Definition Bleeding after fetal viability . CAUSES 1-PLACENTAL: Placenta previa The most common causes Abruptio placentae Vasa previa 2-LOCAL CAUSES; Cervicitis, Cervical ectropion and Cervical carcinoma, Vaginal trauma, Vaginal infection

1. - OB&GY BLOCK(5th –level- O&G
DEPARTMENT)
Course Code -BMD 36
Faculty of medicine& Health sciences
Obstetrics & Gynecological Department
Bachelor of Medicine & Surgery
Dr. Maha.Abdulaziz
E-mail: m.abdulaziz2@ust.edu
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2. Learning
outcomes
Be able to manage a case of miscarriage
Have a detailed knowledge about the clinical
presentation of miscarriage
IDENTIFY CAUSES OF APH.
Evaluate a case of APH.
DIFFERENTIAT BETWEEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF APH.
DIAGNOSE APH.
MANAGE A CASE OF APH
By the end of this topic you should
:
Objectives
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ANTIPARTU
M
HEMORRHA
GE

3. Lecture contents
CONCLUSION
APH
DefinitionS
Causes &RISK FACTORS
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CLINICAL PICTURES
MANAGEMENT
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4. Definition
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Bleeding from the vagina from -24 weeks to delivery of
the baby
CAUSES
1-PLACENTAL:
Placenta previa The most common causes
Abruptio placentae
Vasa previa
2-LOCAL CAUSES;
Cervicitis, Cervical ectropion and Cervical carcinoma,
Vaginal trauma, Vaginal infection
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The incidence
 3 % of all pregnancies.1 % to placenta praevia, 1 % placental abruption
and the remaining 1 % is from other causes
An OBSTETRIC EMERGENCY!
One of the leading causes of:
antenatal hospitalization
maternal morbidity and mortality
operative intervention
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Evaluation of APH?
History Examination Investigations
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7. Placenta
previa
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the implantation of the placenta in the lower
uterine segment with different grades of
encroachment on the cervix.

8. Placenta previa may be associated with placenta accreta,
placenta increta or percreta.
This is called a ‘morbidly adherent
placenta’ and there are three types:
1. Placenta accreta. Placenta is abnormally adherent to the
uterine wall.
2. Placenta increta. Placenta is abnormally invading into the
uterine wall.
3. Placenta percreta. Placenta is invading through the
uterine wall.
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1. Low-lying placenta.
2. Marginal placenta previa.
3. Partial placenta previa.
4. Total placenta previa.
Grading (types)

10. Diagnosis of Placenta Previa)
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• Clinical
presentation
•1-History- painless, vaginal bleeding
•2- Examination.
•-General examination
•-Abdominal obstetric palpation.
-Vaginal examination is contraindicated
U/S Localization of placenta
Examination in the
theatre
Double set up examination
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Placenta Previa
Management)
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Dependent on:
Gestational age of fetus
Amount of bleeding
Fetal condition
The bleeding is relatively minor and the fetus uncompromised
Admitted for observation for at least 24 hours has passed without
further bleeding.
Women with placenta praevia centralise who have had recurrent
bleeding should be admitted as inpatients from 34 weeks careful
risk assessment

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Preterm with resolution
of bleeding
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Bedrest, Rh-immune globulin, Tocolytics(Magnesium sulfate)
Corticosteroids
The indications for delivery
Reaching 37–38 weeks gestation.
Massive (1500 mL) bleed.
Continuing significant bleeding
CESAREAN DELIVERY
Complete previa at term
Persistent bleeding in pre-term patient

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Premature separation of the normally implanted
placenta after 24th week of pregnancy (50%) and
before birth of the baby(15%).
Occurs in 0.4 and 2.0 % of pregnancies.
•Recurs in 10-15% of cases
•In 5% of these women DIC occurs
Abruption placenta

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RISK FACTORS
Preeclampsia
External trauma
Increased parity
Over distension
of the uterus.
Sudden
decompression of
the uterus.
Cigarette
smoking
Cocaine use
Prior abruption
Chronic
hypertension
Anticoagulant
therapy
Bleeding may be
Bleeding may be

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Clinical presentation History :The hallmark symptom of placental
abruption is pain
•Vaginal bleeding (dark).
•Symptoms of hypovolemia
•Symptoms of pre-eclampsia.
•The presence or absence of fetal movements.
•History of trauma.
Physical examination General examination:-
Abdominal examination:
A uterus that is very hard on palpation is known as
a Couvelaire uterus
Laboratory investigations: -ABO blood group and Rh type,Cross match at
2 units of blood ,Fibrinogen, PTT, PT,CT,Serum
creatinine &Urine analysis for protein and RBCs
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DIAGNOSIS

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TREATMENT
Treatment for placental abruption varies depending on gestational age and the
status of the mother and fetus.
 Principle of management:
 Resuscitation (ABC).
 Recognization of the problem.
 Early delivery (50% of abruption present in labor)
Conservative management.
Smaller degrees of abruption
No fetal distress.
Preterm
Close monitoring of fetal well-being, using ultrasound scans of fetal growth,
Amniotic fluid volume, umbilical artery Doppler and cardiotocography.

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Induction of labor:
In very severe cases-AFTERSTABILIZING
MOTHER + DEAD FETUS
Caesarean section
If the fetus is alive, the mother’s resuscitation is
urgent-C/C

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Complications of abruption placentae
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Uterine atony PPH MATERNAL SHOCK
prolonged hypotension Renal failure maternal
death
Amniotic fluid embolism
Caogulopathy( 30%)
Fetal death

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The presence of fetal vessels from the placenta crossing the internal
os of the cervix
Associated with velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord (1% of
deliveries)
Succenturiate lobe
Risk factors
Placenta praevia,
Velamentous placental insertion
Multiple pregnancy.

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The diagnosis is usually suspected when either
spontaneous or artificial rupture of the membranes is
accompanied by painless fresh vaginal bleeding
Rupture of vasa may occur Initial fetal tachycardia—
fetus attempts to compensate for acute blood loss then
bradycardia, acute fetal exsanguination and death.
If the baby is still alive, the immediate action is delivery by
emergency Caesarean section

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If diagnosed prenatally:
 tocolytics, bedrest
 no vaginal exams and regular scans
 Planned cesarean section
 If PV bleeding intrapartum, Investigate for the source of
bleeding BY Apt test

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The test allows the clinician to determine whether
the blood originates from the infant or from the
mother.
Place 5 mL water in each of 2 test tubes
To 1 test tube add 5 drops of vaginal blood
To other add 5 drops of maternal (adult) blood
Add 6 drops 10% NaOH to each tube
Observe for 2 minutes
Maternal (adult) blood turns yellow-green-
brown; fetal blood stays pink.

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CONCLUSION
1-An OBSTETRIC EMERGENCY
2- COMMONLY CAUSED BY: PLACENTAL PREVIA
ABRUPTIO PLACENTA
VASA PREVIA
3- ONE OF THA MAJOR CAUSES OF MATERNAL DEATH
APH