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社群網站對社會資本的影響 699150012 陳恒毅 2011/01/07
報告大綱 社群網站 ( Social Networking Service Sites, SNSs ) 社群網站的定義 社群網站的歷史 社會資本的定義 網路與社會資本 社群網站與社會資本互動 結論
社群網站(SNSs)的定義 社群網站(Social Network Sites, SNSs)是指一種公開或半公開的系統(Boyd & Ellison, 2007) 使用者可建構好友名冊 並可觀看他人的好友列,並進一步將他人納入自身的好友名冊。 加入社群網站之後,使用者可以與平台上的其他使用者建立「關係(relationship)」或「連結(connection)」。部份的社群網站在建立關係的認定上,是以雙方都互相「建立好友」為準。(Boyd, 2006) 大多數的社群網站也提供使用者在朋友網頁公開留言的機制,以增加朋友之間的互動。
社群網站的歷史 第一個社群網站 SixDegrees.com在 1997 年成立。(Boyd & Ellison, 2007) 2002 年 Friendster 網站成立,當時是為了與約會網站 Match.com競爭(Boyd, 2004) 2003開始,社群網站大量出現,大部份網站皆以個人資料為主的網頁出現 (Boyd & Ellison, 2007) 2004年,MySpace佔據社群網站市場。2005年MySpace 被新聞集團高價買下,才開始引起主流媒體的報導。(Boyd & Ellison, 2007)
社群網站的歷史 當MySpace吸引各界目光時,社群網站風潮也在世界各地興起。各種社群網站紛紛成立,另有許多網路服務平台補足社群網站的功能。(Boyd & Ellison, 2007) 2004年的時候,Facebook 只是個設計給哈佛大學生使用的社群網站。隨後Facebook開始拓廣至其他學校的網絡,現在則是開放任何身份的使用者進入。(Ellison, 2006)
社群網站的內部互動 社群網站的連結拓展方式,著重「從離線至線上」的方向拓展連結:社群網站不僅能形成新的連繫,另一重點在於維持既有連結(boyd & Ellison, 2007) 社群網站提供使用者以各種方式互動,包括聊天、傳訊、寄信、分享影音、寫網誌等功能。(Stephens, 2007) 透過社群網站,使用者可在網路上呈現自己,並連結社交網絡,發展、維持與他人之間的關係 (Ellison, Steinfield & Lampe, 2007)
社會資本Social Capital 社會資本 關係中累積的資源 (Coleman, 1988) 虛擬和現實中資源的總和 (Bourdieu, 1992) 社會資本指的是個體之間的聯繫( Putnam, 2000) 社會資本有正向的社會影響;對個人來說,提供資訊和人際關係 Putnam引用MarkGranovetter的強連結、弱連結的概念來區分社會資本 bridging: 弱連結,可提供資訊或新觀點 bonding: 家人、親密朋友的緊密關係
網路對社會資本的影響 Putnam認為美國人社會資本的衰退,電子媒體的娛樂化及私人化影響甚鉅。 傳統的大眾傳媒,其傳播模式僅止於一對多。在網際網路出現後,提供一個互動性高、時空限制性低且允許多元溝通模式的媒介環境。( Schwartz, 1998) 悲觀者的論點:網路侵蝕社會資本 網際網路會侵蝕已建立的關係。(Fukuyama, 1995) 網際網路絕對是具有孤立性質的媒體(Nie et al., 2002) 網際網路造成使用者的關係網絡縮小、壓抑和孤獨感增加及社會資本降低。(Kraut, 1998)
網路對社會資本的影響 樂觀者的論點:網路轉變社會資本 網路提供人們便宜又快速的互動方式,使社群得以突破地理空間上的限制而存在。(Dertouzos, 1997) 網路讓人們參與社團的場域,得以從公共空間轉移至網路空間。(Wellman, 1999) 青少年捨棄電視的時間,來使用網路。(Tapscott, 1997) 折衷論者:使用「類型」為關鍵,而非「時間」 「如何使用」網路比「花多少時間」在網路上更為重要,因此應將「網路」視為具有多種用途的媒體。(Shah, Kwak & Holbert, 2001)
社群網站與社會資本 社群網站可以讓使用者與他人連繫,同時也深深影響人們的日常生活。 社群網站的各種使用動機,包括:連繫老友、鞏固現在生活圈的連結及認識新朋友的機會。(Boyd, 2008) 美國大學生在使用Facebook的,是用來與舊朋友接觸,並用以維持或強化離線的關係。這種從離線到線上發展的關係,與早期對虛擬社群的研究不同(Boyd, 2008) Ellison等人(2006)在測量大學生在高中之前的網路及社會資本時,創造新的測量面向,稱為「維繫的社會資本 (maintained social capital)」。
Bridging 社會資本 Bridging 社會資本 幫助融入大學社群、開拓視野 技術提供,使隱性關係轉化成弱連結 FB 使用強度較高者,有較高的 bridging 社會資本、高生活滿意和自尊 FB 幫助學生克服所面對的障礙 Bridging 社會資本能提供資訊和機會 ( poor get richer )
Bonding&維繫社會資本 Bonding 社會資本較少變化 佔有一定的影響,但未必對建立強連結有幫助 FB 幫助維繫原有關係,如: birthday greetings FB 幫助維繫社會資本 弱連結的長處 經常使用FB能維繫 bridging 社會資本 只使用網路不一定能累積社會資本 SNSs 幫助維繫改變後的線下生活 線上互動未取代線下,補足其互動不足
結論 社群網站的使用者比非社群網站的使用者有更多的社會資本,真正的關鍵在於涉入強度和互動功能。 社群網站的涉入強度是影響社群內成員社會資本的關鍵。 社群網站能維繫固有連結,並提供創造新連結的機會。 線上互動能補強面對面互動,並非削弱。
Thanks for Your Listening !!!!

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社群網站對社會資本的影響