2. ELECTIONS
• The Public Office Election Act
• Campaign Period (article 129)
• Door to door canvasing is prohibited ( article
138, section 1)
• Putting up of posters and Distribution ( article
142)
• Candidates could have personal assemblies
in public and personal facilities ( article 161-
162)
3. • Repeat the names of the candidate, on a
van with an amplified sound system. Waving
hands to voters with white gloves on. Hence,
it is difficult for people to participate.
• Can publish advertisement for limited times (
article 149)
• insufficient information regarding candidates
that voters cannot obtain.
• Prohibits the use of internet for updates
53% does not have any political party support
4. EDUCATION
• Stapleton (1995), “arguably Confucianism is the
single biggest influence on Japanese education”.
1. Vertical Hierarchy, knowing ones place in society.
2. High Regard for literacy
3. there were always examinations for schools
5. FAMILY
• Inheritance was usually to one child only, the eldest
unless it was an extremely prosperous family.
• A traditional family: Presence of multigenerational
family.
• Most common type is the: Nuclear Family
• The need to please their in-laws
6. SOCIAL CLEAVAGES
• Division of population between urban and rural
inhabitants.
• Urban population is more receptive to change and
innovation compared to the rural inhabitants.
7. • City produces social change
• Speed of urbanization
• Non-Western society and industrialization
• Considered the most successful model of non-
Communist modernization
8. URBANIZATION
Year Percent Rural Percent Urban
1920 81.9 18.1
1940 62.1 37.9
1960 36.5 63.5
1975 24.1 75.9
1985 23.3 76.7
1990 22.6 77.4
Source: Robert E. Ward, Japan’s Political System (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1978).