Swedenborg, The Animal Kingdom Part III

1. THE PIVE SENSES
BY
EMANUEL SWEDENBORG
Being the first draft of a treatise intended as part of the
Animal Kingdom series, and parts of which were
elaborated by the author and published as
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
PART III
TRANSLATED FROM THE LATIN
BY
ENOCH S. PRICE, A. M.
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
SWEDENBORG SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATION
19 1 4

4. THE FIVE SENSES
BY
EMANUEL SWEDENBORG
Being the first draft of a treatise intended as part of the
Animal Kingdom series, and parts of which were
elaborated by the author and published as
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
PART III
TRANSLATED FROM THE LATIN
BY
ENOCH S. PRICE, A. M.
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
SWEDENBORG SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATION
19 1 4

6. TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Translator's Preface
IV
Bibliographical Note vi
----
I. PROLOGUE
II. THE COMMON TRUNKS OF THE CAROTIDS
The Common Branch of the External Carotid
.
6
II
The First Branches of the External Carotid 13
The Remaining Branches of the External Carotid 16
III. SENSE IN GENERAL 22
IV. SMELL ­ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31
V. THE EAR AND THE SENSE OF HEARING - - . _. 54
The External Ear .. - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. &7
The Cavity of the Drum of the Internai EaT and the
Eustachian Tube ­ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 72
The Ear - _. . . . . .. 84
The Cochlea ­ . . . . .. 97
VI. THE EVE AND SIGHT 105
Light and Colors 115
Colors 119
The External Parts of the Eye _. . . . .. 125
The Tunics of the Eye (Albugineous; Sclerotic;
Cornea) _., ., 136
The Tunics of the Eye (Choroid; Uvea; Iris) 141
On the Humors of the Eye, and on the Retina 147
The Humors and Sight _........... ISO
VII. EPILOGUE CONCERNING THE SENSES OR SENSATION IN
GENERAL - _.. _ ' - .. - ..~ _ _::. 179 - 2lf 2.
VIII. THE SENSE OF TASTE OR THE TONGUE. Experience .. _ 283
The Sensory of Taste in General and in Particular 286
IX. THE SENSE OF TOUCH OR THE CUTICU:S EXPERIENCE 307
Analysis _. . . . . . . ............. 307
The Cuticles in Particular _.. " .. . .. .. .. 310
The Adipose Membrane 336

7. TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.
This posthumous work of Swedenborg, now for the first
time appearing in book form in the English language, first ap­
peared in installments in the pages of NEw PHILOSOPHY for a
long period of years. If any apology is due from the trans­
lator to the public for the great length of time required to
complete the work, he vvould plead only lack of time to de­
vote to it owing to the press of other engagements.
The work put into the hands of the writer, by the SWEDEN­
BORG SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATION, for translation, is by the Latin
editor entitled. EMAN. SWEDENBORGH SACRAE REGIAE MAJES­
TATIS REGNIQUE SUECIAE COLLEGIAE 1V1ETALLICI ASSESSORIS
REGNUM ANIMALE ANATOMICE, PHYSICE ET PHILOSOPHICE
PERLUSTRATUM. CUJUS PARS QUARTA DE CAROTIDIBUS DE
SENSU OLFACTUS, AUDITUS ET VISUS, DE SENSATIONE ET
AFFECTIONE IN GENERE, AC DE INTELLECTU ET EJUS
OPERATIONE AGIT.
The work was edited from Swedenborg's MS. by Dr. Jo. Fr.
lm. Tafel and published in both Tübingen and London in
1848. In this edition Dr. Tafel, in an appendix, has noted
numerous critical changes from the original 1V1S. on two hun­
dred and three of the two hundred and twenty-sev~n pages of
the whole work. In addition he has four pages of close print
indicating the changes made in spel1ing and punctuation.
This is sa id not as a criticism of the work, but in extenuation
of the poor quality of the translation. The translator was
unwil1ing to do interpretative wor1<', but desired to let the
treatise tel! its own story so far as he was able to do so in
English. The obstacles to clearness and' smoothness were
very great, for, as has been indicated in the rematks concern­
ing Dr. Tafel's critical notes, the MS. was exceedingly dif­
ficult owing to its very nature. The work on the Senses was
a first draft of a contemplated work and not a finished treatise.
lt gives every internaI evidence of having been written at the
utmost speed. merely as memoranda, and contains the very

8. TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. v
kind of errors that lllight naturally be expected under such
circumstances, namely, el!iptical sentences, in somc cases sa
llluch sa as ta be scarcely intelligible ta any one but the writer ;
""rang terminations; wrong spelling; and wrong or no punc­
tuation.
A considerable number of errata have been noted by the
translator which wil! appear as an addendum ta an exhaustive
index now being prepared by him, but which' is tao late to go
out Vith the book. It is the translator's hope that the index
wil! be forthcoming sOllletime dl1ring' the succeeding year.
The consecutive paragraph nUlllbers, printed in heavy type
have been supplied by the translator. They do not occur in the
original MS. nor in Dr. Tafel's Latin edition.
The translator here vishes ta acknowledge his indebted­
ness ta Mr. 'William A. Farrington and others for valuable
assistance in proofreading; ta the Rev. Alfred Acton for
judicious and kindly criticism, assistance in translation, and
the furnishing of lllateriai for the Bibliographical Notes; and
ta the Rev.Eldred E. Il1ngerich for transcribing from the
original NIS. the chapters on Taste and Touch.
ENOCH S. PRlCE.
Bryn Athyn, Pa.,
Oct. 7th, 1913.

9. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE.
In the margin of the MS. corresponding to the latter half
of p. 47 of the present translation the author wrote the fol­
lowing: "There is a C01111110n sense under which f10urishes a
particular sense, the sense of touch, under which is that of
smell; also common causes, such as cold, heat of the heart,
which impinge, hence are effects, and the effects of these ef­
fects." (See Lat. ed., pp. 237-8.)
The original is contained in Codex 58 of the author's MSS.;
the order of this codex, so far as the present work is concerned,
will appear below.
The reference to A. K. in n. 642 indicates that the work was
finished in 1744. The date is still more definite1y fixed by the
reference in n. 616 ta a dream by the author on July 1-2, 1744.
That it was finished on July 3, 1744, is stated in the author's
diary for July 3-4, 1744. A later entry, namely, for August
1, 1744, informs us that on that date Swedenborg commenced
preparing the chapters on Taste and Touch for the press.
For the position of this work in the A. K. series, see
Acton's translation of the work on GENERATION.
The work was published in the Latin edition by Dr. J no.
Fr. lm. Tafel in London and Tübingen in 1848. In this
edition, by order of the Swedenborg Society, the learned
editor omitted the chapters on Taste and Touch, because they
had been elaborated and published by the author in 1745 as
Vol. III. cf A. K. Dr. Tafel also decided to omit a chapter
on physical experiments by Desaguiliers, inc1uding some pas­
sages on the eye and sight, and he announced that he would
publish them later. (See Lat. ed., pp. 237, 238, 244.) This,
unfortunately, has never been done.
iVhen the translator came to rendering from the Latin
edition he failed to note the omission of the chapters on Taste
and Touch until after the first part of the present work had
already been printed. ,But for obvious reasons it is highly de­
sirable that the whole of the author's first draft of the SENSES

10. BIBUOGRAPHICALNOTE. VII
be published, wh ether he has rewritten a part or parts or not.
The translator therefore gladly availed himse1f of a transcript
from the photolithographed MS., made by the Rev. Eldred
E. Iungerich, and from it he has prepared the translation of
the chapters on Taste and Touch. It Vas necessary to insert
these at the end of the work and not in the place where they
are found in the original MS. An endeavor has been made,
however, to correct this in sorne measure by the following
table of contents presenting the arder of the chapters as writ­
ten by the author :
Prologue.
The Common Trunks of the Carotids.
The Sense of Taste or the Tangue. Experience.
Sense in GeneraJ.1
The Sensory of Taste in General and in Particnlar.
Smel1. 2
The Sense of Tonch or the Cutic1es.
The Ear and the Sense of Hearing.
The Eye and Sight.
Epilogue Concerning the Senses or Sensation in General. 3
1 Accordng ta a note by the should be adduced experience re­
author this chapter was to have specting the mamillary process in
fol1owed after the Epilogue. In place of a preface, because the
the autograph MS. the chapter brain ol1ght ta be known tn par­
occupies pp. 14-19. The note in ticl1lar, especialy as regards the
question, occurring on p. 14 in scal::e (Lat. Ed., p. 237).
Swedish, is "This matter to p. 19 3 Between this and the preced­
ol1ght not ta come first, but the ing chapter the al1tograph MS.
parts investigated by the analytic con tains a chapter (pp. 122-126),
method; this and several other cntitled "Physical Experiments
things belong to the Epilogue at from Desaguilicr," the last sec­
the end. 1 have been thus in­ tion of which treats of "The Eye
formed in a clream." On each of and Its Rays;" and a short chap­
the following pages (15-19), he ter (p. 127), on "Ideas From
writes: "Put after the Epilogue" Sight' and Touch." N either of
(Lat. Ed., p. 236). these chapters ,,"ere included in
2Immediately preceding this the Latin eclition of the Senses,
chapter-heading the author enters nor indeed have they as yet been
the fol1owing note: "Perhaps. and transcribed. They may be seen
in the place of experience there in 6 Photo. "MSS .. pp. 102-10j'.

11. VIII BIBLIOGRAP[-{ICAL NOTE.
Besides the work on the Senses here presented, our author
also wrote two earlier works on Sight and Hearing. These
are incomplete! but considerable portions of them are still
preserved in MS. and have been photolithographed in 6 Phot.
MSS., pp. 108-176. T;lere is also an earlier draft on the skin
(ib. 1-11), and an incomplete fragment on the Tongue con­
taining, in fact, only the anatomical description of that organ.
1t was found impossible to inc1ude these in the present volume,
but it is hopeà that they will SO:11e time be transcribed and
translated.

12. THE SENSES.
CHAPTER 1.
PROLOGUE.
1. 1. 'vVE have treated of the viscera of the Iowest or abdo­
minal region, as also of the superior or thoracic region: order
requires that we treat of the members of the highest region, or
that of the head, accordingly of the sensory organs, the cere­
brum, cerebe1Jum, and of the medullas of the head and of the
spine.
2. 2. Let us therefore ascend by an analytical way, from
those things which, if you please, are 10rest and which as it
Vere rest upon the earth, to those which rest ulJon the m:iddle
and as it were sublunary region; 6na1Jy to highest things, which
constitute a kind of heaven or Olympus, where with her
nymphs resicles Pallas. who is said to have been created from
the brain [of Jove] . We must ascend to highest things as it
were by the rounds of a radder ; that way in the meantime must
be c1eared, that the descent may be easy; for when we have
mountecl by an analytical way from postremes or posterior
things to superior or prior things, and when we have explored
the quality of that which is in the superior or prior world, then
we are furnished as it were with new Mercurial wings, in order
that we may be able to ascencl safely, and without error, and
thus syntheticall'y, and not by errors and hypotheses, from
prior to posterior things.
3. For when we mount up even to superior or 11rst things,
thell we are enabled (licet), as if from the top of a m()ulltain
or of Parnassus, or from a high tower or in a mirror

13. 2 THE SENSES,
(speculo*), to exam:ine those things. as' placed below distinetly
or together, and ta imitate the most far-reaching sight of su­
perior beings which regard ail mundane things, at one look, as
placed belo'N them, and embrace bath worlcls together in
the same sight. For when we have emerged ta superior things,
then we as it were put off the animal nature and put on the
truly hU111an, and, if l may sa say, the angelic; then first we are
rational men; nor do wc, Iike worms, walk and creep upon the
ground, and seize only those things which are obvious to the
senses, and consider them alone useful. Wc are gifted with a
sublimer mind; but we have not trodden the way which leads
us thither, which is the analytical aJone; for the way is broad,
and of inunense labor so long as the senses instruct us; from
these we ought to be removed, and ta sojourn as is were above
ourselves in our spiritual sphere, wllich is truly intelleetual.
How arduous this ascent is, is known ta everyone who is
carried away by the pleasures of the senses and o'f his: body;
for these things must be as it were put off, and interior pleas­
ures adopted in place of them, the sense of which we do not
have before we have obliterated the former by the service of
time.
4. 3. We have promised that we would next treat of. the
heart, arteries and blood, then of the members of bath sexes
ascribed to generation, as also of the conception and formation
of the fœtus.
5. But furthcr than what has already been said of the heart,
arteries ancl veins and blood, in the little work vhich l have
called the EconOl1ty of the Anùnal KingdoFn, the matter having
been carefuUy weighed, we find that we cannat proceed thither
immediately and next in orcier, for ail things of the body teach
what the blood is. In orcier that we may investigate the blood,
every nook and corner which that traverses must be traversed,
name1y, the viscera of the abdomen and of the thorax, and es'­
pecially the brain; for the blood is the universal essence of the
*lf this word were specula it would mean "a Iookout," which would
,eem more in kecping with the series.-TR.

14. PROLOGUE. 3
body, to be collected from ail the viscera, whatever each one
has in its bosom, and whatever nature it bears. Universal
things are prim. Especially the cerebrum is to be investigated,
whither the blood returns as to its native soil, and where it is
again resolved into its principles, and, as animal spirit, enters
into the fibres, and completes the circle of its life. Besicles, in
the blood there are not only the eIements of the kingdoms of the
earth, but also of the animal spirit; and in this the soul itself
resicles which creates the life of the blood. Unless these things
are first examined we shall stick in the arena, and taik about
infini te things whch are said ta be in the blood, which knowl­
'edge we have not yet acquired ; where'fore unless it is first evi­
dent what the brain is, what the compound and simple fibre,
what the animal spirit and what the soul is, we speak only un­
known things. and, j ust as if we believe that infants understand
what one says, we produce only formulas, when yet we must
penetrate more deeply than ta words and the coverings and
pictures of things, of which every one favors his own, th us in­
nnitely diverse ideas. 1'0 science consists in terms, but in the
notion of the thing which is within the terms.
6. 4. A sil1l'llar reason occurs in regard ta the explanation
of the gcnital organs, as also of the fonnation of the fœtus in
the ovum; for the genital organs, especially of males, are as­
cribed, not to the bJood, but ta the spirits, which circulate
through the fibres and adjust themselves ta the most perfect
fonTIS of nature, and to these they so adapt the very life of the
parent soul, that the genital fluid or seed thence forlll:ed is suit­
able for producing what is silllilar; sincei therefore it is thus
far still unknown what the animal spirit is, and what the soul
is which has that life in it, surely exallliining the organism
would he uma veling the instrumental. without a knowledge of
the principaï cause, when yet the organic or instrumental, to­
gether with its principal, make one cause; wherefore l do not
see that l can proceed thither, or ex-plain the genital members
be'fore l shall have taught what the brain is. what fibre, what
spirit, and what the soul is; which is the reason that now l
oug'ht to fttrther set aside that exposition of those members;

15. 4 THE SENSES.
for as was said it would be ta offer only words not understood,
and rather ta involve the science in shadows, than ta bring it
out of the shadows.
7. Hitherto the understanding has examined only the won­
dèrfuJ things of the senses, as one looks through the windows
at what is done in the streets ; now the senses shaH examine the
more wonderful things which are off the streets, within in th
byways.
8. Hitherto we have investigated wonderful things by the
external sense ouly; now you shaH see more wonderful things,
when we look into the causes of things. and the interlacings of
the fabrics :-and still purer things-if by sense we can con­
template those supreme things, which also we shaH try, but only
in stupor with a dislocated knee, (sed -modo pel' stuporem
eluxato gcnll). But in a cloubl'e sense we shall contemplate the
wonders of God, thus not as animaIs, but as m:en and rational
beings.
9. Induced by this reason, l wish first by our analytical way,
b)' mC'ans of anatomical experience, and by doctrines which
shall lead by the hand, to arrive at ct knowledge df the soul;
and sa ta clear the steps, that fmally we can return, and, as it
were nes'.:elld ta those OI"gans; for the analytical is ta ascend,
anel afterwards thence to descend, leaning upon those same
ladders by which wc ascend, for there we borrow wings.
10. 5. Furthermore these genital organs themsclves are as
it were organs of a more perfect nature; for they are the
cxereise grounds of the loves, ancl the very native land, or
Cyprus, of VentIS, thus the Olympus of all delights, ta which
things we can not come except a priori et superiori,' for they are
the centers of ail pleasures and. as it Vere, dwelling places of a
higher life: for the)' have for their end higher loves, which, de­
~,ceneling from Ùle soul herself, respect the procreation of
human, and the propagation of heavenly, society. Wherefore,
the)' are altogetber above the spbere of those organs which
constitute inferior tl1ings; we ought thus ta descend to tl10se
organs but not indeed ta ascend by tbem ta bigher things. The
genitals are also separate from the rest of the viscera, and con­

16. PROLOGUE. 5
stitute a region of their own or a central one of the body itself,
as, for instance, the testic1es and the rest. Yea, we do not come
ta the use of these members until about the youthful or adult
years; then also they constitute another and as it were more
lovely, happy and heavenly life, as appears in insects, which,
while worms live a long time for the appetite and the stomach,
but finally put off their first life and' put on this lïfe of venereal
[ove, when, under another form, they are furnished with wings,
as are bats; they then sport above the earth in the atmos'Phere
as in their heaven, and give attention to procreation. There­
fore we leave this part as yet, until we shalI have come ta a
know!edge of superior things, and have grovvn a little aIder in
the knowledge of things, irnitating in these nature herself who
teaches us the Vay.
11. 6. ln the rneatime we shall study and investigate an­
a[ytically the organs of the senses. then the cerebrum, the cere­
bel!unl, and their two appendages or medullas; these conduct
us inta the entrancc hall ta the senses and interior lives, where­
fore to the knowledge of Our mincl and soul; for she there re­
sides as in !ler own organism or in her own causes, from which
as from a centre and beginnings she can rule the whole circum­
ference, amI all effects; as also the interconnection of things,
experience, diseases, affections and single things, teach. Finally
we shal! search out the way by new doctrines, which, as briclg'es,
are ta he built, in orcier that we rnay be able ta ascencl from the
organic world to that heaven which the soul inhabits. Vith:­
out these aids we labor in vain, for there is no passage except
with new doctrines as guides, which doctrines shaH, with God's
help, be next presented.

17. CHAPTER II.
THE COMMON TRUNKS OF THE CAROTIDS.
12. E"Cperience. There are two carotids; the left carotid
ascends frami the arch of the aorta, the right, for the most part,
fronl the subcIavian artery of that sicle; both near the trachea
and the internai j ugular vein, ta, the altitude of the larynx, with­
out branches; thus far the)' are called the Com:mon Carotids;
but there, at the larynx, they are divided into tVo great
branches, one of which is ca lied the external. the other the in­
ternai carotid; the former tends especially into the externat
parts of the heacl, the latter into the skull and brain. The ex­
ternal carotid is in front of and nearer ta the larynx, but the in­
ternai is behincl ancl farther from it.
13. Analysis. The blood vessels in the body take their di­
rection according ta the circles and comimon axes of the whole
body, and according ta the proper or particular axes of the
viscera, in arder that they may be in the stream of motion, nor
be disturbed by any diversity arising from the mPtions of the
body or viscera, but that they may distinctl)' perform thcir
offiees.* This can be seen everywhere.
14. 2. The earotids of the trunk. the aorta and the sub­
c1avian artery eoneur in one umbilieus [or centre l, especially
in the subcIavian; for the centre of the upper body. or ôe
tenTlIinus of the vertebral axis is there presented; wherefore also
the Thoracic 'Duct ther.e concurs with the subc1avian vein; the
aorta runs clown according ta the vertebral axis and passes
throug11 perpetuai centres and fu1cra, and indeed even to the
receptacle of the chyle, which it sometimes perforates; for
the receptacle of the chyle constitutes the other terminus of that
axis, or as it were. a killli of umbiliclls. This now is the reason
that the aorta, subclavian, and the carotids coneur here. The
*The word in the original is mWliis, should be ·",.ulten:bus.-TR.

18. COMMON TRUNKS OF CAROTIDS. 7
carotid proceeds then even to the centre of the skull in the
sphenoid bone to the cIinoid processes, and a branch of the ex­
ternal carotid even to the temples.
15. 3. If the blood is borne up'"vard or downward in its own
orbit or animal world, it is the same as if it were thus forced
by the heart, elther upward through the carotids or to the side
through the subclavians, or downward through the aorta.* in
whatever position the body may be in; for every body is a
worid within a worId, and therein forms its own ways, direc­
tions, pressures and gravities, nor does the external world aet
upon it, except that it sustains this whole little world, and causes
that it exercises its powers aright.
l!6. Thus the center of gravity of every arteriaI branch is
toward its smal1est branchlets and their encls, which also are
beginnings. Every member is such a center, whither they aim,
or whither they tend. There are in the head as n1jany centres
as there are organs and gIandules ; then also the brain is such a
center, and in the brain there are as many centers as there are
parts and individual things; thus in the body there are as many
centers as there are visccra. The sanguineous stream seeks
these its centers, and it is the same whether in respect to our
universe this center be at the summit or at the center of the
earth, which is confirmed by many things; but when these cen­
ters have been set in motion, when they suddenly stop, or when
the mass of the vessel overcomes the strength of the motion,
as sometimes happens in the head, then it sustains the pressure
of the whole.
17. 4. AlI the viscera, so also aIl the organs of the head,
and also the brain, demand of the heart each its own quantity
and quality of blood; for the artery gives nothing of its own to
any viscos, but only brings and offers the indiscrete wave. It
determines neither the quantity nor the quality.
18. 5. W11at determines the quantity of blood through the
carotids is each and every organ which thence receives its sup­
ply; thus there are man)' fountains which attract those streams.
*The word in the original is a7Jitarm, should he aortam.-TR.

19. 8 THE SENSES_
In order that ail things may flow according to the course of na­
ture, there is everywhere an internai, a mediate and an external
cause, which concur wonderfully to the same effect. The in­
ternai cause is calleel attraction or invitation; the meeliate is the
assistant cause, or promotion; the external is propulsion or in­
citation; thus the effect flows spontaneously front itself, when
they conClU'.
19. The inte-rnat cause, which determ,ines the quantity
through the branch and the trunk df the artery, is in the very
.smal1est things and beginnings, which open themselves from
their own or other adventitious cause, and, as it Vere, invite
the blood into themselves like syring-es ; for when those smarIest
g'landular fol1ic1es are expanded, then the bood from the branch
presses in; as in the brain, when the cortical glands are e.,'(C­
panded, the desired supply rushes in from the neighboring
branches; 50 also in the remaining glandular fol1ic1es, as al50
in the motor fibres. There are only glandular congeries and
Ill,otor fibres, besides papil1ary fonns, which constitute ultimates.
vVhen these are opened, a supply, determined by the expansion,
flows in from the infinite smal1est branches; into the in­
numerable srnal1est branches it flows in from those somewhat
larger, then from the larger, finally from the trunks; thus, in
order that the quantity of blood in the inmost arteries may al­
ways be as much as may be demanded of the branches which
unite from these, there are in the smallest arteries myriads of
little branches which inosculate to form one larger, anel so forth,
50 that the number in the direction of the trunk decreases.
From these things now one may j udge how great a syringe­
like force from the inrnost arteries urges that the brood may
be invited from the trunk. This also is the reasOn that the
camtid rises at almost a right angle.
20. mlence it fol1ows that no more can be impel1ed than is
invited, for it resists a greater quantity: besides that, the trunk
contracts itself in relation to the desire_
21. The externat cause, which determines the quantity
through the trunk and the branch, is the undl1lation begl1n by
the heart; for the blood is l1rged by the und111ation,-see our

20. COMMON TRUNKS OF CAROTIDS. 9
Animal Ecotlmny,-to the extent of the force of the unduration,
then also notice that the undulation goes upward, sideways and
downwards, usually in ail directions; this is the propulsion or
incitation which corresponds to the attraction or invitation.
22. Thc Jncdiate or assistant causc, is the reaction of the
muscular tunic, which is similar in every branch ta what it is in
the heart; for the force of the ~eart is, by a. similar organism,
continued through its branches,-see our Animal Econorny.
The rule is general, that the force arising in the beginning or
fountaill is continued such through aU the channels, for similar
powers are adjoineel which push forward. This is cal1eel pro-
motion.
23. 6. 1:s to the quality of the brooel, there are similar
causes.> internai, 11l.ediate externa1; for every member demands
for itself its OW11 quality as weU as its own quantity of blood;
nor does a better blood arise to the sensories of the head and to
the brain, because the carotid goes upward. This world has
nothing in conJ'mon with the greatest world, in which it lives'.
24. Thc intcrnal orimnost causc resides in the glandules
themselves and in the fibres; for ultirnate organic forms are
contexted from the s11l.aUest ncrvous fibres. These fibres bear
the same animus or appetite and aversion as the cerebrum it-
self and the cerebeUul11, whence the fibres arise. The larger
organs desire this but refuse that, as, for instance, the tongue,
the nostrils, etc., wherefore also the slnal1est organs. A com-
pound derives what it has from its simples. Therefore the
things which the brain and its fibres desire, these !ittle !ips at-
tract, drink up and lead aside with avidity, but if they he of an-
other nature they refuse ancl reject them. and, as it were. vomit
them bac1c Thus every single viscus. member and, organ
draws to itself the kind and nature of blood suitable 'for itself
and its use, and it attracts this from the mielst of the torrent.
Other things they reject either into the neighboring veins by
anastomosis, or elsewhere by excretory vessels. Fr-orn use are
formed the com;binations and the single things, sa that nothing
else may occur. This inmost cause, caned invitation. is why the

21. 10 THE SENSES.
purer blood is carried to the sensories of the head artd to the
brains.
25. The external cause is, that the carotid artery turns to
the left or backward from; the trunk of the aorta; for every
little wave, flowing spontaneously, flows according to the di­
rection of the universal vortex, as one may see in water and
other fluids, and in the atmbspheres themselves; hence things
more fluid are borne ta the left more easily than to the right
This is the reason why the thicker blood, the same nature lead­
ing, flows clown to the right through the aorta, laterally through
the subclavian, and the better essences through the carotids; it,
[the purer bl'oodl tencls thither in whatever position the carotids
may be. In like manner the branch elevates itsel'f to the larynx,
sa also the internai carotid, namely, to the left.
26. The mediate, assistant or prom.oting CQ.use, is a tremb­
ling or tremulous modification of those organs arising in both
the larynx and the ear, then in the other sensories, finally in
the inmost parts or those of the brain. The modification is
cru cler about the larynx, purer toward the superior sensories,
and purest in the brain; wherefore the purest essences thus
modifiecl are borne to the exact place where their nature con­
cords with the organism. But this caUSe will he explained at
greater length in the doctrine of modifications.
27. To mediate causes must also be referred this, that
throughout the whole way there are many glandules which in­
vite and th us draw off the salivas and the thicker and slower
parts of the blood (concerning which below) to this end, that
the blood may remain purer.
28. 7. In order that these things n1;ay rightly accompany
the effect, it is necessary that the carotid should ascend through
a long tract near the trachea all the way to the larynx smooth1y
or witlwut branches, for several reasons, namely:-1. In order
that it may form a larger channel with capacity suffi.cient to
control all those mixtures, whence ail the organs can draw each
its own allotment, vhich could not be done in a short canal.
2. In order that, according to the usual custom of nature, ail
things may at first be poured together, as it were, into a chaos,
from which each single thing may draw distinctly its own sup­

22. COMMON TRUNKS OF CARO TfDS. Il
ply and portion. 3. In orcier that in this passageway the blood,
by the aid of the trachea and then of the larynx, may in its first
passage be excited and ani111lated by sonorous vibrations; for
the sonorous tremor and other. modifications penetrate every;
single part, where'fore, as is to be known, it keeps the parts dis­
tinct from one another, so that every organ can take its own es­
sences distinctly. 4. Because the trachea is actuated by more
extraordinary motions than the l'est of the viscera, therefore
this artery does not before this dare to send off any branches;
see The Trachea.
The CO'm111JOn Branch of the Extern<Jl Car.otid.
29. E.1;perience. The external carotid is the greater, and by
its direction is as it were a continuation of the tnll1k of the caro­
tids; it pushes itself insensibly outward between the external
angle of the lower jaw and the parotid gland, to which in pas S1­
ing it gives off branches; finally it ascends toward the ear, and
terminates on both sicles at the temples; in this passage it gives
off branches which can he divided into anterior Or internaI, and
posterior or external.
30. l AnalJ.sis. Each comnKlll br.anch contains within it ail
those essences, namely, as great a supply and such a quality of
blood, serum; and Iymph as the organs thence clependent re­
quire; thus the C0111mon carotid contains the whole supply and
quality which the whole head with its organs and the brain
demand. The external carotid is the common branch of. ail the
organs of the head.. both of the sensory and ntotor organs or of
the muscles as also of the glands; likewise every branch of
every organ is common or proper to it. This branch the vis­
cera the111~elves share with one another according to use.
31. 2. In a common branch of this kind there is always a
like quantity and a like nature of requisite blood and serum;
for nature always conspires to an equilïbriu111 which we caH an
equation: if indeed one organ attracts more of its own kind or
species of blood, then it flows more quickly; the celerity itself

23. 12 THE SENSES.
does not hinder a Iike suppl)' frOin being present, for it is com­
pensateel by the cele rity, sa far that a like ratio ail the while
subsists. See equation in our Animal Econotny.
32. 3. In oreler that a greater supply anel another quality
of blood than it needs should not be obtrueled upon the brain
against its will, the external carotid is a continuation of the
conunon trunk, and is larger than the internai carotid. The in­
ternaI carotid goes off thence at almost a perpendicular, which
is the first artifice of nature that nothing he obtruded except
what is desirecl (Sec the Intercostal vessels). Therefore the
blood flows past the internaI carotiel when the brain does not
require it; wherefore the external carotid is continued from the
trunk and is larger than the internai.
33. 4. In orcier that the sensor)' and motor organs shall not
drav an)' but the purer blood,-for there is a blood for the sake
of those organs, that is, for the sake of motion and sense, where­
fore they require apurer blooc1,-therefore from the blood ap­
proaching in the way the more water)', serous and impure por­
tions are drawn off by various little fabricated glandular ma­
chines, and by still other artifices. Every common branch has
its own diverticula. and resting places, into which it throws the
imlPurer parts of the blood, and thus clarifies itself, that a sup­
ply of purer blood may be present for the sensor)' and motor or­
gans. The common branch of the internai carotid has the great
parotid gland which draws off an imcrT"lense amount of watery
serum, as is known from experience. iVherefore also in its
passage the common branch gives off branches to the parotid
gland so that that gland is the COl1ll1lon purifier of that brood.
This is also the reason wh)' the parotid gland is situated where
it is, close under the ear. and indeed subjoined to muscles, as
to the masseter. If that gland, which regards the mou th and
tangue, Vere not for that use, it wourd not be drawn up sa high.
A similar thing occurs with every branch less cornmon, which
alwa)'s has its own salivary glands, in order that it may un­
load its super-abundance of impure serum and blood.
34. 5. The blooJ of this cornmon branch is also excited by
cruder tremblïngs, which correspond ta its stream, abundance

24. COMMON TRUNKS OF CAROTIDS. 13
and nature, namely, from the larynx even to the ear and the
temples; for both the larynx and the car, together with the
temples, tremble cOlltinually from sounds which pervade the
bones and the membranes themselves through "vhich the com-
mon branch passes. Thus the crudest modification invades the
trunk from the beginning to the end, that is to say, so that the
parts tremble inclividually, and the blood is in that state of life
that it may not clol, but he agitated continually and in parti cu-
laI', which contribl1tes much to the giving off to each organ its
own portion.
35. 6. For every tremor pervades the fibres which go to
make u)) the vessels themselves, wherefore it also pervacles the
bloO(I which they contain or con vey ; for at the first, this cru der
tremor, which is excited from speech or hearing, or from the
larynx and the ear, attacks the vessels; afterwards a m.ore sub-
tle tremor which arises from: the sense of taste, then that which
arises from s111ell, finall'y, a still more subtle one which arises
from the subtle tremor of sight, excite, not the blood itself, but
its spirit or the interior essence of the blood. The cruder senses
mge into a trclllor or lll.odification the whole g1'obule of the
blood, but the purer, the parts themsel'ves of its corporeal
structure, the still more subtle, its spirit. Thus ail things con-
tribu te to the end that there be nothing in the hlood that is
not clriven on in its own vital motion. The comllllon branch or
caroticl artery thus arso tends in such a Vay that according to
the degrees of its progression it may reccive this more
animatec1 vital motion; for it proceeds at last to the organ of
sight or the eye. For nature does not progress eren a line
without the consideration of use, for it intends 110thing but
ends. This is the reason why the nerves of the fifth pair go to
ail the organs o.f the senses, namely, th;:t they may communi-
cate and dispense the single things of the senses.
The First Branches of the ExfeYilal Carotid.
36. Experience. The first branch of the externar carotid
rises from the sal11e source at the side; it immediately makes a

25. 14 THE SENSES.
small circuit, and after it has given off branches ta the neigh­
boring j ugular glands. for the fat and for the skin, it runs
transversely, and distributes itself ta the thyroid glands, to the
muscles and other parts of the larynx; it also gives off little
branches to the pharynx and to the hyoid muscles. This is to
be called the lar}Ingeal, or superim" guttural arte1"Y. The
second branch crosses in front of the neighboring horn of t!1e
hyoid oone, and goes to the hyoid and glossal m;uscl'es, to the
sublingual gland, and finally crosses in front of the horn of the
hyoid bonc and buries itse1f in the tongue, where it is called
the sublingual and also the ranine Mter}'.
37. 1. ,r'1nal}'sis. The purest blood anù that of the best
quality is required in each organ of the senses. then in the
motor organs or the muscles; for the blooel is form~d according
to sense and motion, and in senSe and motion consists the life
of the boely; the animal spirit itself also, and its beginning.
which is the soul, wins instantly to learn and ta do what con­
duces to the boùy; whercfore the lowest universal essence or
the blood ought to be most promptly obedient ta it, and to cor­
resp(:mcI exactly to those things both in quality and ql.lantity.
38. The organs of the senses are the ear, which corresponds
to the larynx, or hearing to which sound corresponds; taste
fol1'ows this in purity, then smell; final1y sight. which is the
purest of the external senses: in a similar grading the purities
of the blood ancI of the spirits themselves ought to correspond.
39. 2. From the flux of the arteries, especiall"y of the eX"
ternal carotids, it appears in 'vvhat manner the blood is dis­
persed and tempered whire on the way to the organs men­
tioned, sa that none but what is pure comes to those sensory
and motor organs. These temperings and artifices are not yet
very weil known, wherefore they shall be briefly expanc1ed.
40. :). In orcIer that the desired quality of brood and of the
right kind may always approach, there are in the way exeretory
and secretory organs; the excretory are the cutic1es and many
cellular textures, which entice into themselves, and Iead away
the unsuitable serocity. The secretory grands are those which
ciraw into themselves the sali vary hUl11ors; thus the rest of

26. COMMON TRUNKS OF CAROTIDS. [5
the blood vhich fiows to that organ is of a more defecated
kind. This is the reason why the first branch which is ca lied
the laryngeal, or superior guttural is first cd to the j ugular
glands and to the cuticle which draw off the muddy parts (see
Winslow above concerning the first branch). A like thing oc­
curs in regard to the ittle branch which goes off thence trans­
versely toward the larynx, for this also is derived into its
cuticles and into its glands, namely, the thyroid and arytenoid,
where the still impure residua are clrawl1 off; th us what rel­
mains is purely sanguineous. A like thing still more ac­
curately occurs in the still smaller and in the smallest branch­
lets which we cannot cbserve; for there nature is in her own
cxercising-ground.
41. 4. Now as to the qu,antit)l of the blood, lest too great an
abundance infest the organ, it is led away partly by the veins
which are adjoined in a perpetuaI anastomosis with the small'­
est arteries, partly also by the fat, which absorbs superfluities,
as notice the omentu111; that these branches also go off ta the
fat see Vinslow. ThllS bath the right quality and the right
quantity approach to that motor organ.
42. 5. The very cletermination of the proper branch. which
supplies a given organ favors these things; for this branch
runs, Or is led off, from a more conlLmon branch (see WinsYow
in regard to the first branch), wherefore no greater sanguin­
eous flooel is inj ected into it than the organ itself demanels;
for the blood undulating not thus transversely ta the si des as
much as it urges obliquely forward, therefore, no more pushes
in than just the amount requireel by that organ; thus the in­
vitation is altogether correspondent to the cause, 50 far that
the invitation itself is the primary cause. This is eviclent from
an examination of the nature of th.e unct[lation, then also from
the fOl'w,ard motion of the bloocl into the excurrent vessels. By
this reason nothing can be brought ta the larynx but the blood
of just that kind which corresponds ta the uses of the organ;
for ail' things are formed according ta use; nor cloes nature
proceecl a hairsbreadth (lineolam) without the consideration
of use.

27. 16 THE SENSES.
43. 6. A like thing occurs in regard to the second branch,
which is ascribed to the tongue and to its muscles and sen­
sories; for that branch first approaches the sublingual grands
and the pituitary or mucous membrane, in which places it puri­
fies itself of its serum of a poorer quality, and by infinite an­
astomoses "directs itself into the veins, also into the fat of the
tongue, then it betakes itself into the tongue: and, indeed, the
more perfectly are the parts of the organ multiplied in the de­
gree that that sense is more subtle. So also many other things
which conduce to that same end.
44. 7. Here ought also to be observed : that the blood is de­
termined into the muscles of the pharynx and the hyoid boue
by two ways, or by two branches, that is, the first and second.
or the laryngeal and lingual', because there are two primary of­
fices of the pharynx and the hyoid bone, name1y, that they may
serve the larynx in its operation of speech, then that they may
serve the tongue in its operation of mastication. This is the
reason why the blood fiovvs in distinctly by the branches of both
the l2.ryngeal and lïngual arteries, so that the vork of one may
not disturb that of the other, but that it may be continually
ready; for the pharynx assists the larynx in its operation of
speech, likewise also does the hyoid with its muscles, and the
tongue assists both; thus it appears how carefully it is pro­
vided. That the laryngeal branch also fiows into the muscles
of the pharynx and of the hyoid boue, then also that the lin­
gual' branch fiows into the same, see Winslow.
The Renwining Branches of the Externat Cm'otid.
45. 1. ExIJ'erienee. The third bronch, or the inferior max­
illary artery, goes to the maxillary gland: to the styloid mus­
cles, to the mastoid, to the parotid and to the sublingual' glands;
it gives off branches to the muscles of the pharynx and ta the
fiexors of the head. The fourth bronch, the external maxil­
lary,goes anteriorly over the masseter muscles, over the mid­
die of the lower jaw to the side of the chin (wherefore it is

28. COMilWN TRUNKS OF CAROTIDS. 17
calleel the mental artery), under the apex of the angular mus­
cle of the lips, anel to it as also ta the buccinator, and ta the
quadratus of the chin. The tortuous branch, together with
the like of the other side, constitutes the coronal artery of the
lips; it ascenels to the nostrils, and gives off to the muscles and
cartilages of the nose, and downward it sencls off a branch
communicating Vith the coronal artery of the lips; finally it
ascends to the angI.e of the eye, to the common muscle of the
lids and of the eyebrows, and to the frontal muscle, where it
ceases. The lifth bran ch, the internaI maxillary, is noteworthy ;
it goes to the pterygoid muscles; it then divides inta three
branches. The first goes to the inferior orbital fissure; it di­
rects itself towards the peristaphilinus muscles, and to the
glanelular membrane of the posterior nares; inferiorly it dis­
tributes itse1f to the parts in the orbit of the cavity [of the
nose]. A subordinate branch also enters the cranium: as far
as the dura mater, and communicates with the artery of the
dura mater, entering from beneath through the sphenoid bone.
It sends off still another oranch ta the maxillary sinus and ta
the teeth. The second goes ta the sackets of the teeth and to
the teeth and loses itseH wh en it has passed betwecn the angle
of the lower jaw and the parotid gland, and thus forms the
tem.poral arfcry.. The anterior branch of the temporal artery
goes to the frontal' muscle; it sometimes gives off a little
artery through the cheek bone (os de la pomette) to the or­
bit of the eye. The middle branch goes partly to the frontal
muscle, partly ta the occipital; the posterior portion goes to the
occiput and communicates with the occipital artery; these also
give off branchlets to the teguments.
46. 2. Allalysis. A similar thing occurs with regard to
the rest of the branches of this artery, as with regard to the
tlûrd branch, which gives off branches to the styloid muscles,
ta the mastoid muscles, to the muscles of the pharynx and to
the flexors of the head ; this approaches the maxillary and sub­
lingual glands. The fourth branch, which supplies the m;as­
seter muscles. the buccinator, the quadratus of the chin. the
orbicularis of the lips, final1y the musdes of the eyelids, of the
2

29. 18 THE SENSES.
eyebrows and the frontal muscles, goes to the nostrils, and
there disposes of its superfluities, etc. The fifth brancl~ lïke­
wise, which is divided into several other branches. goes to the
muscles of the orbit of the eye, and to the eye itself; this one
crosses to the nostrils and also to the parotid gland, and thus
unburclens itself of impuritie~; for those glands are the great­
est purificatory organs of the head, namely, the nostrils, to­
gether. with the pituitary membrane of trle nase and palate,
and with the parotid gland ..
47. 3. Therefore, as to what pertains to the eye, or to
sight. the blood which is sent out thither purifies itself of
phlegm and injuriolls sera in its whole passage: l, by
branches to aU the grands of the throat, of the larynx, pharynx,
of the tongue and of the jaw ; 2, in transit by branches thrown
off inlo the pabte and nostrils ; 3. finally by the proper branch,
which is also diverted toward the nostrils and even to the
parotid gland; 4, to say nothing of the branches proper to the
orbit of the eye.. which go to the gland of the lids and the eye­
hrows; 5, this blood which approaches by the last branches
<lUght tü come to the eye altogether pure. 6. Yea, it should
be of that purity that it can penetrate the orbital foramen into
the dura mater, and communicate with the internaI carotid,
for it is purified throughout the way. 7. That such blood is
re4uired by the eye will' be shawn in its analysis. for the sense
of the eye is of a purity proxinùîte Vith the mediate sense.
48. 4. As the blood acts in the greater and common
branches sa also it acts in the smaler and particurar branches,
or in those proper to any organ, and indeecl [in the latter]
much more perfectly, orderly and regul"arly; for f1uids and sub­
stantials in their least forms are. as it Vcr·e, in the exercisc­
ground of their operations; neither are there such diverting
causes and inconstancies, and similar things which lead them
aside from their mIes and law:;, and divert them from nature
which offers them guidance. For the farther you proc.eed
from princip les and first causes toward effects, the more in­
constant1'y. uncertail1ly and limiteclly a thing happens. because
lt draws one into errors and mocks the senses.

30. COMMON TRUNKS OF CARO TIDS. 19
49. 5. But in what manner nature acts in her least forms,
and how very perfectly, cannot be sa well apperceived trom
any sensory organ of the head as from the brain itself; for the
brain is the most perfect organ, and because of its large mass
it manifests all the ruies of nature exactly; therefore, those
things which are still desired we sha11 be taught in the follow-
ing Part on the Brain. which things, 1Jowever. we taste before-
. hand in each sensory organ.
50. 6. Thus we can kno' all the rules of operating nature,
which regard the circulation of her blood, and the determina-
tion of its vess.e1s; then also we could determine why its vessels
flow thus and sa, and not otherwise. For nature, from a cer-
tain physical and natural necessity, does not and cannot other-
wisc" tend to proposed encls and uses. This is the reason why
nature in the determination of her vessel"s is everywhere like
herself in every object. The very differences originate not from
use. but from diversity of tissue, for every subject, especia11y
in the head and face, has a different tissue, but. given a use or
an endwhich she intends. nature everywhere observes her
ruies: therefore it is worth while to e},."j)lore those rules which,
being explorcd, you can know the deter111lination of visible
causes, and also that of invisible causes. From least things
we may lcarn marc pcrfectly and certain!'y of the rules which
nature observes; for in least things she is perpetua11y in her
mies. Vihereforc, from the brains we may best learn of thosc
precepts which, taken together. exhibit the natural necessity of
the organism. Those most general rules are many, as follows:
51. I. Ail vessels are in the stream of the motion of their
own viscus. for every viscus has its own determinations ac-
cording to common axes, peripheries and centers, according ta
w.hich also are its motions. Among thcmselves the viscera,
(each part in itself) bo:'d their directions according to centres
and axes, which regard the direction of thc integers, and these.
the direction of the whole; therefore in arder that the bîood
may he rightly distribllted, a11 the vesselsflow in those di-
rections; wherefore we may. from the directions of the yeso
sels. as also of the fibres, l'earn the deterntination of tInt or-

31. 20 THE SENSES.
gan of the body as to its axis, peripheries, and centres, like­
wise vice versa; wherefore also we may learn of the determina­
tian of their motion. ;:;nd thus of the tissue itse1f; for those
things which we do not distinctly perceive and refer ta forms,
ta their axis, and ta many other things, these we understand
only obscurely, and we cannat explore their tissue, wherefore
neither can we explore the causes of their progression ta ulti­
mate use; therefore the first rule is that the vessels and fibres
traverse the cleterminations of the body, then those of every
viscus, finally those of ever)' part; for the vessels are deter­
minant and the viscera, thence excitecl, are their cletermina­
tions. But the more tmiversal' cletermination is of the nervous
fibres ,"vhich, however. concur with the blood vessels; for the
vessels follow these fibres; th us first things conCUr with last
things, in orcier that media may be detenndnecl ta their OW1)
uses. 2. The second rule is, that to every organ is furnishec1
both the due CJuantity ancl the due quality of blood. ancl this in­
deed according to use; for without the clue allotment, a desig­
nated use 1V0uid never be obtained in externals. The due
quantit)' is obtained br the draving off of the blood into the
veins both rroximately to that organ. and everywhere also in
tiiC C<J1I:.'i1-.:,)n branches. to this extent, namel)'. that the
organ is neveï obliged ta receive as great a quantity
of bl'oocl as in any case its common artery pours in: for in the
time of wakefulness there is a greater incitation than invita­
tion of the bloocl: in the time of sIeep they mutually corre­
spond; therefore the passages which clraw off ought to be
open, namely. bath those that open into the cuticIes, which also
draw off the quantit)'·:· both of the blood and of the serum.
3. Now as to qua!ity of the bIood, there are everywhere placed
gIancluIes which draw the phlegm into themseIves, and thus
purify the bIood for the organ; -therefore there are excretions
which are beneficial, and which, by way of the saliva and of
the stomach, etc.. lead back again into the blood, l'est anything
*The word in the original is qlla/itatcJII; the contcxt strollgly indi'
ca tes that it should be qUllntitatcm.- TR.

32. COMMON TRUNKS OF CAROTIDS. 21
perish which can be of use; this is the reason of there being
sa many glands. and also the reason of their position, some­
times sicle by side with the viscl1s which they serve. 4. The
mutual correspondence of incitation and invitation is for the
most part obtained by the tissues of the given organ in least
things. then by the direction of the vessel either obliquely or
transverseYy, for the more obliquely or transversely any vessel
is directed from the cam/mon tn1l1k the less can the inciting
and urging force be present and the more inviting the force can
be, as may appear from the flux of the undulation. 5. For the
nobler an organ is the more transverse determinations of that
kind are there from the common branches, even to the most
particular; this appears especially from the branches which go
ta the eye and to the brain. As ta those which go to the eye,
6rst it is the com:mon branch which leads off [from the
carotid], then aIl the remaining four, then the branchlets likc­
wise, even so that they can bring in more deeply nothing else
than that which is suitable for the sensory. This is especiaIly
50 in the case of the brain, where many transverse and angu­
lar detern1inations occur in the comJ1lon branch. and stilY more
in the smaIler branches. These are the general rules which
nature everywhere follows; there are yet innl1merable mies, as
it were, subject and subaltern to these, which rules nature ob­
serves; thence uses and encs are known, and there is nowhere
any deviation. You may see other things in the determina­
tion of the internai carotid, which is as it were an exemplar of
ail; for these things, which have the leadership of life act most
distinctly and regularly for the sake of the internai sensa­
tions; sa that these may be the rules of the remaining sensa~
tions.

33. CHAPTER III.
SENSE IN GENERAL.
ANALYSES.
52. 1. Living is sensating, and, according to the excitation
of the sensation, doing. Life is only half and th us imperfect
in sensating, but perfect and full when conjoined with action;
for sense mIes over action and is in it,-is life in effect; other­
wise it is only in causes, principles and as it were in potency,.
for in action there can be whatever belongs to sensation.
53. 2. The external senses give life to the body; for they
are the external organs and sensories of it. But the internal
senses give life to the superior mind, for they are its internal
organs. In these latter the Understanding and yVill meet, as do
sensation and action in the body; for understanding is higher
than sensating; for the understanding is furnished by the in­
ferior organs and sensates according to their information. Thus
in place of sense is understanding, in place of action is will.
They change their names in a superior sphere or in every su­
peri or degree.
54. 3. The senses are given in order that they may instruct
the soul, as also our rational mind [as to these things]:-1.
V/hat is going on in the macrocosm or in the world outside its
microcosm, so that it may ascertain what the world is doing out­
side the sou!. 2. That it may ascertain whether that which is
bound to enter 1S suitable for the microcosm or not. 3. In order
that the body may thus be enticed and united to the circumfluent
world, and especially to the society and its members in which it
is. 4. In order that its [the soul's] understanding may be in­
structec1 by the way of the senses, or a posterior way, and may
grow into intelligence; thus that it may continually be more
c10sely united to the superior power or to the sou l, finally to the
supreme mind, in order that this may, with its operations, morc
distinctly inflow. 5. In order that in the world we may ac­

34. SENSE IN GENERAL. 23
knowledge, venerate, and finally adore the great Creator;
wherefore we see all these wonelerful things anel in the course
of time, as we become aelult, still more wonderful things. 6.
Thus the senses explore the things which are the ultimates of
the worlel, anel which do not reach to the sphere of sight, of
which otherwise we woulel have no cognizance.
55. The senses are the explorers of things in ultimates in
order that the soul may ascertain them by the means [thus of­
fereel] .
56. 4. As to what appertains more specifically to our senses,
it is known that there are five :-1. The cruelest sense, or touch,
is stretched round about the whole cuticle to such an extent that
nothing can attack, whether naturally from the worlel itself and
its kingdoms, or contingently, which this sense· does not apper­
ceive and announce to its sou!. Indeed if anything hurtful af­
fects the surface itself as in diseases it [announces this]. Where­
fore also the soul can enjoy the senses in order that in the cuticles
it may cognize those things which affect the surface. 2. To the
sense of touch succeeels that of taste, which sensates all those
things which are elissolveel in fluids, waters anel salivas, and
which strike it; wherefore it perceives whether the thing be good
or whether it be evil; thus it perceives what is true and what i5
false, for these things are the very ultimate ends of sensations,
namely, that they make discriminations. 3. To taste again snc­
ceeds in the matter of purity smell; for this sense perceives those
things which float in the crnder atmosphere. 4. These three
senses are neighbors to one another, and are constructeel in the
same modes with similar papillée; but their differences are as
between the prior anel the posterior. Touch is the most general
sense for it perceives a boely or congeries of parts; but taste per­
ceives the parts of this compound, as, for instance, those that
float in water, such as salts, nitres, and those things which ap­
proach to that measure; smell, however, perceives the parts of
these parts, not, however, whole salts, but the divided and
smaller elements, such as' the oily, fragrant, urinous, and
volatile parts. Thu5 these senses taken together constitute one
series, which embraces three degrees, which succeed each other
as prior and posterior.

35. THE SENSES.
57. S. But the superior senses, as hearing and sight, per­
ceive the fol!owing things :-1. Those things which are distant,
whether they endeavor to touch or not, as, for instance, sounds
and objects. 2. Wherefore this sense is brought from a distance
by the atmosphere, and such as it is brought away such it is
brought in by the fibres, that the soul may recognize it. 3. They
furnish the internai sensations themselves, for they bring in
changes of state to the internai organs, which changes remain,
whence is memory. 4. The change which is then brought in
from the memory again brings in changes of state, whence are
intel!ectual ideas, which remain in the superior memory, whence
they are taken as auxiliaries when one reasons; for in every
single one of such ideas there are many things. S. Therefore
these sensations are said to be superior which have like ends,
namely, what is good and what is evil, what is true and what is
false; what is good and what is evil are natural, but what is true
and what is false are to be referred to the understanding, in
order that it mal' judge not according to the goodnesses of the
senses, but according to superior goodness, whence is truth.
This is human.
58. 6. These two senses [namely, hearing and sight] con­
stitute one series. 1. The consideration must be begun from
lowest or ultimate things, or from the hearing of sound. 2.
Then articulate sounds are to be referred to a kind of sight,
whence is imagination; wherefore hearing and sight meet and
the one instructs the other. 3. Finally this is to be referred to
the inmost sense, whence is understanding. 4. Thus the series
of these sensations is also triple, namely, hearing, sight and un­
derstanding, of which the differences are as between prior and
posterior.
59. 7. Al! sensations [perform certain offices]:- 1. They
indicate to the soul the quality of the things which touch the
sensories. 2. The soul is affected according to the disclosures
of touch, if good, joyously, if evil, sadly, whence is affection
which is natural; for all the senses have their own affections,
according to the quality of the forms which touch them, accord­
ing as these agree or disagree with the state of the soul, where­

36. SENSE IN GENERAL. 25
fore as they agree or disagree with the order of the universe and
in their own universe. 3. The soul according to its affections
immediately induces changes of state upon the whole organ or
sensory. 4. rVherefore there are sensation, affection and
change of state which mutually and immediately follow each
other; the organs are wonderfully constructed for all these
things. S. Sometimes the state is changed Ly lowest or cor­
poreal causes, as by diseases, whence other affections and there­
fore other sensations take place. Sometimes the state is chang­
ed Ly inmost causes or those in the rational minci, before con­
tact, whence also there is another sensation and another affec­
tion. (See BoerhaŒve.) Vherefore ail ought to be distinctfy
comprehended.
60. 8. Any external sensory, whether it Le the tongue or the
nostrils or the ear or the eye, is a kiml of common sensory, con­
sisting of infinite smallest things, which are themselves little
sensories, which taken together constitute the common sensory.
1. These little scnsories are fashionecl for every kincl of ap­
proaching objects, evcn so that they are recipients and clefer­
er.ts, wh en those things which touch are agents; thus they are
passive respectively to objects, and active respectively to the
office of carrying away ta the other [sensories]. 2. The sen­
sories or !ittle sensories are pliable and elastic, even so far that,
accorcling to the nature of elastic bodies, they lose nothing from
the impact. 3. They are fashioned for every variation of im­
pelling or touching objects in that degree, and indeed from the
gteatest to the least. That which is greatest ancl least is too
blunt and too sharp, and does not faU into that sense, but per­
ishes and vanishes.'r. 4. Vherefore the sensory of one kincl does
not receive the things which are in a superior or in an inferior
degree, but only to the greatest and least of its oWll degree,
wherefore there are limits and spheres of sensation. S. In order
that the sensory may receive all these varieties the little sen­
sories must ail be perpetually various, even so far that it is neces­
*The passage is obscure. 1 take it to mean that which is greater th an
the greatest of the preceding degree is too blunt. and that which is less
th an the least of the preceding degree is too sharl). to fall into the sense
of the preceding degtee, therefore, il perishes and 'anishes.-TR.

37. 26 THE SENSES.
sary that not one papilla be in every way or absolutely like an­
other. 6. And whatever one little sensory, whether it be a
papilla or any other sentient part, feels, that another papil1a no­
tices, to the extent that every sensation is ,received by every lit­
tle sensory, and thus by the common organ. 7. Every modifica­
tion or tremor enters its own little sensory adequate to itself,
and it enters the point adequate to it; thus since al1 the little
sensories are various, all the various things enter. 8. Where­
fore now in every sensation there are infinite things which con­
cord. 9. Indeed, if it passes over into an elastic membrane, and
if the sense is of its degree, so that it passes over into a cartilage
at the same time, the more the sense is exalted, and becomes
sensible in the common sensory or the brain.
61. 9. To the little sensories append and adhere the nerves
which carry the mode even to the brain. 1. The nerves are com­
poundeJ according té> the degree of the sensation; thus very
simple sensations receive simple nerves or compositions, com­
pound sensations receive compound nerves; for the ascent from
degree to degree is by composition alone and division of the
fibres of various order ; wherefore it is necessary in the cognition
of the degree of the fibres to come at a cognition of the sensa­
tions. 2. Wherefore in every organ there are as many composi­
tions of fibres as there are little sensories, for they are variou3,
but still they are of one degree or series between the greatest and
the least. 3. Contacts strike the little sensories according to
their own figures or forms of modification: figures are of the
impinging parts, forms are of fluids and atmospheres; the
former take on a vibration, but the latter a modification; thus
vibration and modification mutually respond to each other. 4.
Such as is the contact in the extreme little organs, such it
traverses that whole fibre, and ail the fibres into their ante­
cedents, even toward their beginnings in the brain, or in the
cortical substance; for which reason there is no fibre on the
way, there is no spherule of the cortical substance, which does
not receive every part of the vibration or modification, even
so far that they may be the beginnings not only of those fibres,
but a11 the beginnings of the whole common sensory. 5. Not
only the fibre carries this sense, but especially the animal spirit,

38. SENSE IN GENERAL. 27
which courses the fibres, which spirit 1S highly elastic,
and does not Jose anything from a receivec1 force, but pre-
sents the hole in the beginnings; thus such as it is in one ex-
treme such it is in the other, which is the reason why the
sensory fibres are softer and fuller of spirit than the motor
fibres. 6. Ali sensation proceeds according to the fibres into
antecec1ents or toward the cortical substance; but every action
proceec1s according to consequence, or from the cortex into
the muscles; the motor fibres are distinct, and action pro-
ceeds according to certain fibres, not according to aIl.
62. 10. Ali sensations, while they are coming into the fibres
and to the cortical substance, where the true common sensory is,
indicate themselves and their mutations by the mutations of state
induced upon those beginnings. 2. The purer the substance
organically fashionec1 the more mutations of state it can receive
distinctly. 1ts perfection consists in this faculty, and it is an
attribute of it; otherwise it sensates nothing. 3. The extcrna:
organs or those of sensation induce these changes of state upon
the cortical beginnings, to which they are accustomec, whence
is memory. When these mutations return ideas go forth from
the memory; for every mutation comprehends one idea, amI un-
limited greater ideas in the degree that the sensory is purer;
fina!!y infinite ideas into which they can be changed in a mo-
ment. 4. The modification itself and the sensation exactly co-
incide, but the modification becomes sensation, so far as the
recipient principle, that is, the soul, is endowed Vith life; modi-
fication is turned inta sensation by the life of the sou!. 5. The
soul therefore is affected by the harmony and form of the modi-
fications, whence is the affection of the sensations of the animm
and of the mind. 6. According ta that affection the state of the
internaI sensory is instantly changed, wherefore also the state
of the external sensory. The state of the external is changed
by external causes at the same time as by internaI causes; for
the fibre of the !iUle sensory communicates by fibres with
the motor fibre, with the fibre of the glands, and with all
neighboring fibre; thus indeec1 the cerebrul11 and the cerebel-
um [are affectec1] from thé prior; thus there finc1s place a
concursus of affections, wherefore, immediately, a change of

39. 28 THE SENSES.
state. 7. Affections go before, but seem almost in an instant
to incluce change of state; for immecliately sensation finds
place, also change of state finc1s place; affection indeeù is the
means and thus the cause. 8. Affections are general, particu­
lar and singular. and are also to be referred to series and
classes. The most general affections are good and evil, joy
and pleasantness, anù grief or unpleasantness. The fibre ex­
pands itself for good, and contracts itself for evil, of itself.
9. Whereforc a11 the organs. especially their parts or little
sensories of every kind, can take on mutations of state, namely,
according to all affections. A similar state is therefore induced
upon the motor organs, and upon those of the entire neighbor­
hood.
63. l J. Ever)' sensation is carried both to the cerebrum and
ta the cerebellum; it is necessary that both become participant
of the sensation. 2. For the cerebrum is what feels the modes,
indeed also what gives forth affections. 3. But the cerebellum
is what induces suitable changes of state upon the affection. 4.
Vherefore to every single organ of the sensory is sent forth a
nerve both from the cerebrum and from the cerebellum. S. 'llle
fifth pair of the head is a nerve of both the cerebrum and of the
cerebellum, wherefore it goes to ail the sensory organs, and thus
connects [them] with each brain; just as seeing is also from its
softer part. 6. The organs themselves, namely, the external
sensory organs, sensate nothing from themselves, but are only
fashioned for the quality of the abjects in order that they may
receive and carry away [sensations]; they are instrumental
causes; the cerebrum is what sensates, the cerebellllm also; but
this sense [of the cerebellum] does not come to the conscious­
ness of our mind, but to the soul, ta its first causes, which are
fashioned to the order of the sou. 7. Although the soul is
everywhere, still it cannot feel everywhere unless it shall have
formed organs suitable forreceiving; although there is one
force, still the cxercise of use arises from its form and tissue' .
thus in the cerebrum are organs altogether unformed for receiv­
ing, not so elsewhere; thus every tissue is from the same sou.
but is operated variously according to the tissue. This will be
further explained in the Chapter on the Brain.
64. 12. The senses can be sharpened, and indeed as fol­

40. Sr:.NSr:. IN CEl'v'ER/1L.
10ws :-1. From the greatest to the least [degree], in order that
the sphere of sensation may be greater. 2. Then also that they
[the sensations], can be more distinctly perceived. This appears
in touch, taste, sme11, hearing, sight, in animais, in the earlier
and infantile age.
65. The causes of sharpening ancl perfection are as fol­
lows:- 1. In order that a11 may act 'separately in least parts, and
in order that they he not bound together nor adhere, as in com­
pounds, when they grow soft. 2. In order that the sheath which
covers may become softer, and that thus the little sensories may
be the more laid bare. 3. In order that the litt le sensories them­
selves may grow soft, and capable of undergoing more changes
of state. vVherefore [th~y are sharpened] lest they grow callous
or coarse, and lest they cohere to one another and th us become
useless, whence generally indistinct. 4. 'l'hat the little sensorics
may be distinguished into smaller series. 5. Then in order that
a more beautiful and softer variety may reign among the little
sensories, thus that more suitalle changes of state, even thosc
agrecing with the re1ated (affini) [state] can be inducecl. 6. ln
order that the fibres themselves mc.y grow tender [that is, sensi­
tive] and grow soft. 7. A11 these [organs] arise from use anù
(~xercise ; yea, the external organs lil<t as the internaI.
66. 13. It would seem as though t>ere couIc! he more than
five senses, if wc consider the whole sel 'es of the varieties ap­
proaching from the macrocosm, furthermore that ob.iects are
more distinctly apperceivecl by sorne [sens~s] than by others:
one organ,-except the internaI or brain,-receives the varieties
of only one series or clegree, wherefore the perfection is of the
organs. This is callecl its proper sense; there can, however, be
é double sense in one organ. Besicles, 1. Therc can be an organ
that can perceive divisions Boating in water that are smaller
than are the human organs. 2. There can he a sensory which
apperceives sma11er clivisions of the effluvia in the air, perhaps
also those which Boat in the ether, as, for instance, dogs can per­
:eive odors imperceptible to men, etc., animalcula still smaller
things. 3. There can be a sensory than can perceive the small­
est efflllvia in the pmer eÔer itself. 4. Then also it can perceive
the modification of that ether which Bows according to the

41. 3° THE SENSES.
natural fonn, thence is animal magnetism, that they know their
own region (quod plagam suam sciant). 5: It will be demon­
strated in the Psychology and below that our rational mind it·
self, or because we are rational, is the reason for our enjoying
a duller acumCll of sensation [than animais]. 6. From these
things it is evident that there can be a sympathy of minds, from
influx alone by the purer ethereal atmosphere, ane! that it is in
the state after e!eath, and that every one knows the thoughts of
another. Not 50 in an imperfect state.

42. CHAPTER IV.
SilŒLL.
67. 1. The uses of smell a:rc as follows:-r. Smell exists in
order that the soul may take cognizance of what slips into the
lungs, for the sake of the blood, which takes thence atmospheric
elements, and is thereby tllrned into arterial blood. 2. In arder
that the brain may be exhilarated, and perchance that its spirit
may take in ethereal and, as it were, celestial elements by this
way. 3. In arder that the cerebrllm and the cerebellllm may
be excited by external causes into their alternate changes of
animation; likewise the lungs. 4. In arder that, by the excita­
tion of sense, phlegm may be drawn off from ail the organs of
the head, and from the brain, and that they may thus be puri­
fied.
68. 2. As ta the first use, namely, that smell is in arder that
the soul may take cognizance of what slips into the lungs, for the
sake of the blood, which takes thence atmospheric dements and
is thereby turned into arterial blood, see Part II. of the Animal
Kingdon1, on the Tangue, pages 12-15, n. 284. Not~: These
things are ta be observed :-1. That the atmosphere bears in its
bosom stores and crowds of effluvia. 2. Still more so does the
ether. 3. Men sensate only the atmospheric properties and
abundance ~ brute animais sensate also the ethereaI, as is evident
from the power of scent in dogs, and from eagles and other
[birds], which sensate things from a long distance. 4. The
aliments which smell sensates, more than taste, are the purer
cÎlings of the blood. 5. But because aliments and elements of
both kinds [that is, of smell and of taste] con tribute to the
nutrition and refreshment of the blood, hence there is so great
an affinity between them; each sense fully instrtlcts the sou l, as
may appear in brutes. 6. The lungs sensate at the same time,
wherefore animais draw the animations of their respiration
deeply. 7. This is why the nerve of the fifth pair goes ta the
nostrils, and the intercostal nerve ta the lungs; the office that

43. J2 THE SENSES.
the fifth pair performs in the head and towards the sensory
organs, the intercostal performs towards the lungs; wherefore
they concur, or the one inflows into the other, in order that they
may act from agreement. 8. The sense, as for instance taste,
notices from the same cause what may be useful; for the soul
regards the blood as her vicar in the body. 9. That thence the
blood is turned into arterial blood, see The Nase, Part II., 10.
That the cuticles also draw in those things, see The Cutl:cle.
69. That sense is to the end that the brain may be exhila-
rated, and likewise by this way receive ethereal aliments, appears
from the following considerations :-1. It appears from the sud-
den change of the brain and the animus, from a very strong in-
drawn breath. 2. From the sudden change of the animus either
to gladness or to grief (nece1n). 3. From the cuticles, the office
of which the nostrils more distinctly perform; for thecuticles
of the nostrils are more tender, and more immediately communi-
cate with the brains by means of the fibres and membranes. 4.
From the immense abnndance of arteries and veins, as also of
glandules of varions kinds, as in the cuticles. S. From the im-
mediate sanguineous or arterial way into the brain, through the
foramina of the cribriform plate, and by other communications
with the arteries of the brain. See Win slow on the External
Caratid, above. 6. It appears especially from phenomena. 7.
Then also from the nature of this sense in that it sensates more
subtile parts than does taste, therefore if snatches up those part,
which are sllitable for the purer blood or spirit. 8. From the
..:ommunication with all the medul1ary fibre, Vith each meninx,
especial1y the pia mater, with the arteries; all these fibres, name-
Iy, the medullary fibre, the pia mater and the artery, are concen-
trated in the cortical substance. 9. That smell is in the very
pole of the whole cranium and brain, and is the beginning of the
axis of the dllct into the body. 10. Therefore there is a certain
concentration in the inferior sense.
70. Smell exists in arder that if may excite the cerebrum and
the cerebellum inta their alternate turns (see Animal Kingdam,
Part IL). 1. As an external cause which corresponds to the
internaI. 2. This appears from sneezing. 3. From the very
organism of the fibres, and from the connection of al1 things

44. SMELL. 33
pertaining ta it. 4. Why not in man as III beasts, see cited
passage.
71. Sme11 exists in arder that the mucus may .pe drawn off
from the organs. 1. From the ear. 2. From the eye. 3. From
the brain. 4. From the blood. 5. vVhence it is the duct from
ail [the organs of the head]. 6. Wherefore it is intermediate ta
a11, and as it were the central place, whither ail the pituitre flow
together. 7. Thus it is the common emunctory of the head. 8.
When a papi11a is excited, a glandule is aIso excited; thus also
the ducts, membranes and arteries, are conjoined; for the sense
is the cause of the action of a11 these things, for it is their life;
see Animal K ingdo1n, Part II.
72. The use of thcse things which the sense cf smell offers is
the circ1e; the use is for the soul, for the spirit, for the blood,
and from the blood it returns into the spirit; thus ail things are
c1arifiee! and exalted into gladness.
73. 3. The fi'l'st movement of this sensation is the reception
of those things ,,;hieh toneh; the second, thence arising, is sen­
sation; the third, fiowing forth from sensation, is affection; the
four/ho is change of state; the fifth, is the effect.
74. The first movement, or reception, is of the body or of
the nostrils, whieh admit the air feeund with effluvia. The sec··
ond, or sensation, is of the soul herself; for she sensates the
minutest divisions of toueh. The third, or affection, is of our
mine! and at the same time of the soul; for the mind does not
nerceive the minutest divisions, but only ~he affection thence re­
rlounding, and its varieties; thence it is evident how obscure
our sensdlion is, for one affection consists of infinite things;
wherefore it is evident how fallacious it is. The fourth, or
change of state, is of the mind and at the same time of the
orgap or sensory; appetite indeed intercedes anri a certain af­
fection of the animus. The fifth, or the effect, is of the organ
itself and at the same time of the whole body ta which applica­
tion is !TIacle, and ta which t:;e it yields; for ail things in the
whole body dispose themselve~ for receiving, and for serving
the common use.
75. From these things it appears that there is a circ1e, that
it urst begins in the body, tends towards the soul and returns
3

45. 34 THE SENSES.
ta the body, even sa that where the beginning is, there are the
terminations; but after the finished g1're it is the office of the
body, tirst, ta receive, especially sa of the nostrils; second, Qf
~he soul ta feel ; third, of 0~lr mincI ~o be affected ; fourth, of the
animus ta desire; fi/th, of tne nostrils ta be changed as ta suit­
able state; si.rtft, of the whole body ta be disposed, in arder that
an ~ffect may be givel1 forth; thus the first and the last, after
the gyre is run through, come togethel.
76. 4. N ow as ta the first movement, namely, that it is the
reception of those things wluch touch, these things are ta be ot­
~erved :-I. Those parts are especially the harder corpuscles of
the mineraI, vegetable and animal kingdoms,-angulate, poly­
gonous, plane and variously spherical. 2. These parts are like
rhose in taste, but are smaller, for where is the smallest of taste
there is the largest of smell. This is observed in this, that those
things that are tasted are not smelled except as ta the more sub­
tile parts; we taste cammon salt, alkali, acid, but we do not smell
them. 3. But [we smellJ the more volatile saline, sulphurous,
minous particles, and the like. 4. Vherefore these things float
about in the air, and, as may appear, embraced by the bul!:e or
vapors themselves, when they are released from these bull~ they
strike the little sensories. S. Vherefore also they are·present in
greater abundance, for they are iu a superior sphere and de­
gree, where there are more varieties but greater harmonies. 6.
The greatest of t<lste, as for instance common salt, does not act
upon the organ of smell as an abject of its sense, but as an abject
of a cornmon sense; for the cutide itself or the mucous mem­
brarie feels it, whence arises a corrugation. a kind of titillation,
a permutation, and many other things; for like things at the
same time allure many of the little sensories, or the glandules
themselves, in which there is a common sense, similar ta a more
subtile and more sensible cuticular touch. 7. Vhence it may
appear that w!lat is the greatest of smell is not that which is the
smallcst Qf taste, but that it is of a superior c1egree, of like fig-me
with acids or simple salts, which consist of compounds. 8. The
smallest of taste can be said ta be one spine of acid salt, where­
fore' these things are the smallest trigons, cubes, parallelograms,
polygons and the like; whence the very basis, or the greatest of

46. SMELL. 35
that sense, appears; whence the smal1est is known. 9. Brute
animais know distinctly still purer things, on account of many
causes, of which below. 10. From the above we might deduce
whence arises the sense of what is fragrant, noisome élnd the
rest, even so far that those senses can be described if the science
of corpuscles be worked out, without which we never arrive at
a knawledge of sensation, but only of affection, which thing is
not rational, but animal. 11. How infinite are the effiuvia of this
kind, is evident from every object of the mineraI, vegetable and
animal kingdoms, in that every one of these objects continually
breathe forth a billow and ocean of effiuvia which continually
renew themselves. Derivee! from magnetic effiuvia a similar
crowd fills full every object; especial1y the still purer things
whence are compouncls.
77. As to what concerns the second movement or sensation,
it has been said that it is proper to the soul, which apperceives
ail the parts distinctly. 1. Thence is her affection, which dif-
fers altogetber from the affection of our minci. 2. For her af-
fection is of a superior degree, and from single ciifferences taken
together truly feels whether or not a thing is suitable for the
blood; on the other hancl, the affection of our mind apperceives
delight, but does 110t therefore know from affection whether a
thing concluces or not; poisonous things frequent1y smell sweet-
Iy, sorne useful things horri!>ly, and sa forth. 3. Th~t sensa-
tion requires papilI:e adequate to the objects of that sense;
wherefore those papill:e are more subtile, and are not yisible ex-
ceiJt when boilecl in water (see vVinslow) ; there is also, accord-
ing to Heister, a villosity. 4. Those papil12e are more tender,
mare markecl, as may be seen uncler the sheath of pia mater, like
the papil1:e unaer the sheath of the Ol1tmost or coarser membrane
of the tangue. 5. They arise from the ncrves, even so that they
are nerve forms. 6. The membranes themselves cannot give
any such sense, except only the sense of touch, but the forms are
adeqllate ta the abjects. which forms can apply those abjects ta
themselves, and impress the very mode and fignre upon" thp.
nerves, whence there is a corresponcling modification. 7. It is
similar in regard to sight, the rays of which spring back from
the hard parts as abjects, whence continuously exists a modifi-

47. THE SENSES.
cation. 8. How great is the abundance of such papill<e, see
Winslow. The olfactory nerves, together Vith their meninx,
pass over into those papill<e, and are terminated in them as in
their own extremities; see the authorities.
78. The vehicles 'wlûch convey thase abjects are as fal-
laws :-1. The air is the vehicle which carries them about. 2.
Then also the purer air or ether. 3. In the ether they flow more
actively, both because they are more minute and because they
float in more volatile atmospheres, which impart to them their
force of striking. 4. It may seem as if there are vapors in which
the parts are embraced, which are set free in the tumefied nos-
trils, and th us strike [the sensories]. S. There are also spirits
which bear them, as also thin oils, and the like. 6. On accounl
of their minuteness they penetrate the mucus itself. 7. They in-
folel and insil1uate themselves into a kincl of thin humor, which
distills from the brain through the pores of the cribiform plate;
this, like the salivas on the tongue, dissolves and insinuates those
parts; for this saliva is most limpid in its first origin, but this
humor being evolved makes the rest thick, whence is mucus (sec
Vinslow). Hence also this sense rejoices in its OWI1 saliva;
for that something similar exudes from the st:1allest arteriaJ
capillaries can also be conjectured. 8. The things which arl~
coarser are introduced into the mucus, and there beaten, an'j
excite touch, whence also such affections and changes of sta' e
redound as are corrugations and expansions, which continllal'v
extcnd themselves according to cvery contact, namdy, along
the elura mater.
79. H aw the sense of smell penetrates the comman sensary.
1. It takes place especially through the fibres of the olfactory
nerves. 2. Wherefore those fibres tend by the mammillary pro-
cesses through the pores of the cribriform plate even to those
little organs. 3. Thosc fibres are therefore multiplied and are
thin; for the thinner they are the more suitable they are for the
sense; furthermore, they are almost fluid, according to the de-
scription,-all these things being arguments of exquisite sensa-
lion. 4. Thes.e fibres are annexed to ail the fibres of the medulla
of the brain; for they arise between the corpora striata and the
thalami of the optic nerves, 5 Thence the way lies open into

48. SJfELL. 37
all the cortical substance of the brain. 6. Besides these fibres,
fibres of the fifth pair also flow along which carry the sense also
ta the cerebellum; for in arder that a change of state may exist,
it is neccssary that it take place from the cerebellum, which in­
duces a change of state, not only on the organ, but also on the
whole body generally ;this change of state is the office of the fifth
pair, as has also been observed in the sense of taste. Vou will
see many causes below. 7. Besides there is also the pia mater
which hides those papill<e under its sheath; this also conveys
the sense by an opposite way towards the cortex where a meet­
ing takes place. That the pia mater enters the single spherules
of the cortex and gives them a cammon tunic is ta be seen else­
where. 8. How very swiftly the modification traverses those
very subtle fibres, and dissipates itself into the whole expanse
of the membranes, even ta their utmost limits, may appear from
the nature of the modification. Thus on account of this meet­
ing, sense is terrninated in its beginnings. 9. The sense is also
carriecl by an arteriaÎ way, or by the corporeal fibres which likc­
wise enter the cortex; which has been seen in the part on the
Cuticle and will be seen in the part on the Brain. IO. Bence
[the sense enters] by a triple way. Ir. It is allowable ta add
a fourth way, by the dura mater; but by this way the sense of
touch proceeds, whence permutation, etc. I2. Therefore every
~ensatiol1 of smell pervades the entire cortical substance of the
braill. 13. ind by mutations of state gives the sense, which
mutations respond ta the' modifications of the fibres, as does
sight ta harder abjects. Sensation in the cortex of the brain
is only change of state. 14. The fibre of the nerve of the fifth
pair carries those macles also ta the cerebellum, but, as may ap­
pear, by the fibres alone and [also by] their tunics, thus also
into the cortex by a double way. IS. The composition of the
fibres corresponds ta the keenness of the senses; that the keen­
ness of sense is greater arises solely from tllC composition, ten­
derness, and multiplication of the fibres, and from the abund­
ance of spirits in thel11. Ali these things cOlleur in the ani­
mations in brutes, as may appear from the description of the
mamillary processes.
80. 5. As to the affections, which the senses of smell and

49. THE SE.'SES.
taste cause, these things are to be held. 1. The affections of
the soul are of one kind, those of the rational mind another,
those of the imagination another, and those of the organ itself
of another. 2. The affection of the soul will show itself as a
certain love of the society or commerce of its own body, for
the sake of ulterior ends, either for the sake of society, or for
the sake of the heavenly kingdom, altogether according to the
spiritual state of the soul which looks above itself; but the
natural state looks to the side or to society. 3. The affection of
the rational mind is for the sake of good or evil, especially on
account of its body and minci, and its safety; thence arises an
affection of a kind of gooclness which is believed to be here
within, whither they wam those senses. The perception of
goodness is according to principles a posteriori, according to
knowledge and other things, which are the causes of the prin­
ci pIes. 4. The affection of the imagination or of the soul is a
kind of gladness and hilarity, or a sadness arising from the
sense. 5. The affection of the sense itself, whether of taste
or smell, as, for instance, sweetness or fragrance, or the con­
trary, is of the organ itself, therefore also the pleasure. This
affection does not arise from the aforesaid affections, even as
might have been concludecl of them, but only from the harmony
and more perfect form of the parts which come into contact
[with the sensory], to which like modifications in the nerves
respond, and like mutations of state in the cortex of the brain;
thus there is an agreement of form. 6. Ta know the har­
monies of those mutations 'is an immense labor, for they are
according to the forms in every degree. ï. Wherefore those
senses are not corporeal, although they are not sensatecl ex­
cept in the brain by its mutations, and the mutations of its
cortical substance. There is a harmony which can be sub­
mitted to calculation, especially in these senses where circular
forms occur, but it is of vast labor, and it would not now be
useful to go into those subtleties.
81. The causes of the desires and appetites, in tille manner
as of the mutations of the state of the organ of these senses, are
as follows :-1. The cause is the affection itself, and its cause is
the knowledge or understanding of those things which affect

50. SMELL. 39
the sense. 2. Vherefore the cause of appetites in the soul is
different from that in the mind, and sa forth. 3. There is of
the soul indeed a love of perfecting the blood, by those parts
which approach or are attracted by the atmosphere; her affec­
tion is true, but her superior affection is truer, as also her love;
because the cognition of things causing that sense is true. 4.
Of the rational mind is the desire for those things which touch
[the sensory] ; for the mind is affected by the goodness of those
things according ta knowledge which it acquires by art or ex­
periencc or other cognition. 5. But of the animus or imagina­
tion is appetite, arising either from the minci and thus from what
is superior to itself, whichis a rational appetite, or from the
quality of the sense itself, thus from the sense itself of the given
organ. 6. To the sense itself appetite cannat be attributed, but
change of state or a disposition for receiving that ta which it is
thus instigated; as, for instance, will, cupidity and action. 7.
From these things it may appear that they who have appetite
from taste or smell alone are animal, but not rational, where­
fore neither are they truly men; on this account they are not
able ta abstain from those things which are hurtful. They are
only clients of pleasure, bath in respect ta quality and in respect
ta quantity. 8. From these causes it may appear, who excite!
these senses, or, rather, what excites the changes of state thel~"­
selves, namely, on the part of the soul, it is her love, or, on the
part of the rationa1 mind, it is its desire, or, on the part of th:
imagination, it is its appetite, or, on the part of the body, it it
its pleasure. 9. This is the reason that as many as are the heads
sa many are the senses; and that what pleases one displeas !> p
another, that what is pleasurable ta one is unpleasurable ta ...0
other, and that we sometimes desire incongruous and wondf'~·
fuI things, as do pregnant women, etc.
82. 6. The kinds of changes ol state in the sensot"y of
smell. 1. Changes of state arise from these causes, thus di­
versely in each abject. 2. Changes of state from these causes
are induced upon the cortical substance itself; these are its
more common changes; those of taste are still more comlmon,
and those of touch are the most COITUTIOn; aU these changes
the soul sensates distinct1y, for shc is everywhere. 3· Simi­