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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Funding 101 for Tech
Entrepreneurs
June 21, 2022
#startup
1
Roger Royse
@rroyse00
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Disclaimer
No information contained in this presentation is to be construed as legal advice.
No information contained in this presentation is intended or related to any
particular factual situation. Nothing herein forms an attorney-client relationship. If
legal advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent
professional should be sought.
2
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Startup Resources
 8% of startups have less than $25,000.
 Only 40% of startups become profitable.
Source: Profit From Tech
 ¾ of startups used personal savings during the development process.
Source: Quickbooks
 From 2010 to 2018, startup valuation grew by 11.2% for seed, 15% for series
B, and 16.2% for Series A.
 58% of Micro Venture Capital funds are located in the US.
Source: Toptal
 Most companies raise three rounds of financing before Series A.
Source: TechCrunch
 0.05% of startups raise venture capital.
Source: Fundera
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Failure Rates
• 9 out of 10 startups don’t make it.
• 20% of startups fall apart after a year.
• 30% of startups close within two years.
• 50% of startups shut their doors within five years.
• 70% of startups dissolve within 10 years.
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(Source: Failory)
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Venture Expectations
 52% of companies expected their next source of funding to be Venture
capital.
 0.05% actually do
5
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Venture Capital
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
VC Funding at Record High
 2021 was record year for startup, investment, and exits
• U.S. VCs invested $330B in 17000+ deals, twice the 2020 amounts
• $1T in Private Equity investments, 80% went to smaller companies
• $775B in exits via IPO across 350+ deals, twice of 2020
• $1T in exits, leading to a rise in startup and other acquisitions
• $4.5T valuation of VC backed companies
• $900B of dry powder available to invest now
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
CB Insights 2021
 $621 Billion globally
 $311 Billion in the US
 Asia deal share is 36%
 $105 Billion in Silicon Valley
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
2022 Outlook
9
 Funds and companies will hang onto cash longer
 Valuations will come down
 Money will continue to flow out of Silicon Valley
 Wh ere Is Ven ture Capital Headed In 20 22? Forbes Mar 10 , 20 22
 Tech companies that saw tremendous growth during the pandemic are
already taking steps to trim costs by either cutting jobs or freezing hiring.
 (CNBC May 26,2022)
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
The Sequoia memos
 2008 - “R.I.P. Good Times”
 2020 - “Coronavirus: The Black Swan of 2020.”
 2022 - Sequoia coaches start-ups to cut costs or face a ‘death spiral’ amid
stock market slump, bleak economic backdrop (CNBC May 26,2022)
 Counsels to preserve cash for survival.
 Says sustained inflation and geopolitical conflicts will limit the ability for a quick-fix
solution by policymakers.
 “We do not believe that this is going to be another steep correction followed by an
equally swift V-shaped recovery like we saw at the outset of the pandemic,”
 “The era of being rewarded for hypergrowth at any costs is quickly coming to an end”
 Cheap capital is not coming to the rescue. Hedge funds are “tending to their wounds in
public portfolios which have been hit hard”
10
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
ESG Investing (Source – Sonen Capital http://www.sonencapital.com/impact/methodology/)
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Ethical Business Practices for portfolio companies
 Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG)
 Policies and compliance procedures
 AML and anti-corruption
 KYC
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
NFTS Explained (https://www.theverge.com/22310188/nft-explainer-what-is-
blockchain-crypto-art-faq)
13
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Crypto Funds
 Large VCs in crypto
 Often structured more like hedge funds
 Early and changing
 Follows different strategies than traditional venture
 Additional risk in tokens and ICOs
 May invest in the companies or the tokens
 Platforms emerging for trading tokenized assets
14
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Basic Principles
 Investors are partners
 Stage your financing
 Most funding is dilutive
 Your valuation might have little to do with what you are worth
 Valuation is not your biggest issue
 Avoid early mistakes
 Take cheap money over expensive money
 Common stock is for service providers
 Get a data room
 Do the cleanup ahead of time
15
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Sources of Funding
 Founders – savings, IRAs, credit cards, mortgage equity
 Debt Financing
 Government Grants
 Friends and Family
 Angels or Seed Investors
 Incubators
 Pitch Competitions
 Institutional (VC or Private Equity)
 Alternative Financing:
o Rewards-Based Crowdfunding
o JOBS Act Crowdfinancing
o ICOs, STOs, IEOs
o Royalty Financing (SEALS)
16
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Founders
 77% of startups rely on personal savings (and their parents) for their initial
funds
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Source: Wells Fargo/Gallup Small Business Index
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
How Much?
 Angels - $25,000
 Angel Groups - $250k to $750k
 Early stage VC - $1.5 M and up ($3m to $5M)
 Later Stage VC - $10M and up
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
VC Funding Process
 Pre-seed: early or idea stage, funded by relatives and friends
 Seed Round: Development of a minimum viable concept
 Series A: traction (product has been verified, is expanding and has support).
Investment for advertising, sales and marketing
 Series B: scale (product is large and growing). Financing for branding, sales,
HR, growth and customer support.
 Series C: Expanding product categories and gaining access to markets.
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
The Lead
 Smart Money
 Chemistry
 Commitment
 Deep Pockets
 Network
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Debt Financing
 Bank Debt
 Security
 Personal Guarantees
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Government Grants and Loans
 Free Money from the Government
https://www.usa.gov/grants
https://www.aprise.org/
https://www.sba.gov/funding-programs
SBIR program
STTR grants
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Friends and Family
 38% of startup founders raised money from their
friends and family
 $23,000 was the average amount invested by
friends and family per startup
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Outside Money
 Angels, VCs, crowdfunding, private equity, etc.
 How much to raise?
 Milestones
 Burn rate
 Target runway
 Equity percentage and valuation
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Staged Financings
 Enough to get to next valuation event
 2X
 1 to 2 years
 Up vs Down rounds
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Executive Summary
 Team
 Projections
 Market
 Industry
 IP and Patents
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Pitch Deck
 Market Size
 Team
 Product
 Go To Market Strategy
 Financial projections
 NOT VALUATION
 Get a professional designer!
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Pitch
 Mission
 Problem to be solved
 Solution (aspirin, not vitamins)
 Opportunity
 Competition (or alternatives)
 Product
 Business Model
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Money –The Priced Round
 VC or Institutional Investor
 Preferred Stock
 Valuation Methods
 Score Card
 Venture Capital Method
 Berkus Method
 Cayenne Calculator
 Risk Factor Summation
 Negotiation
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Money –The Priced Round
 More Valuation Methods
 (Patents + People) x $1 Million
 Comparables
 Discounted Cash Flow
 Market Multipliers
 Discount to Public Companies
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Rewards-Based Crowdfunding
 Kickstarter, Indiegogo
 Marketing effect of offering
 Tax issues
 FTC or state law liability
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Reg CF Equity Crowdfunding
 Crowdfunding (Title III of the JOBS Act)
 The company issuer may sell up to $5million of securities in a 12-month
period
 Individual investments in all crowdfunding issuers in a 12-month period are
limited by income or net worth tests.
 Platforms
 WeFunder
 Republic
 StartEngine
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Accredited Only Equity Crowdfunding
 Rule 506 now provides for two different types of private offering:
 Rule 506(b) is essentially the same as the old Rule 506, providing an exemption for
non-public offerings but prohibiting general solicitation
 Rule 506(c) is a new exemption that allows general solicitation, but with certain
restrictions and filing requirements
 Rule 506(c): issuers can offer securities through means of general solicitation
as long as:
 All purchasers are accredited investors; and
 The issuer takes “reasonable steps” to verify the accredited investor status
 Crowdfunding
 AngelList
 SeedInvest
 FundersClub
 CircleUp
 OurCrowd
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Reg. A Plus
 The JOBS Act included legislation to create what is nicknamed “Regulation
A+”, an upgrade to Regulation A
 The new Regulation A keeps the allowance of non-accredited investors, and
features two kinds of Regulation A offerings, called “Tiers”:
 Tier 1, with a $20 M maximum, does not preempt state law registration, but has low
federal compliance burdens
 Tier 2, with a $75 M maximum, preempts state law registration, but has high
federal compliance burdens including ongoing semi-annual, annual, and current
disclosures
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Initial Coin Offering (ICO)
 An ICO is a fundraising mechanism in which new projects sell their underlying
crypto tokens in exchange for bitcoin and ether.
 Similar to an Initial Public Offering (IPO) in which investors purchase shares
of a company.
 Based on tech like ERC20 Token Standard
 Investors send funds (usually bitcoin or ether) to a smart contract that stores
the funds and distributes an equivalent value in the new token
 Often “pre-sold” to raise money to build the platform
 Tokens may have “utility” or security
 Traded on exchanges
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Royalty Financing
 Alternative to regular loans and equity financing
 Company receives a specific amount of money from an investor in exchange
for a percentage of the company's future revenues over a certain period of
time, up to a specific amount.
 Investment can be considered an "advance" to the company, and the periodic
percentage payments can be considered "royalties" to the investors.
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Angels
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Angels
 Angels
 Angel Groups
 Angel Funds
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Angels
 The Good:
 Connections to VC funding
 Mentorship
 Risk capital
 The Bad
 Hostage takers
 Whiners
 Demanders
 The Ugly
 Potential plaintiffs
 Disturbers
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
SAFEs and Convertible Notes
 Convertible Notes and SAFEs
 Debt obligations that convert to preferred stock
 Conversion feature – automatic, optional, prepayment
 Valuation Cap
 Sets a maximum valuation at which note will convert
 Discount
 Early investors get a discount to the preferred price
 Change of Ownership
 Investors convert to common or get a multiple on a sale of the
company prior to a priced financing round
 Shadow Preferred
 Pre and Post Money
 MFN
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Convertible Debt
 Short term
 Secured?
 Subordinate?
 Interest
 Fixed repayment
 Discount
 Valuation Caps
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
SAFEs
 Simple agreement for future equity
 Pre and Post Money
 Pro Rata Rights
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Effect of Valuation Caps
43
Founders 4,000,000 100% 4,000,000 100%
Stock Pool 0 0% n/a
total 4,000,000 100% 4,000,000 100%
Company sells a $1,000,000 SAFE with a $4,000,000 pre money valuation cap
That means that the SAFE will take 20% of the capitalization ($1,000,000/$5.000,000)
Fully Diluted % Issued %
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
The UNSAFE
 Valuation Caps + SAFE = Unknown Dilution
Pre–Money – SAFEs take dilution of other SAFEs
Post-Money – SAFEs do not dilute for other SAFEs
https://safegenie.io/ is a tool that helps project pre money SAFE valuation
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Series Seed Stock
 Watered down preferred stock
 Justifies low common stock price
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Pre and Post Money Valuation Caps
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Founders 4,000,000 100% 4,000,000 100%
Stock Pool 0 0% n/a
total 4,000,000 100% 4,000,000 100%
Company sells a $1,000,000 SAFE with a $4,000,000 pre money valuation cap
That means that the SAFE will take 20% of the capitalization ($1,000,000/$5.000,000)
Fully Diluted % Issued %
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
SAFE and Conv Debt Traps
 Post Money SAFEs
 Valuation caps and excessive dilution
 Securities law violations
 Cap Tables
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Money to Not Take
 Investor goals
 Cooperation and Accessibility
 Control
 Terms and Valuation
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
“Avoid venture capital unless you absolutely need it.” Randy
Komisar, venture capitalist*
*Straight Talk For Startups
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Should You Take Venture Capital?
 Must give up Equity
 No near term cash flow
 Risky
 Illiquid
 Can the business scale?
 Explosive growth
 Huge market
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Which VC should I approach?
 Thematic Investors bet on their thesis of what is next
 Domain Investors focus on an industry that they know well
 Quant Investors focus on data
 People Investors bet on the jockey, not the horse
 Tech investors bet on the horse
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Venture Capital Economics 2/20 Formula
 2% management fee on committed capital
 20% carried interest
 7 to 10 year terms
 LPS want 2 1/2 to 3 times investment return
 VC fund must earn 3 to 4 times investment to
return that amount
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Venture Capital Economics – Expected Performance
 50% lose money
 20% – 30% are singles or doubles
 The rest must be home runs (10X to 100X)
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
General VC Fit
 Large potential market
 First Mover or first to market advantage
 Long term scale over short term profits
 Not able to service debt
 Traction!
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Venture Capital Economics – Management
 Venture capital will participate in management
 Board seats
 Board Observer
 Management rights letter (for VCOC exemption)
 Seven to ten year term (and longer)
 Precludes small investments
 Board meetings
 Management
55
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Venture Capital Metrics
 Team
 Domain expertise
 Technical co-founders
 Technology or product
 Solve problems, address pain points
 Customer validation
 Market size
 Must be a huge market
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Picking a VC
 Reputation
 Likelihood of closing
 Stage of fund
 Size of Fund
 How much dry powder?
 Is there a fund 2, fund 3 etc.?
 Are they litigious?
 Deal with decision makers
57
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Entrepreneur VC Fit
 Network
 Temperament
 Advice
 See the published email from the CEO of CircleUp to an
investor at for an example of a VC/Founder relationship
that did not work out
58
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Company VC fit
 Capital intensive business?
 Follow on funding?
 Time to exit
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Structuring For Venture Capital
 Business Model
 Choice of Entity
 Cap Table
 Vesting
 Debt
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Series A is the New Series B
 Series Seed
 Pre-Seed
 Series A-1, A-2
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Types of Funds
 Micro VC – angels with other people’s money
 Seed Stage Fund – early, first institutional money
 Mid Stage – B and beyond
 Late Stage
62
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Syndicates
 Lead or Co Lead and followers
 Party rounds
63
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Other Parties
 Lawyers
 CPA
 Banker/Broker/Finders
 Mentors and Advisors
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Strategic Venture Capital
 Can you pivot?
 Will it affect customers?
 Follow on investors
 Change in management
 Strategic agreements
 Confidentiality
 ROFR, right of first look, right of first offer
 Strategic objectives
 Less operational involvement
65
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Venture Debt
 Expensive (fees and warrant coverage)
 Secured by IP
 Less dilution
66
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Venture Studios
 Bet on the trainer, not the horse or the jockey. (GSSN, “Why the Startup
Studio Model is Where Investors Find Capital Efficiency”)
 Venture studios, venture builders, company builders
 Create startups providing the initial team, strategic direction and capital.
 Closely involved in the day-to-day operations and strategic decisions.
 Venture studio’s employees may stay in the portfolio company after funding or
work on a new startup.
 Take up to 50% equity
67
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Choice of Entity
 Limited Liability Company (LLC)
 S Corporation (S Corp)
 C Corporation (C Corp)
 Foreign Corporation
68
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Advantages of a C Corporation
1. Operating Agreements
2. S Elections
3. Suspended Losses
4. 704(c) Allocations
5. Venture Capital
6. QSB Stock
7. Stock Option Plans
8. LLC Debt
9. Reorganizations
10. Fringe Benefits
11. Audits and Liabilities
12. Contingent Allocations
69
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Qualified Small Business Stock – 1202 and 1045
General Requirements
 Original issue
 Five-year holding period
 100% post-Sept. 27, 2010
 C Corporation issuer
 Up to $10 million or 10 times basis exclusion
 1045 Rollover treatment
70
 $50 m illion Gross Asse ts
Te st
 Active Bu sin e ss Te st
 No sig n ifican t re d e m p tion s
Note : Californ ia d oe s n ot follow fe d e ral in com e tax tre atm e n t of QSB stock u n d e r I.R.C. § 120 2.
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
VC Considerations
1. QSBS
2. VC’s LPA will not allow investment in a
passthrough
1. Tax exempt investors want to avoid UBTI
2. Foreign investors want to avoid ECI
3. VC wants to be able to manage losses
1. No K-1’s showing losses
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Founder’s Equity
72
 Vesting
 Equal Percentages
 Subjective
 Formula
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Advisors
73
FAST Model
Valuation
Milestones and
Deliverables
Vesting Stock v.
Options
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Currency
 Options
 NSOs
 ISOs
 Extended NSOs
 RSUs
 Restricted Stock
 Phantom Plan Units
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© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Vesting
 Who should vest
 How long?
 Acceleration?
 Change of control
 Termination without cause
 Double and single triggers
75
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
The VC’s View of Vesting
VC will require unvesting shares so vesting period could be 8 years
Fund life can be 7 to 10 years
Most exits are M&A - Fewer and longer IPOs
Extended Option exercise periods
76
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Class F Supervoting Stock
Special class of common that has super voting rights
Facebook, Google Snap
May be negotiated away in institutional round
77
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Transfer Restrictions
 Right of First Refusal (ROFR)
 Lock Ups
 Co-Sale Rights
 Drag Along
 Buy Sell
 Rule 144
78
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Cap Table
 Common Stock
 Options
 Warrants
 Convertibles
 Preferred Stock
79
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Capitalization
80
Founders 5,000,000 38% 5,000,000 45%
Stock Pool 2,000,000 15% n/a
Series A 3,000,000 23% 3,000,000 27%
Series B 3,000,000 23% 3,000,000 27%
total 13,000,000 100% 11,000,000 100%
Fully Diluted % Issued %
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Other Diligence Issues
 IP Rights
 Patents
 Invention Assignments
 Licenses and ownership
 Data security
 Employment Claims (Homejoy)
 Tax Claims
 Regulatory
 Litigation
 Claims by prior employer
 Entrenched Management
 Material Agreements
81
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Term Sheets
 Valuation
82
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Participation
 Participating preferred stock returns its investment and
then shares pro rata in proceeds of a sale
 Non-participating convertible preferred stock either gets a
return of its investment or its pro rata share of proceeds
 Participation may be capped at a multiple of the
investment
 Conversion to common – auto-conversion and majority
vote
83
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Dividends
 Preferred will have a dividend preference.
 A cumulative dividend on preferred shares must be paid
before any other dividends on common.
o If the company can't pay out a cumulative dividend in a
year, the amount is carried forward.
o Common in private equity deals, not in venture
 Non-cumulative is only paid when as and if declared.
84
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Liquidation Preference
 Who gets paid first and how much?
85
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Example of Liquidation Preference
 1X Non participating convertible preferred
 $1,000,000 invested for 10%
 Ex 1: Exit (sale) of company for $5,000,00
 Ex 2: Sale for $20,000,000
86
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Board Representation
 Size of board
 Founder-friendly boards
 Role of the Board
 Observers
 Indemnification
 Insurance
87
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Board rights
 Indemnification
 D&O Insurance
 Right to designate
88
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Protective Provisions
 Class vote or majority vote
 Delaware law
 Separate vote for later investors
 Do the interests of different
investors diverge?
89
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Protective Provisions
Standard:
 Right to veto or block certain corporate
actions
 Sale of the company
 Amendment to the company’s certificate or
bylaws so as to adversely alter or change the
rights of preferred stock
 Increase or decrease in the number of
authorized shares of preferred or common
 Authorization or issuance of equity security
having a preference over, or being on a parity
with, preferred stock
 Redemption of shares of preferred stock or
common stock
 Declaration or payment of dividends
 Change in the authorized number of directors
of the company
Other:
 Hiring, firing or change in the compensation of
officers
 Any transaction with any director, executive or
employee of the company
 Incurrence of indebtedness in excess of
$[____]
 Change in the principal business of the
company or the entering into any new line of
business
 Any purchase of a material amount of assets
of another entity
 Option plan increase
90
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Information Rights
 Financial statements and other information
 Thresholds
91
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Registration Rights
 Requires a company to list the shares publicly so
that the investor can sell
 Demand rights
 Piggyback rights
 S-3 rights
92
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Common restrictions: Co-Sale Rights, ROFR, Drag
Along
 Co Sale and Tag-Along Rights – right to participate in a
sale
 Right of First Refusal – right of company (first) and
investors (second) to require shares to be offered to each
of them before a third-party sale
 Drag Along – right to force shareholders to sell in an exit
 Board, common and preferred approvals
 Small shareholder carveout
93
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Founder Vesting
 Term, milestones, commencement
 Acceleration
 Single and double triggers
 Fire the Founder
94
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Pro Rata rights
 Right to maintain, right to participate
 Major investors
 Limited by amount of money company wants to raise
95
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Option Plan
 Increased pre money
 409A valuations
 Extended exercise periods for NSOs
96
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Redemption Rights
 Feature of Preferred Stock
 Right to put stock to company, usually after a period of time and
over time
 Is effectively a right to force a sale of the company
97
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Anti-Dilution
 Broad-based weighted average
 Narrow-based weighted average
 Full ratchet
98
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Exclusivity
 No-shop
 30 to 60 days
99
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
NonBinding
 30 day no shop
 Confidentiality
 Is it really nonbinding?
100
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Planning for later rounds
 Overly favorable terms
 Valuation planning and down rounds
 Reverse splits
 Cap table management
 Fire the CEO
101
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Troubled Company Terms
 Forced conversion to common
 Full ratchet
 Uncapped participating preferred
 Insider rounds
 Low valuations
 Down rounds
 Trigger anti dilution protection unless waived
 Pay to play
 requires existing investors to invest on a pro rata basis
in subsequent rounds or they lose preferential rights
(anti-dilution, liquidation preferences, voting rights)
102
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Successful Exits
 IPO
 Sale or Acquisition
103
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Unsuccessful Exits
 Zombie Companies
 In re Trados Inc. Shareholder Litigation
 Bankruptcy or Insolvency Reorganizations
 Fire Sales
 Management carveouts
 Fiduciary duties: shareholders, optionees, preferred and
creditors?
104
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Other Unsuccessful Exit Issues
 Tax Liability
 Personal Liability
 Tax
 Employment
 Fiduciary Claims
 Securities Law Claims
 Contractual
 Pierce the veil and creditor claims
 Serial Entrepreneurs and failed companies
105
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
Bibliography of Essential Reading
 10,000 Startups: Legal Strategies for Startup Success
 Dead on Arrival: How to Avoid the Legal Mistakes that Could Kill Your Startup,
Roger Royse
 Straight Talk For Startups, Randy Komisar and Jantoon Reigersman
 The Startup Checklist, David S. Rose
 Angel, Jason Calcanis
 Venture Deals, Feld and Mendelson
 The Startup Game, William Draper
 Secrets of Sand Hill Road, Scott Kupor
 How to be the Startup Hero, Tim Draper
 Make Elephants Fly, Steve Hoffman
 Getting to Wow, Bill Reichert
106
AUSTIN
600 Congress Avenue
Suite 1300
Austin, TX 78701
United States of America
T +1 512.867.8400
F +1 512.867.8470
CHARLOTTE
101 S. Tryon Street
Suite 2250
Charlotte, NC 28280
United States of America
T +1 980.771.8200
F +1 980.771.8201
CHICAGO
180 N. LaSalle Street
Suite 2215
Chicago, IL 60601
United States of America
T +1 312.216.1620
F +1 312.216.1621
DALLAS
2323 Victory Avenue
Suite 700
Dallas, TX 75219
United States of America
T +1 214.651.5000
F +1 214.651.5940
DALLAS - NORTH
2505 North Plano Road
Suite 4000
Richardson, TX 75082
United States of America
T +1 972.739.6900
F +1 972.680.7551
DENVER
1050 17th Street
Suite 1800
Denver, CO 80265
United States of America
T +1 303.382.6200
F +1 303.382.6210
FORT WORTH
301 Commerce Street
Suite 2600
Fort Worth, TX 76102
United States of America
T +1 817.347.6600
F +1 817.347.6650
HOUSTON
1221 McKinney Street
Suite 2100
Houston, TX 77010
United States of America
T +1 713.547.2000
F +1 713.547.2600
LONDON
1 New Fetter Lane
London, EC4A 1AN
United Kingdom
T +44 (020) 8734 2800
F +44 (020) 8734 2820
MEXICO CITY
Torre Esmeralda I, Blvd.
Manuel Ávila Camacho #40
Despacho 1601
Col. Lomas de Chapultepec,
DF 11000
Mexico City, Mexico
T +52.55.5249.1800
F +52.55.5249.1801
NEW YORK
30 Rockefeller Plaza
26th Floor
New York, NY 10112
United States of America
T +1 212.659.7300
F +1 212.918.8989
ORANGE COUNTY
600 Anton Boulevard
Suite 700
Costa Mesa, CA 92626
United States of America
T +1 949.202.3000
F +1 949.202.3001
PALO ALTO
525 University Avenue
Suite 400
Palo Alto, CA 94301
United States of America
T +1 650.687.8800
F +1 650.687.8801
SAN ANTONIO
112 East Pecan Street
Suite 1200
San Antonio, TX 78205
United States of America
T +1 210.978.7000
F +1 210.978.7450
SHANGHAI
Shanghai International
Finance Center, Tower 2
Unit 3620, Level 36
8 Century Avenue, Pudong
Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
T +86.21.6062.6179
F +86.21.6062.6347
THE WOODLANDS
10001 Woodloch Forest Drive
Suite 200
The Woodlands, TX 77380
United States of America
T +1 713.547.2100
F +1 713.547.2101
WASHINGTON, D.C.
800 17th Street NW
Suite 500
Washington, D.C. 20006
United States of America
T +1 202.654.4500
F +1 202.654.4501
© 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP
107

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Funding 101 Guide for Tech Startups

  • 1. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Funding 101 for Tech Entrepreneurs June 21, 2022 #startup 1 Roger Royse @rroyse00
  • 2. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Disclaimer No information contained in this presentation is to be construed as legal advice. No information contained in this presentation is intended or related to any particular factual situation. Nothing herein forms an attorney-client relationship. If legal advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. 2
  • 3. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Startup Resources  8% of startups have less than $25,000.  Only 40% of startups become profitable. Source: Profit From Tech  ¾ of startups used personal savings during the development process. Source: Quickbooks  From 2010 to 2018, startup valuation grew by 11.2% for seed, 15% for series B, and 16.2% for Series A.  58% of Micro Venture Capital funds are located in the US. Source: Toptal  Most companies raise three rounds of financing before Series A. Source: TechCrunch  0.05% of startups raise venture capital. Source: Fundera 3
  • 4. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Failure Rates • 9 out of 10 startups don’t make it. • 20% of startups fall apart after a year. • 30% of startups close within two years. • 50% of startups shut their doors within five years. • 70% of startups dissolve within 10 years. 4 (Source: Failory)
  • 5. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Venture Expectations  52% of companies expected their next source of funding to be Venture capital.  0.05% actually do 5
  • 6. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Venture Capital 6
  • 7. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP VC Funding at Record High  2021 was record year for startup, investment, and exits • U.S. VCs invested $330B in 17000+ deals, twice the 2020 amounts • $1T in Private Equity investments, 80% went to smaller companies • $775B in exits via IPO across 350+ deals, twice of 2020 • $1T in exits, leading to a rise in startup and other acquisitions • $4.5T valuation of VC backed companies • $900B of dry powder available to invest now 7
  • 8. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP CB Insights 2021  $621 Billion globally  $311 Billion in the US  Asia deal share is 36%  $105 Billion in Silicon Valley 8
  • 9. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP 2022 Outlook 9  Funds and companies will hang onto cash longer  Valuations will come down  Money will continue to flow out of Silicon Valley  Wh ere Is Ven ture Capital Headed In 20 22? Forbes Mar 10 , 20 22  Tech companies that saw tremendous growth during the pandemic are already taking steps to trim costs by either cutting jobs or freezing hiring.  (CNBC May 26,2022)
  • 10. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP The Sequoia memos  2008 - “R.I.P. Good Times”  2020 - “Coronavirus: The Black Swan of 2020.”  2022 - Sequoia coaches start-ups to cut costs or face a ‘death spiral’ amid stock market slump, bleak economic backdrop (CNBC May 26,2022)  Counsels to preserve cash for survival.  Says sustained inflation and geopolitical conflicts will limit the ability for a quick-fix solution by policymakers.  “We do not believe that this is going to be another steep correction followed by an equally swift V-shaped recovery like we saw at the outset of the pandemic,”  “The era of being rewarded for hypergrowth at any costs is quickly coming to an end”  Cheap capital is not coming to the rescue. Hedge funds are “tending to their wounds in public portfolios which have been hit hard” 10
  • 11. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP ESG Investing (Source – Sonen Capital http://www.sonencapital.com/impact/methodology/) 11
  • 12. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Ethical Business Practices for portfolio companies  Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG)  Policies and compliance procedures  AML and anti-corruption  KYC 12
  • 13. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP NFTS Explained (https://www.theverge.com/22310188/nft-explainer-what-is- blockchain-crypto-art-faq) 13
  • 14. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Crypto Funds  Large VCs in crypto  Often structured more like hedge funds  Early and changing  Follows different strategies than traditional venture  Additional risk in tokens and ICOs  May invest in the companies or the tokens  Platforms emerging for trading tokenized assets 14
  • 15. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Basic Principles  Investors are partners  Stage your financing  Most funding is dilutive  Your valuation might have little to do with what you are worth  Valuation is not your biggest issue  Avoid early mistakes  Take cheap money over expensive money  Common stock is for service providers  Get a data room  Do the cleanup ahead of time 15
  • 16. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Sources of Funding  Founders – savings, IRAs, credit cards, mortgage equity  Debt Financing  Government Grants  Friends and Family  Angels or Seed Investors  Incubators  Pitch Competitions  Institutional (VC or Private Equity)  Alternative Financing: o Rewards-Based Crowdfunding o JOBS Act Crowdfinancing o ICOs, STOs, IEOs o Royalty Financing (SEALS) 16
  • 17. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Founders  77% of startups rely on personal savings (and their parents) for their initial funds 17 Source: Wells Fargo/Gallup Small Business Index
  • 18. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP How Much?  Angels - $25,000  Angel Groups - $250k to $750k  Early stage VC - $1.5 M and up ($3m to $5M)  Later Stage VC - $10M and up 18
  • 19. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP VC Funding Process  Pre-seed: early or idea stage, funded by relatives and friends  Seed Round: Development of a minimum viable concept  Series A: traction (product has been verified, is expanding and has support). Investment for advertising, sales and marketing  Series B: scale (product is large and growing). Financing for branding, sales, HR, growth and customer support.  Series C: Expanding product categories and gaining access to markets. 19
  • 20. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP The Lead  Smart Money  Chemistry  Commitment  Deep Pockets  Network 20
  • 21. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Debt Financing  Bank Debt  Security  Personal Guarantees 21
  • 22. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Government Grants and Loans  Free Money from the Government https://www.usa.gov/grants https://www.aprise.org/ https://www.sba.gov/funding-programs SBIR program STTR grants 22
  • 23. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Friends and Family  38% of startup founders raised money from their friends and family  $23,000 was the average amount invested by friends and family per startup 23
  • 24. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Outside Money  Angels, VCs, crowdfunding, private equity, etc.  How much to raise?  Milestones  Burn rate  Target runway  Equity percentage and valuation 24
  • 25. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Staged Financings  Enough to get to next valuation event  2X  1 to 2 years  Up vs Down rounds 25
  • 26. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Executive Summary  Team  Projections  Market  Industry  IP and Patents 26
  • 27. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Pitch Deck  Market Size  Team  Product  Go To Market Strategy  Financial projections  NOT VALUATION  Get a professional designer! 27
  • 28. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Pitch  Mission  Problem to be solved  Solution (aspirin, not vitamins)  Opportunity  Competition (or alternatives)  Product  Business Model 28
  • 29. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Money –The Priced Round  VC or Institutional Investor  Preferred Stock  Valuation Methods  Score Card  Venture Capital Method  Berkus Method  Cayenne Calculator  Risk Factor Summation  Negotiation 29
  • 30. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Money –The Priced Round  More Valuation Methods  (Patents + People) x $1 Million  Comparables  Discounted Cash Flow  Market Multipliers  Discount to Public Companies 30
  • 31. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Rewards-Based Crowdfunding  Kickstarter, Indiegogo  Marketing effect of offering  Tax issues  FTC or state law liability
  • 32. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Reg CF Equity Crowdfunding  Crowdfunding (Title III of the JOBS Act)  The company issuer may sell up to $5million of securities in a 12-month period  Individual investments in all crowdfunding issuers in a 12-month period are limited by income or net worth tests.  Platforms  WeFunder  Republic  StartEngine
  • 33. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Accredited Only Equity Crowdfunding  Rule 506 now provides for two different types of private offering:  Rule 506(b) is essentially the same as the old Rule 506, providing an exemption for non-public offerings but prohibiting general solicitation  Rule 506(c) is a new exemption that allows general solicitation, but with certain restrictions and filing requirements  Rule 506(c): issuers can offer securities through means of general solicitation as long as:  All purchasers are accredited investors; and  The issuer takes “reasonable steps” to verify the accredited investor status  Crowdfunding  AngelList  SeedInvest  FundersClub  CircleUp  OurCrowd
  • 34. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Reg. A Plus  The JOBS Act included legislation to create what is nicknamed “Regulation A+”, an upgrade to Regulation A  The new Regulation A keeps the allowance of non-accredited investors, and features two kinds of Regulation A offerings, called “Tiers”:  Tier 1, with a $20 M maximum, does not preempt state law registration, but has low federal compliance burdens  Tier 2, with a $75 M maximum, preempts state law registration, but has high federal compliance burdens including ongoing semi-annual, annual, and current disclosures
  • 35. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Initial Coin Offering (ICO)  An ICO is a fundraising mechanism in which new projects sell their underlying crypto tokens in exchange for bitcoin and ether.  Similar to an Initial Public Offering (IPO) in which investors purchase shares of a company.  Based on tech like ERC20 Token Standard  Investors send funds (usually bitcoin or ether) to a smart contract that stores the funds and distributes an equivalent value in the new token  Often “pre-sold” to raise money to build the platform  Tokens may have “utility” or security  Traded on exchanges
  • 36. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Royalty Financing  Alternative to regular loans and equity financing  Company receives a specific amount of money from an investor in exchange for a percentage of the company's future revenues over a certain period of time, up to a specific amount.  Investment can be considered an "advance" to the company, and the periodic percentage payments can be considered "royalties" to the investors.
  • 37. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Angels 37
  • 38. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Angels  Angels  Angel Groups  Angel Funds 38
  • 39. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Angels  The Good:  Connections to VC funding  Mentorship  Risk capital  The Bad  Hostage takers  Whiners  Demanders  The Ugly  Potential plaintiffs  Disturbers 39
  • 40. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP SAFEs and Convertible Notes  Convertible Notes and SAFEs  Debt obligations that convert to preferred stock  Conversion feature – automatic, optional, prepayment  Valuation Cap  Sets a maximum valuation at which note will convert  Discount  Early investors get a discount to the preferred price  Change of Ownership  Investors convert to common or get a multiple on a sale of the company prior to a priced financing round  Shadow Preferred  Pre and Post Money  MFN 40
  • 41. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Convertible Debt  Short term  Secured?  Subordinate?  Interest  Fixed repayment  Discount  Valuation Caps 41
  • 42. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP SAFEs  Simple agreement for future equity  Pre and Post Money  Pro Rata Rights 42
  • 43. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Effect of Valuation Caps 43 Founders 4,000,000 100% 4,000,000 100% Stock Pool 0 0% n/a total 4,000,000 100% 4,000,000 100% Company sells a $1,000,000 SAFE with a $4,000,000 pre money valuation cap That means that the SAFE will take 20% of the capitalization ($1,000,000/$5.000,000) Fully Diluted % Issued %
  • 44. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP The UNSAFE  Valuation Caps + SAFE = Unknown Dilution Pre–Money – SAFEs take dilution of other SAFEs Post-Money – SAFEs do not dilute for other SAFEs https://safegenie.io/ is a tool that helps project pre money SAFE valuation 44
  • 45. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Series Seed Stock  Watered down preferred stock  Justifies low common stock price 45
  • 46. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Pre and Post Money Valuation Caps 46 Founders 4,000,000 100% 4,000,000 100% Stock Pool 0 0% n/a total 4,000,000 100% 4,000,000 100% Company sells a $1,000,000 SAFE with a $4,000,000 pre money valuation cap That means that the SAFE will take 20% of the capitalization ($1,000,000/$5.000,000) Fully Diluted % Issued %
  • 47. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP SAFE and Conv Debt Traps  Post Money SAFEs  Valuation caps and excessive dilution  Securities law violations  Cap Tables 47
  • 48. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Money to Not Take  Investor goals  Cooperation and Accessibility  Control  Terms and Valuation 48
  • 49. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP “Avoid venture capital unless you absolutely need it.” Randy Komisar, venture capitalist* *Straight Talk For Startups 49
  • 50. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Should You Take Venture Capital?  Must give up Equity  No near term cash flow  Risky  Illiquid  Can the business scale?  Explosive growth  Huge market 50
  • 51. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Which VC should I approach?  Thematic Investors bet on their thesis of what is next  Domain Investors focus on an industry that they know well  Quant Investors focus on data  People Investors bet on the jockey, not the horse  Tech investors bet on the horse 51
  • 52. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Venture Capital Economics 2/20 Formula  2% management fee on committed capital  20% carried interest  7 to 10 year terms  LPS want 2 1/2 to 3 times investment return  VC fund must earn 3 to 4 times investment to return that amount 52
  • 53. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Venture Capital Economics – Expected Performance  50% lose money  20% – 30% are singles or doubles  The rest must be home runs (10X to 100X) 53
  • 54. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP General VC Fit  Large potential market  First Mover or first to market advantage  Long term scale over short term profits  Not able to service debt  Traction! 54
  • 55. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Venture Capital Economics – Management  Venture capital will participate in management  Board seats  Board Observer  Management rights letter (for VCOC exemption)  Seven to ten year term (and longer)  Precludes small investments  Board meetings  Management 55
  • 56. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Venture Capital Metrics  Team  Domain expertise  Technical co-founders  Technology or product  Solve problems, address pain points  Customer validation  Market size  Must be a huge market 56
  • 57. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Picking a VC  Reputation  Likelihood of closing  Stage of fund  Size of Fund  How much dry powder?  Is there a fund 2, fund 3 etc.?  Are they litigious?  Deal with decision makers 57
  • 58. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Entrepreneur VC Fit  Network  Temperament  Advice  See the published email from the CEO of CircleUp to an investor at for an example of a VC/Founder relationship that did not work out 58
  • 59. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Company VC fit  Capital intensive business?  Follow on funding?  Time to exit 59
  • 60. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Structuring For Venture Capital  Business Model  Choice of Entity  Cap Table  Vesting  Debt 60
  • 61. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Series A is the New Series B  Series Seed  Pre-Seed  Series A-1, A-2 61
  • 62. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Types of Funds  Micro VC – angels with other people’s money  Seed Stage Fund – early, first institutional money  Mid Stage – B and beyond  Late Stage 62
  • 63. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Syndicates  Lead or Co Lead and followers  Party rounds 63
  • 64. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Other Parties  Lawyers  CPA  Banker/Broker/Finders  Mentors and Advisors 64
  • 65. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Strategic Venture Capital  Can you pivot?  Will it affect customers?  Follow on investors  Change in management  Strategic agreements  Confidentiality  ROFR, right of first look, right of first offer  Strategic objectives  Less operational involvement 65
  • 66. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Venture Debt  Expensive (fees and warrant coverage)  Secured by IP  Less dilution 66
  • 67. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Venture Studios  Bet on the trainer, not the horse or the jockey. (GSSN, “Why the Startup Studio Model is Where Investors Find Capital Efficiency”)  Venture studios, venture builders, company builders  Create startups providing the initial team, strategic direction and capital.  Closely involved in the day-to-day operations and strategic decisions.  Venture studio’s employees may stay in the portfolio company after funding or work on a new startup.  Take up to 50% equity 67
  • 68. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Choice of Entity  Limited Liability Company (LLC)  S Corporation (S Corp)  C Corporation (C Corp)  Foreign Corporation 68
  • 69. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Advantages of a C Corporation 1. Operating Agreements 2. S Elections 3. Suspended Losses 4. 704(c) Allocations 5. Venture Capital 6. QSB Stock 7. Stock Option Plans 8. LLC Debt 9. Reorganizations 10. Fringe Benefits 11. Audits and Liabilities 12. Contingent Allocations 69
  • 70. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Qualified Small Business Stock – 1202 and 1045 General Requirements  Original issue  Five-year holding period  100% post-Sept. 27, 2010  C Corporation issuer  Up to $10 million or 10 times basis exclusion  1045 Rollover treatment 70  $50 m illion Gross Asse ts Te st  Active Bu sin e ss Te st  No sig n ifican t re d e m p tion s Note : Californ ia d oe s n ot follow fe d e ral in com e tax tre atm e n t of QSB stock u n d e r I.R.C. § 120 2.
  • 71. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP VC Considerations 1. QSBS 2. VC’s LPA will not allow investment in a passthrough 1. Tax exempt investors want to avoid UBTI 2. Foreign investors want to avoid ECI 3. VC wants to be able to manage losses 1. No K-1’s showing losses 71
  • 72. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Founder’s Equity 72  Vesting  Equal Percentages  Subjective  Formula
  • 73. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Advisors 73 FAST Model Valuation Milestones and Deliverables Vesting Stock v. Options
  • 74. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Currency  Options  NSOs  ISOs  Extended NSOs  RSUs  Restricted Stock  Phantom Plan Units 74
  • 75. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Vesting  Who should vest  How long?  Acceleration?  Change of control  Termination without cause  Double and single triggers 75
  • 76. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP The VC’s View of Vesting VC will require unvesting shares so vesting period could be 8 years Fund life can be 7 to 10 years Most exits are M&A - Fewer and longer IPOs Extended Option exercise periods 76
  • 77. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Class F Supervoting Stock Special class of common that has super voting rights Facebook, Google Snap May be negotiated away in institutional round 77
  • 78. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Transfer Restrictions  Right of First Refusal (ROFR)  Lock Ups  Co-Sale Rights  Drag Along  Buy Sell  Rule 144 78
  • 79. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Cap Table  Common Stock  Options  Warrants  Convertibles  Preferred Stock 79
  • 80. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Capitalization 80 Founders 5,000,000 38% 5,000,000 45% Stock Pool 2,000,000 15% n/a Series A 3,000,000 23% 3,000,000 27% Series B 3,000,000 23% 3,000,000 27% total 13,000,000 100% 11,000,000 100% Fully Diluted % Issued %
  • 81. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Other Diligence Issues  IP Rights  Patents  Invention Assignments  Licenses and ownership  Data security  Employment Claims (Homejoy)  Tax Claims  Regulatory  Litigation  Claims by prior employer  Entrenched Management  Material Agreements 81
  • 82. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Term Sheets  Valuation 82
  • 83. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Participation  Participating preferred stock returns its investment and then shares pro rata in proceeds of a sale  Non-participating convertible preferred stock either gets a return of its investment or its pro rata share of proceeds  Participation may be capped at a multiple of the investment  Conversion to common – auto-conversion and majority vote 83
  • 84. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Dividends  Preferred will have a dividend preference.  A cumulative dividend on preferred shares must be paid before any other dividends on common. o If the company can't pay out a cumulative dividend in a year, the amount is carried forward. o Common in private equity deals, not in venture  Non-cumulative is only paid when as and if declared. 84
  • 85. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Liquidation Preference  Who gets paid first and how much? 85
  • 86. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Example of Liquidation Preference  1X Non participating convertible preferred  $1,000,000 invested for 10%  Ex 1: Exit (sale) of company for $5,000,00  Ex 2: Sale for $20,000,000 86
  • 87. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Board Representation  Size of board  Founder-friendly boards  Role of the Board  Observers  Indemnification  Insurance 87
  • 88. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Board rights  Indemnification  D&O Insurance  Right to designate 88
  • 89. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Protective Provisions  Class vote or majority vote  Delaware law  Separate vote for later investors  Do the interests of different investors diverge? 89
  • 90. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Protective Provisions Standard:  Right to veto or block certain corporate actions  Sale of the company  Amendment to the company’s certificate or bylaws so as to adversely alter or change the rights of preferred stock  Increase or decrease in the number of authorized shares of preferred or common  Authorization or issuance of equity security having a preference over, or being on a parity with, preferred stock  Redemption of shares of preferred stock or common stock  Declaration or payment of dividends  Change in the authorized number of directors of the company Other:  Hiring, firing or change in the compensation of officers  Any transaction with any director, executive or employee of the company  Incurrence of indebtedness in excess of $[____]  Change in the principal business of the company or the entering into any new line of business  Any purchase of a material amount of assets of another entity  Option plan increase 90
  • 91. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Information Rights  Financial statements and other information  Thresholds 91
  • 92. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Registration Rights  Requires a company to list the shares publicly so that the investor can sell  Demand rights  Piggyback rights  S-3 rights 92
  • 93. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Common restrictions: Co-Sale Rights, ROFR, Drag Along  Co Sale and Tag-Along Rights – right to participate in a sale  Right of First Refusal – right of company (first) and investors (second) to require shares to be offered to each of them before a third-party sale  Drag Along – right to force shareholders to sell in an exit  Board, common and preferred approvals  Small shareholder carveout 93
  • 94. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Founder Vesting  Term, milestones, commencement  Acceleration  Single and double triggers  Fire the Founder 94
  • 95. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Pro Rata rights  Right to maintain, right to participate  Major investors  Limited by amount of money company wants to raise 95
  • 96. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Option Plan  Increased pre money  409A valuations  Extended exercise periods for NSOs 96
  • 97. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Redemption Rights  Feature of Preferred Stock  Right to put stock to company, usually after a period of time and over time  Is effectively a right to force a sale of the company 97
  • 98. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Anti-Dilution  Broad-based weighted average  Narrow-based weighted average  Full ratchet 98
  • 99. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Exclusivity  No-shop  30 to 60 days 99
  • 100. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP NonBinding  30 day no shop  Confidentiality  Is it really nonbinding? 100
  • 101. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Planning for later rounds  Overly favorable terms  Valuation planning and down rounds  Reverse splits  Cap table management  Fire the CEO 101
  • 102. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Troubled Company Terms  Forced conversion to common  Full ratchet  Uncapped participating preferred  Insider rounds  Low valuations  Down rounds  Trigger anti dilution protection unless waived  Pay to play  requires existing investors to invest on a pro rata basis in subsequent rounds or they lose preferential rights (anti-dilution, liquidation preferences, voting rights) 102
  • 103. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Successful Exits  IPO  Sale or Acquisition 103
  • 104. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Unsuccessful Exits  Zombie Companies  In re Trados Inc. Shareholder Litigation  Bankruptcy or Insolvency Reorganizations  Fire Sales  Management carveouts  Fiduciary duties: shareholders, optionees, preferred and creditors? 104
  • 105. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Other Unsuccessful Exit Issues  Tax Liability  Personal Liability  Tax  Employment  Fiduciary Claims  Securities Law Claims  Contractual  Pierce the veil and creditor claims  Serial Entrepreneurs and failed companies 105
  • 106. © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP © 2020 Haynes and Boone, LLP Bibliography of Essential Reading  10,000 Startups: Legal Strategies for Startup Success  Dead on Arrival: How to Avoid the Legal Mistakes that Could Kill Your Startup, Roger Royse  Straight Talk For Startups, Randy Komisar and Jantoon Reigersman  The Startup Checklist, David S. Rose  Angel, Jason Calcanis  Venture Deals, Feld and Mendelson  The Startup Game, William Draper  Secrets of Sand Hill Road, Scott Kupor  How to be the Startup Hero, Tim Draper  Make Elephants Fly, Steve Hoffman  Getting to Wow, Bill Reichert 106
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