if you take the same application give it three different CP designer Jimmy for
different designs
okay because everyone's myspace will defer my place in the different
there's no right answer either works or doesn't work okay
there's a right answer is No one right answer
that's why when you do these discrete on systems it's really important to go back
after the fact test them
for Jeffrey system screen down system specially
I the other issue a discrete out systems

and here's to the doll diagram over discrete Anna
in this case is a go at it as a hong kong magnesium
installed next to appease a pipe is protecting some area that pipe back to
protect
everywhere bikers it's close enough like my flashlight now-defunct act a certain
amount that pie
and the protest asians I can test it
for the event again looks like the on the magnesium we stick into us
a sack this film with the backfill material and
you buried next to the the structure type attack
the same thing that impressed current anode that's also discreet Anna
now you gonna run a cable to a power supply and use the power supply with all
the advantages a power supply has a volume switch to turn up and down
I can jury more current offer
this is art mixed metal oxide canister anode
great an urs lightweight low-cost easy install
very long life quite robust on
as a discrete Anna here's a diagram of a discrete out system
this is a madness is being a simple power plant may be a gas line system
going to a housing development
ok I got a mainline come in n and yellow truck lines coming off
you won't protect that so the space anna's
okay how many energy need how far apart they are
thats design issues some designers can sit there and I think and in this far
apart
and hopefully they get it so that you're getting current another flight
everywhere you need to go
so I was discreet out systems we went from high-powered
to medium power now require really low powered systems
a linear out systems like fiber optic lighting and we're playing a fiber optic
light
you put your hand around it there's no he coming off that light
it's very low-power okay very low intensity
that rule in Reno is analogous to like fiber optic lighting
they have some significant advantages over screen out now I just placed in
parallel to the whole
structure I know I'm closely coupled to it I'm very low output but because it's
closely coupled I'm gonna be protecting
everywhere that an hour ago
I liked it on use that light analogy if I rap like you see in this
miss my poor picture fiber optic light all around for her poor
why so hopeful look really nice
with housework same way if your call that picture that
the pipeline system where had sign where to put the anodes
this case almost foolproof design
I'm put the entire epilogue part where the pipe ghost the house right next to
it is the rust converter, yes.
The house properly sized its gonna light up
that part we is a lot for power plant projects and plant piping products for
new construction
I new construction compressor stations where they're putting
hyping in the station
great design because as reported by Penny is putting on a parallel to it
in China on the west-east gas pipeline a large pipeline project going on in the
world
as a rock face three dow they've got
thousands and thousands meters
love when I ran out on compressor stations following Pike
just like is shown here lot Avengers to this from a %uh CP design system one you
know it
you know that wherever the sea where the animal is
that pipe is close to it is getting current
and also is extremely long life these disease winner and systems
there have designed by to years easily
because they're not for now all our current trust you are well nuclear by
here's a picture over winner after installation
I'm fairly simple way in the back there was plenty traveler are
Engineering Manager I am this is a power plant project
in New Jersey quick story I think I have a few minutes left
up this is the power plant their building
and they said we want to put d panel system at
stadium lights what a pretty bounce is more protective
one gas lines gonna run around the whole plan everything else the plants plastic
pipe
we do have copper grounding system so we know that we're gonna have put a lot of
current
in the ground because copper to suck up summer
and with a great we can put that the ban on system and but then you have to test
it
after some areas because again I don't really control where currents going with
the ballot system
there some areas that pipeline are getting enough current we have put some
more systems at
and we ask a question to build the pipeline yet hour in the military
dictator
to construct the right now to get related we've gone well we manufacture
this linear am a product
I could have that too you know in three days

for you back for the pipe if he is late parallel to your pipe you don't worry.
In conclusion Rust converter can work well and do those things that cathodic systems can do over a longer time period.

Rust converters commercially available and cathodic rust conversion systems

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Rust converters commercially available and cathodic rust conversion systems