1.
Diesel engines
Suez Canal Authority
Administration moves
​Name: Hossam elsayed ragab
ID: 20140349
Presented to : dr­ abdu abdallah

2.
⇨ ​introduction
­Suez canal
he Suez Canal is considered to be the shortest link between the east and the west
due to its unique geographic location; it is an important international navigation
canal linking between the Mediterranean sea at Port said and the red sea at Suez
and A length of 193 km .
The idea of ​​the establishment of the channel with the arrival of the French
campaign on Egypt in 1798, the thought of Napoleon in the incision channel, but
the idea failed, and in 1854 was able to de Lesseps persuade the Khedive Said
project and got the Porte approval, which the Khedive Said hereby grant the
French company a concession for a period of 99 year. Construction of the canal
took 10 years (1859­1869), and contributed to drill nearly one million Egyptian
worker process, of whom died more than 120 thousand during the drilling
process, following hunger, thirst, epidemics and ill­treatment. Canal was opened
in 1869 in a majestic ceremony and a huge budget
The completion of the Suez Canal was a cause for considerable celebration. In
Port Said ​, the extravaganza began with fireworks and a ball attended by six
thousand people. They included many heads of state, including the Empress
Eugenie, the Emperor of Austria, the Prince of Wales, the Prince of Prussia and
the Prince of the Netherlands. Two convoys of ships entered the canal from its
southern and northern points and met at Ismailia. Parties continued for weeks,
and the celebration also marked the opening of Ismail's old Opera House in ​Cairo
, which is now gone.
­ Administration moves

3. Is the department which comes on top of tasks to execute and safety of
navigation in the channel security measures
And it contains
­ the luminous buoys.
­ Visual follow­up through the marine terminal.
­ Management and follow­up navigation channel electronic system of V.T.M.S.
­ Telecommunications and maritime communications center system.
­ The use of toge boat fleet in securing the transit of ships.
He delighted the review of these elements in some detail as follows:
• luminous buoys
Buoys vary in terms of shape and color of the lighting on both sides of the
waterway and in the waiting areas and regions and the heads of approaching the
islands to guide ships day and night to determine the waterway and traffic trends,
was one of the most important achievements of the application of the following
criteria for the buoys:
­ Browsing buoys with the private organization of marine buoys IALA system.
­ Buoys lit in green on the eastern side and the red color of the west side.
­ Interlayer distance of 1.5 km in the northern sector, 1.0 km in the southern
sector.
­ The number of navigational buoys own reaches 383.
­ The number of buoys own areas approaching and parking areas Lakes 138
­ All buoys fitted with a radar reflector.
­ The application of preventive and curative maintenance of buoys in accordance
with a specific program, as well as according to the reports received from
mentors or naval stations or traffic control offices in three cities.
• Visual follow­up through the marine terminal
­ The number of indicative marine terminal 16 distributed along the channel
station.
­ A computer that is connected to the main center in Ismailia to view lists of the
cross and timing ships.
­ Computer devices to collect meteorological station measurements (wind speed
and direction ­ Vision ­ tides and tide) and send it to the main center in Ismailia.
­ Electronic display on the front of each station to display the information of
interest to guide the ship while crossing in front of the station.

4. ­ And the station with Headlamps strong nocturnal lighting move automatically to
guide the convoy passers­by in front of the station.
• management and follow­up navigation channel electronic system of V.T.M.S
⇨ diesel engine
a diesel engine is a type of internal combustion engine. Combustion is another
word for burning, and internal means inside, so an internal combustion engine is
simply one where the fuel is burned inside the main part of the engine (the
cylinders) where power is produced
­ the difference between diesel and oiled engine
Oiled engines and diesel engines both work by internal combustion, but in
slightly different ways. In a oiled engine, fuel and air is injected into small metal
cylinders. A piston compresses (squeezes) the mixture, making it explosive, and
a small ​electric​ spark from a sparking plug sets fire to it. That makes the mixture
explode, generating power that pushes the piston down the cylinder and (through
the ​crankshaft​ and ​gears​) turns the wheels. You can read more about this and
watch a simple animation of how it works in our article on ​car engines​.
Diesel engines are similar, but simpler. First, air is allowed into the cylinder and
the piston compresses it—but much more than in a oiled engine. In a gasoline
engine, the fuel­air mixture is compressed to about a tenth of its original volume.
Because of this very high pressure and high temperature arise explodes the
mixture without the need for a spark

5.
⇨ Diesel Engine Parts
➠ ​Cylinder Block
It is the main part of the engine and includes the combustion chambers And
placed inside the crankshaft and camshafts ,​Connecting Rods
➠ piston

6.
­It is controlling the size of the fire room
Allows the withdrawal of the fuel mixture and then push
And then respond to the explosion of emerging from the pressure and then expel
the exhaust
There are four strok in the movement of the piston
● Intake stroke ­­ ​the piston start moves from top end of the
cylinder to bottom end of the cylinder and simultaneously
inlet valve opens. At this time air at atmospheric pressure
drawn inside the cylinder through the inlet valve by a
pump. The inlet valve remains open until the piston
reaches the lower end of cylinder. After it inlet valve close
and seal the upper end of the cylinder
● Compression stroke ­­ ​After the piston passes bottom end of the
cylinder, it starts moving up. Both valves are closed and the cylinder
is sealed at that time. The piston moves upward. This movement of

7. piston compresses the air into a small space between the top of the
piston and cylinder head. The air is compressed into 1/22 or less of
its original volume. Due to this compression a high pressure and
temperature generate inside the cylinder. Both the inlet and exhaust
valves do not open during any part of this stroke. At the end of
compression stroke the piston is at top end of the cylinder.
● Combustion stroke ­­ ​At the end of the compression stroke when
the piston is at top end of the cylinder a metered quantity of diesel
is injected into the cylinder by the injector. The heat of
compressed air ignites the diesel fuel and generates high pressure
which pushes down the piston. The connection rod carries this
force to the crankshaft which turns to move the vehicle. At the end
of power stroke the piston reach the bottom end of cylinder.
● Exhaust stroke ­­ ​When the piston reaches the bottom end of
cylinder after the power stroke, the exhaust valve opens. At this
time the burn gases inside the cylinder so the cylinder pressure is
slightly high from atmospheric pressure. This pressure difference
allows burn gases to escape through the exhaust port and the
piston move through the top end of the cylinder. At the end of
exhaust all burn gases escape and exhaust valve closed. Now
again intake valve open and this process running until your vehicle
starts.

8. ➠ ​Piston Pins
­ Is the cylinder in which the piston moves
➠ ​Connecting rod
­It is responsible for the transmission of the crankshaft to the piston or ( piston
to crankshaft )

9. ➠​ Rod Bearing Inserts
­Prevent friction between connecting rod and crankshaft it can make a corrosion
Making easy movement .
­The erosion of the alloy with negligence Oil Change or high temperature
The relation between connecting rod and ​Rod Bearing Inserts
­ Installation of the alloy in two parts designed to be of the circle and then
connects them by connecting rod

10.
➠ crankshaft
­It converts the reciprocating movement of the pistons into rotational movement
Connecting Crankshaft With Rod With Piston

11.
­It contains on a chair or weights to keep the movement without frequency and
make a balance
➠ camshaft
­Is responsible for opening and closing valves to the introduction of fuel and
exhaust

12. And The crankshaft give it the movement to determine the time of opening and
closing valves
➠​Rocker

13. ­transmit the cam movement to open and close valves
Rocker mechanism
1­ ​cam follower or valve tappet
Is the link between the camshaft and push rod so camshaft may be forming a
corrosion
2­​Push rod

14.
­ Transmit the motion from cam follower to rocker arm
3­ ​rocker arm
­prove the rocker arm from the mid on the rocker shaft and move around its
center by getting the movement from push rod and the other side of rocker who
control in opening and closing the valves

15.
4­ ​valves
­ The valve which allows mixture into the cylinder is the inlet valve; the one
through which the spent gases escape is the exhaust valve. They are designed to
open and close at precise moments, to allow the engine to run efficiently at all
speeds.

16.
➠​Oil Sump
­It is a place to collect and save the engine oil
➠ CYLINDER HEAD
­And it is the upper part of the engine and its places of entry and exit of fuel and
air and exhaust

17. ➠Cylinder Head Gasket
­ His job to prevent engine oil and cooling water leaks into the combustion
chambers or to the outside of the engine
➠ turbocharger
­A turbocharger is basically an air pump. Hot exhaust gases leaving
the engine after combustion are routed directly to the turbine wheel
side of the turbocharger to make it rotate. That turbine wheel is
connected by a shaft to a compressor wheel. As the turbine wheel
spins faster and faster, it causes the compressor wheel to also spin
quickly. The rotation of the compressor wheel pulls in ambient air
and compresses it before pumping it into the engine's chambers.

18.
­As you may have guessed, the compressed air leaving the
compressor wheel housing is very hot as a result of both
compression and friction. So what's needed is a way to cool that air
down before it enters the chambers. That's where a charge­air
cooler (or "heat exchanger") comes in. It reduces the temperature
of the compressed air so that it is denser when it enters the chamber
(heat causes things to expand, as we all learned in science class).
The charge­air cooler also helps to keep the temperature down in
the combustion chamber. All together, the engine, turbocharger and
charge­air cooler form what is known as a "charge­air system".

19.
Cooler
➠​governor

20.
Governor

21. ­When increasing loads on the engine that leads to reduced engine speed
governor who shall increase the gap of valve Enter the largest amount of air to
the engine to increase speed to get back to the original speed.
➠flywheel

22. ­Flywheel is considered essential parts of the diesel engine which is a heavy
wheel attached to a crankshaft and function to maintain the rotational speed of
the engine during the power stroke and the rest of the games in session
­And it has attached a column movement during the power stroke just as he must
extend the piston movement during the other quarters
Here comes the role of the flywheel are getting faster during the power stroke and
then lose this increase through the rest of Stroke
➠There are four cycle in the diesel engine
1­ oil cycle
­is an important process for the engine as it reduces corrosion and works at a
lower temperature also, Therefore, we find a lot of holes in the machine, and this
is because of oil

23. ­at First oil is stored in the tank at the bottom of the block
­then the refinery pull the oil from the tank

24.
­Then it goes to the oil pump to increase the strength of the pash

25.
­It consists of two parts, the first part when it spins and spins the other part, Oil
enters the inlet when a large distance between two part and be sent by the
movement to the other side of the pump body, and when the distance becomes
smaller oil comes out of the exit orifice under high pressure
­When the engine running at high speeds send pump larger than the amount of
oil thereby acting regulator to block excess quantities and returned to the oil
tank.
­ then the oile Goes to oil filter to purify from impurities

26.
Filter
­ then the oil pumped into pipes to the moving parts in the engine
2­Cooling cycle
It is necessary to cool the engine because the temperature could lead to the
expansion of the parts, and this leads to damage to the engine
­ Fresh water cycle

27. There is tank of water , and the radiator pull the air and make a cooling by the fan
in the radiator and transmit to tank of the water
­then the water goes to water pump

28. ­then the water pumped into pipes and goes around the heated parts

29. ­Salt water cycle
­ It is open circuit where they are taking water from the sea and cool fresh water,
some parts of the machine and bring it back to the sea again
3 ­Injection cycle (gas cycle )
Which is supplied adjusted a motor fuel through the fuel pump heavy pressure
rise through the injector and rushes at the end of the piston stroke pressure and
will cause explosion
­ Be fuel in the tank and then passes feeding pump
​Fuel pump

30. ­then it’s pumped into fuel filter to purify from impurities

31. ­Then the fuel goes to injection pump
­And then go to injector so pumped into the combustion chamber
➠ ​Advantages and disadvantages of diesel engines

32. ­ ​advantage
­The burning of a small amount of fuel to give greater power in the diesel engine
from other engines.
­​Diesel fuel is very cheap and available
­It consumes fuel depending on load and no specific amount
­Safer because the fuel does not burn quickly
­ ​disadvantage
­High cost (expensive)
­It produces a lot of noise
­Low speed compared with oiled
­Weight is too heavy