1. Dower
Dower (Latin: dotarium, donatio propter nuptias, Byzantine: ὑπόβολον hypobolon; French: douaire,
Dutch: weduwgift, German: Mitgift) is a provision accorded by law, but traditionally by a husband or
his family, to a wife for her support in the event that she should survive her husband (i.e., become a
widow). It was settled on the bride by agreement at the time of the wedding, or provided by law.
("Settled" here refers to a gift into trust.)
The dower grew out of the Germanic practice of bride price (Old English weotuma) which was given
over to a bride's family well in advance for arranging the marriage, but during the early Middle Ages,
was given directly to the wife instead. However, in popular parlance, the term may be used for a life
interest in property settled by a husband on his wife at any time, not just at the wedding. The verb is to
dower (dower, dowers, dowered).
In popular usage, the term dower may be confused with:
A dowager is a widow (who may receive her dower). The term is especially used of a noble or royal
widow who no longer occupies the position she held during the marriage. For example, Queen
Elizabeth was technically the dowager queen after the death of George VI (though she was referred to
by the more informal title "Queen Mother"), and Princess Lilian was the Dowager Duchess of Halland
in heraldic parlance. Such a dowager will receive the income from her dower property. (The term
"Empress Dowager", in Chinese history, has a different meaning.)
Property brought to the marriage by the bride is called a dowry. But the word dower has been used
since Chaucer (The Clerk's Tale) in the sense of dowry, and is recognized as a definition of dower in
the Oxford English Dictionary.
Property made over to the bride's family at the time of the wedding is a bride price. This property
does not pass to the bride herself.
Mahr, an Islamic concept, that unlike dower or dowry is mandatory, required by Sharia, as a
condition of marriage, while dower was optional. Further, dower typically applied only in the case a
wife survives the husband on death; Islamic mahr, in contrast, applies regardless and if not paid at the
time of marriage becomes due in the event of divorce (Talaq). In Europe, dower was only possible with
actual assignment of property, mahr in contrast can be a promise to transfer property.
Being for the widow and being accorded by law, dower differs essentially from a conventional
marriage portion such as the English dowry (cf. Roman dos, Byzantine proíx, French dot, Dutch
bruidsschat, German Mitgift).
The bride received a right to certain property from the bridegroom or his family. It was intended to
ensure her livelihood in widowhood, and it was to be kept separate and in the wife's possession.

2. Dower is the gift given by the groom to the bride, customarily on the morning after the wedding,
though all dowerings from the man to his fiancée, either during the betrothal period, or wedding, or
afterwards, even as late as in the testamentary dowering, are understood as dowers if specifically
intended for the maintenance of the widow).
Dower was a property arrangement for marriage first used in early medieval German cultures, and the
Catholic Church drove its adoption into other countries, in order to improve the wife's security by this
additional benefit. The practice of dower was prevalent in those parts of Europe influenced by
Germanic Scandinavian culture, such as Sweden, Germany, Normandy and successor states of the
Langobardian kingdom.
The husband was legally prevented from using the wife's dower — as contrasted with her dowry, which
was brought to the marriage by the bride and used by both spouses. This often meant that the woman's
legal representative, usually a male relative, became guardian or executor of the dower, to ensure that it
was not squandered.
Usually, the wife was free from kin limitations to use (and bequeath) her dower to whatever and
whomever she pleased. It may have become the property of her next marriage, been given to an
ecclesiastical institution, or been inherited by her children from other relationships than that from
which she received it.
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