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A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a distributed and Self-organized network. In MANET, network topology frequently changes because of high mobility nodes. Mobility of nodes and battery energy depletion are two major factors that cause loss of the discovered routes. battery power depletion causes the nodes to die and loss of the obtained paths and thus affects the network connectivity. Therefore, a routing protocol for energy efficiency should consider all the aspects to manage the energy consumption in the network. so introducing an energy aware routing protocol, is one of the most important issues in MANET. This paper reviews some energy aware routing protocols. The main purpose energy aware protocols are efficiently use of energy, reducing energy consumption and increasing the network lifetime.
A Survey of Existing Mechanisms in Energy-Aware Routing In MANETs
A Survey of Existing Mechanisms in Energy-Aware Routing In MANETs
Editor IJCATR
Pythagoras Research Paper
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The deployment of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in different facets of the world’s economy has yielded very reasonable results. ICT has blured the barriers of hinderances in tourism, trade, healthcare, education and training. In governance and administration, ICT applications have enhanced the delivery of public services to citizens and clients not only by improving the process and management of government, but also by redefining the traditional concepts of citizenship. This paper examined the challenges facing the implementation of e-Governance in Ebonyi State – Nigeria and highlights the prospects. The research used a primary source of data by distributing, collecting and analysing a total of 500 questionnaires administered to respondents in the research area (Ebonyi State). The research found that the most difficult challenges facing the deployment of e-governance in Ebonyi State were lack of steady power supply, poor communication infrastructure and high cost of computer and internet equipments. The survey also revealed that the use of e-governance would bring improved efficiency in government operations without necessarily increasing the cost of state governance. e-Governance would strengthen democratic principles and ideologies which inturn brings good governance to the people.
e-Governance Implementation In Ebonyi State Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects
e-Governance Implementation In Ebonyi State Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects
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MnO2 nanoparticles have been synthesized by a simple combustion method using MnSO4.4H2O. The crystalline phase, morphology, optical property and magnetic property of the as prepared nanoparticle were characterized using XRD, FT-IR, FT-Raman, SEM, UV-Vis, PL and VSM respectively. Structural studies by XRD indicate that the synthesized material as tetragonal rutile crystal structure. FT-IR and FT-Raman analysis revealed the stretching vibrations of metal ions in tetrahedral co-ordination confirming the crystal structure. The PL and UV analysis having an emission band at 390 nm, showed a prominent blue peak at 453 nm as well as a green emission lines at 553 nm with band gap energy of 3.2eV. Magnetic measurements indicate that the Néel temperature of the β-MnO2 structures is 92.5K for Hc = 100 Oe which showed antiferromagnetic behaviour.
Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Pyrolusite, β-MnO2, Nano Crystal wit...
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A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a distributed and Self-organized network. In MANET, network topology frequently changes because of high mobility nodes. Mobility of nodes and battery energy depletion are two major factors that cause loss of the discovered routes. battery power depletion causes the nodes to die and loss of the obtained paths and thus affects the network connectivity. Therefore, a routing protocol for energy efficiency should consider all the aspects to manage the energy consumption in the network. so introducing an energy aware routing protocol, is one of the most important issues in MANET. This paper reviews some energy aware routing protocols. The main purpose energy aware protocols are efficiently use of energy, reducing energy consumption and increasing the network lifetime.
A Survey of Existing Mechanisms in Energy-Aware Routing In MANETs
A Survey of Existing Mechanisms in Energy-Aware Routing In MANETs
Editor IJCATR
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Pythagoras Research Paper
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The deployment of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in different facets of the world’s economy has yielded very reasonable results. ICT has blured the barriers of hinderances in tourism, trade, healthcare, education and training. In governance and administration, ICT applications have enhanced the delivery of public services to citizens and clients not only by improving the process and management of government, but also by redefining the traditional concepts of citizenship. This paper examined the challenges facing the implementation of e-Governance in Ebonyi State – Nigeria and highlights the prospects. The research used a primary source of data by distributing, collecting and analysing a total of 500 questionnaires administered to respondents in the research area (Ebonyi State). The research found that the most difficult challenges facing the deployment of e-governance in Ebonyi State were lack of steady power supply, poor communication infrastructure and high cost of computer and internet equipments. The survey also revealed that the use of e-governance would bring improved efficiency in government operations without necessarily increasing the cost of state governance. e-Governance would strengthen democratic principles and ideologies which inturn brings good governance to the people.
e-Governance Implementation In Ebonyi State Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects
e-Governance Implementation In Ebonyi State Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects
Editor IJCATR
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MnO2 nanoparticles have been synthesized by a simple combustion method using MnSO4.4H2O. The crystalline phase, morphology, optical property and magnetic property of the as prepared nanoparticle were characterized using XRD, FT-IR, FT-Raman, SEM, UV-Vis, PL and VSM respectively. Structural studies by XRD indicate that the synthesized material as tetragonal rutile crystal structure. FT-IR and FT-Raman analysis revealed the stretching vibrations of metal ions in tetrahedral co-ordination confirming the crystal structure. The PL and UV analysis having an emission band at 390 nm, showed a prominent blue peak at 453 nm as well as a green emission lines at 553 nm with band gap energy of 3.2eV. Magnetic measurements indicate that the Néel temperature of the β-MnO2 structures is 92.5K for Hc = 100 Oe which showed antiferromagnetic behaviour.
Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Pyrolusite, β-MnO2, Nano Crystal wit...
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Code clone detection is an important area of research as reusability is a key factor in software evolution. Duplicate code degrades the design and structure of software and software qualities like readability, changeability, maintainability. Code clone increases the maintenance cost as incorrect changes in copied code may lead to more errors. In this paper we address structural code similarity detection and propose new methods to detect structural clones using structure of control statements. By structure we mean order of control statements used in the source code. We have considered two orders of control structures: (i) Sequence of control statements as it appears (ii) Execution flow of control statements.
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Most organizations rely on data in their daily transactions and operations. This data is retrieved from different source systems in a distributed network hence it comes in varying data types and formats. The source data is prepared and cleaned by subjecting it to algorithms and functions before transferring it to the target systems which takes more time. Moreover, there is pressure from data users within the data warehouse for data to be availed quickly for them to make appropriate decisions and forecasts. This has not been the case due to immense data explosion in millions of transactions resulting from business processes of the organizations. The current legacy systems cannot handle large data levels due to processing capabilities and customizations. This approach has failed because there lacks clear procedures to decide which data to collect or exempt. It is with this concern that performance degradation should be addressed because organizations invest a lot of resources to establish a functioning data warehouse. Data staging is a technological innovation within data warehouses where data manipulations are carried out before transfer to target systems. It carries out data integration by harmonizing the staging functions, cleansing, verification, and archiving source data. Deterministic Prioritization Approach will be employed to enhance data staging, and to clearly prove this change Experiment design is needed to test scenarios in the study. Previous studies in this field have mainly focused in the data warehouses processes as a whole but less to the specifics of data staging area.
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