" A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth. " - Thomas Jefferson In 1783 American colonists, defying incredible odds, had just beaten the United Kingdom, the western hemisphere's preeminent power, in the American War for Independence . (NPS.gov, n.d.) Those thirteen colonies, saddled with a new governmental charter, the Articles of Confederation, sought to chart their own, independent path. (Gilderlehrman, n.d.) As a result, in 1787 disgruntled colonists sent delegates to Philadelphia with the task of revising the dysfunctional Articles of Confederation . In a radical departure, most delegates opted against amending the existing constitution, and instead, created a new Constitution. (OConnor & Sabato, 2019) During the four-month Constitutional Convention, the delegates readily agreed upon James Madison’s basic premise of a new United States government delineated along three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. That said, most delegates envisioned a strong legislative body and a weak executive office. Real disagreements arose regarding the composition of the legislative body, in particular the election and responsibilities of senators. Slavery proved a vexing issue to which a compromise allowed slaves to be partially counted for Congressional representation. (Maier, 2011) One of the last arguments of the convention involved the question of whether to include a “Bill of Rights” within the U.S. Constitution. Many delegates did not believe that a Bill of Rights was a necessary component. After the Constitutional Convention and during the Constitution’s ratification, James Madison consented to Thomas Jefferson’s concerns regarding individual liberty and thus pledged to add additional amendments that would codify an individual’s rights within the federal government. During the first session of Congress in 1789, Madison composed a series of Amendments designed to safeguard a citizen's individual liberties from a potentially powerful federal government, which are now collectively known as the Bill of Rights . (Maier, 2011) The debate over the Bill of Rights, among other significant concerns, later split the Founding Fathers into two political camps: the Federalists and Antifederalists. These groups later became this country’s first set of political parties, and notably, established a dominant, two-party system. More information about the Constitutional Convention can be found with the U.S. State Department’s Office of the Historian . Although a living document, the original writing of the U.S. Constitution reflected the political, social, and economic factors particular to late Eighteenth-century America. During the Constitutional Convention, the delegates included and/or excluded content within the Constitution that reflected the historical and/or philosophical concerns from their own perspectives: steeped in the philosophies of the European Enlightenment , formed by memories of a.

1. "
A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every
government on earth.
" - Thomas Jefferson
In 1783 American colonists, defying incredible odds, had just
beaten the United Kingdom, the western hemisphere's
preeminent power, in the
American War for Independence
. (NPS.gov, n.d.) Those thirteen colonies, saddled with a new
governmental charter, the Articles of Confederation, sought to
chart their own, independent path. (Gilderlehrman, n.d.) As a
result, in 1787 disgruntled colonists sent delegates to
Philadelphia with the task of revising the dysfunctional
Articles of Confederation
. In a radical departure, most delegates opted against amending
the existing constitution, and instead, created a new
Constitution. (OConnor & Sabato, 2019)
During the four-month Constitutional Convention, the delegates
readily agreed upon James Madison’s basic premise of a new
United States government delineated along three branches:
legislative, executive, and judicial. That said, most delegates
envisioned a strong legislative body and a weak executive
office. Real disagreements arose regarding the composition of
the legislative body, in particular the election and
responsibilities of senators. Slavery proved a vexing issue to
which a compromise allowed slaves to be partially counted for
Congressional representation. (Maier, 2011)
One of the last arguments of the convention involved the

2. question of whether to include a “Bill of Rights” within the U.S.
Constitution. Many delegates did not believe that a Bill of
Rights was a necessary component. After the Constitutional
Convention and during the Constitution’s ratification, James
Madison consented to Thomas Jefferson’s concerns regarding
individual liberty and thus pledged to add additional
amendments that would codify an individual’s rights within the
federal government. During the first session of Congress in
1789, Madison composed a series of Amendments designed to
safeguard a citizen's individual liberties from a potentially
powerful federal government, which are now collectively known
as the
Bill of Rights
. (Maier, 2011)
The debate over the Bill of Rights, among other significant
concerns, later split the Founding Fathers into two political
camps: the Federalists and Antifederalists. These groups later
became this country’s first set of political parties, and notably,
established a dominant, two-party system.
More information about the Constitutional Convention can be
found with the
U.S. State Department’s Office of the Historian
.
Although a living document, the original writing of the U.S.
Constitution reflected the political, social, and economic factors
particular to late Eighteenth-century America. During the
Constitutional Convention, the delegates included and/or
excluded content within the Constitution that reflected the
historical and/or philosophical concerns from their own
perspectives: steeped in the philosophies of the
European Enlightenment
, formed by memories of a war of independence against Imperial

3. Great Britain, cognizant of the current failures of the current
constitution, and alarmed by the
post-independence civil unrest
. (Lumens, 2019)
Directions: Using the required,
academic readings
, and supplemental academic research, please address the
following while adhering to the Discussion Board Rubric:
Briefly describe the powers the Constitution gives to the
executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
What Article within the Constitution explains how the
Constitution can be changed?
What was the purpose of the Preamble of the U.S. Constitution?
Select two Articles, Sections, and/or Clauses within the
1789 U.S. Constitution
.
You may pick from Articles I-VII and the first ten
Amendments.*
Note: If you pick an Article, you may decide to focus on a
particular Section or Clause within the Article. For example:
Article 1, Section 8, Clause 1: “The Congress shall have power
to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the
debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare
of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be
uniform throughout the United States.”

4. Explain in specific detail how historical and/or philosophical
influences resulted in the writing of this component of the U.S.
Constitution.
Why did you pick your chosen examples?
Did the chosen examples ultimately benefit the U.S.
government? Why?
*You may pick an example that was proposed during the
Constitutional Convention but did not survive the final writing
of the U.S. Constitution.
References:
Article Articles of Confederation
. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.gilderlehrman.org/sites/default/files/inline-pdfs/T-
04759.pdf.
Maier, P. (2011). Ratification: the people debate the
Constitution, 1787-1788. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Learning, L. (n.d.).

5. US History I
(AY Collection). Retrieved from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-
ushistory1ay/chapter/shays-rebellion/.
McLean, J. (n.d.).
History of Western Civilization II
. Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-
worldhistory2/chapter/the-age-of-enlightenment/.
National Constitution Center
. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://constitutioncenter.org/.
OConnor, K., & Sabato, L. (2019). American government: roots
and reform. Columbus: Pearson.
Constitutional Convention and Ratification, 1787–1789
(n.d.). Retrieved from
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/convention-and-
ratification.
The Bill of Rights: A Transcription
. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.archives.gov/founding-
docs/bill-of-rights-transcript.
The Constitution of the United States: A Transcription
. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.archives.gov/founding-
docs/constitution-transcript.
Timeline of the War for Independence

6. . (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.nps.gov/waro/learn/historyculture/timeline-of-the-
war-for-independence.htm.