awareness about drug addiction

1. awareness about drug addiction
• Presented by: Dr.Aftab Hussain
• Clinical psychologist
• Ph.D(Clin Psy) ,Dip in clinical psychology,
• International Certified Addiction Professional(ICAP 1)
• Mindfulness based relapse prevention practitioner

2. Objectives
• Create awareness regarding
substance use among students
• Treatment and prevention

3. INTRODUCTION OF DRUG
•A drug is any substance that,
alters normal bodily function,
resulting any psychological or
behavioral change.
• Drug is a substance used to
treat an illness.

4. American Society
of Addiction Medicine
(ASAM)
“Addiction is a primary, chronic disease
of brain reward, motivation, memory and
related circuitry. Dysfunction in these
circuits leads to characteristic biological,
psychological, social, and spiritual
manifestations. This is reflected in an
individual pathologically pursuing
reward and/or relief by substance use
and other behaviors.”
(American Society of Addiction Medicine, 2011)

5. Classification of drugs
Stimulants (uppers) – Speed up the brain and
central nervous system. Examples are
caffeine (coffee, tea) nicotine
(cigarettes), amphetamines, speed,
cocaine and diet pills.

6. Types of drugs
Depressants (downers) – Slow down the brain and central
nervous system. Examples are alcohol, beer,
wine, vodka, gin etc heroin, tranquilizers,
sleeping pills.

7. Types of drugs
Hallucinogens – These drugs
alter the user’s state of consciousness.
(Distort auditory and visual sensations)
Examples are LSD, ecstasy, magic
mushrooms, marijuana.

8. MARIJUANA
• Marijuana is the most common illegal drug
around
• Comes from a plant called “cannabis”
• Some people call it pot, weed, grass, hash,
smoke or ganja
• Cannabis has the chemical
“tetrahydrocannabinol” or THC
• When you smoke a joint the THC goes into
the lungs, then into the heart which pumps
into the bloodstream which takes it directly
to brain

9. MARIJUANA
• Only takes few minutes for THC to get
to brain when you smoke marijuana
• Eating takes longer to get to brain-
passes through digestive system first
• In brain, activates “receptors” gives you
the feeling of being high
• Marijuana changes physical and chemical
balance in your brain

10. WHY DO PEOPLE USE
DRUGS?

16. 11/27/2021
Low
Self-Esteem..
2.
65 percent of teens say they use
drugs to “feel cool.”

17. 11/27/2021
Self-Medication
These pent up emotions can take an emotional toll and can even
lead to depression or anxiety.

18. 11/27/2021
Parental Influence
If your teen sees you, a friend’s parent or
another authority figure using drugs, they
may think the behavior is normal and
acceptable.

19. RISK FACTORS
• Friends who use drugs (this is the
number one predictor of who will
experiment with drugs/alcohol)

20. RISK FACTORS
• Absence of healthy recreational or leisure
interests
• Early antisocial behavior (e.g., aggression,
hyperactivity, defiance)

21. RISK FACTORS
• Parental drug use and a positive attitude toward use

22. RISK FACTORS
• Academic Failure (low and failing grades)
• Little commitment to school

23. RISK FACTORS
• Favorable attitude towards drug use
• Early first use of drugs
• Prenatal exposure to alcohol (FAS/E)

24. How do drugs affect the brain?
What is the impact of drug use
on the teen brain?

25. Brain imaging studies show physical changes in
areas of the brain when a drug is ingested that
are critical to:
• Judgment
• Decision making
• Learning and memory
• Behavior control
These changes alter the way the brain works and
help explain the compulsion and continued use
despite negative consequences
(National Institute on Drug
Abuse, 2018b)
Drug Use and Addiction

26. Let’s review…
What’s happening at a synapse?
• Chemical exchange between
neurons
• Packages of chemicals (vesicles
of neurotransmitters) are
released from one neuron
• Another neuron receives the
chemicals (receptors)
Neurotransmission

27. Dopamine and Substance Use
• A neurotransmitter that is released during a
pleasurable experience
• Connected to the reward circuit of the brain
• Acts by reinforcing behaviors that are pleasurable
• Leads to neural changes that help form habits
• Released during substance use and reinforces the
connection between the substance and the
pleasurable experience
• Trains the brain to repeat the pleasurable experience
(National Institute on Drug
Abuse, 2018b)

28. Repeated drug exposure changes brain
function. Positron emission tomography (PET)
images are illustrated showing similar brain
changes in dopamine receptors resulting from
addiction to different substances - cocaine,
methamphetamine, alcohol, or heroin. The
striatum (which contains the reward and motor
circuitry) shows up as bright red and yellow in
the controls (in the left column), indicating
numerous dopamine D2 receptors. Conversely,
the brains of addicted individuals (in the right
column) show a less intense signal, indicating
lower levels of dopamine D2 receptors.

29. Depleted dopamine transporter levels in
methamphetamine abusers show recovery after
prolonged abstinence.
In these brain scans, high dopamine transporter
levels appear as red, while low levels appear as
yellow/green.
Dr. Nora Volkow, Director of NIDA
National Institute on Drug Abuse

30. Physical Warning of drug use
• Bloodshot eyes
• Pupils larger or smaller than usual
• Changes in appetite or sleep patterns
• Sudden weight loss or weight gain
• Deterioration of physical appearance
• Unusual smells on breath
• Impaired coordination

31. Behavioural Warnings
• Poor work
• Decline in performance
• Financial problems
• Secretive behaviours
• Sudden change in friends and associates
• Accident or trouble prone
• Lack of motivation and withdrawn
• Unexplained anxiety

32. Psychosocial Manifestations of
Mild/Moderate Drug Disorders
Psychological/Behavioral
• Agitation, irritability, dysphoria, difficulty in coping,
mood swings, hostility, violence, psychosomatic
symptoms, hyperventilation, generalized anxiety, panic
attacks, depression, psychosis
Family
• Chronic stable family dysfunction, marital problems,
anxiety and depression in family members, divorce, abuse
and violence. (Brown, 1992)

33. Screening Instruments
 Modified CAGE for drug abuse
• Examined for older populations (50 and over)
• Excellent sensitivity, poor specificity
(Hinkin et al., 2001)
 Conjoint two-item screen
• "In the past year, have you ever drunk or used drugs more than you meant to?"
• "Have you felt you wanted or needed to cut down on your drinking or drug use in
the past year?"
• Ages 50-59: Sensitivity 73.9, Specificity 84.8
(Brown et al., 2001)
 Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10, 20, 28)
 ASSIST
 ASI
 10 Panel drug test

34. Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-20)
1. Have you used drugs other than those required for medical reasons?
2. Have you abused prescription drugs?
3. Do you abuse more than one drug at a time?
4. Can you get through the week without using drugs (other than those required
for medical reasons)?
5. Are you always able to stop using drugs when you want to?
6. Have you had "blackouts" or "flashbacks" as a result of drug use?
7. Do you ever feel bad or guilty about your drug use?
8. Does your spouse (or parents) ever complain about your involvement with
drugs?
9. Has drug abuse created problems between you and your spouse or your
parents?
10. Have you lost friends because of your use of drugs?

35. Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-20)
11. Have you neglected your family because of your use of drugs?
12. Have you been in trouble at work because of drug abuse?
13. Have you lost a job because of drug abuse?
14. Have you gotten into fights when under the influence of drugs?
15. Have you engaged in illegal activities in order to obtain drugs?
16. Have you been arrested for possession of illegal drugs?
17. Have you ever experienced withdrawal symptoms (felt sick) when you stopped
taking drugs?
18. Have you had medical problems as a result of your drug use (e.g., memory loss,
hepatitis, convulsions, bleeding, etc.)?
19. Have you gone to anyone for help for a drug problem?
20. Have you been involved in a treatment program specifically related to drug
use?

37. Signs to look for
• Mood Swings & Attitude
• New Friends
• Bad Performance in school
• Physical Health
• “Evidence”
• Increased Secrecy
• Little Things - fashion, hairstyle, breath mints, untidy room
• Overt Signals

38. Parenting Strategies
• Set appropriate limits: based on your child’s needs, capabilities, age, and
trust.
• Enforce limits: establish clear, specific limits and follow through with
consequences.
• Continue relationship building: approach your children with a sense
of love and trust. Expect the best not the worst.
• Team parenting: be predictable and work as a team.
• Modeling: demonstrate healthy and appropriate behaviors at home and in
social settings.
• Communicate/Face it head on: talk openly to your teens about
drugs and alcohol. Teach refusal skills.

39. A Treatable Disease
• Substance use disorders are preventable and
treatable
• Successful substance use disorder treatment is
highly individualized and entails:
• Medication
• Behavioral interventions
• Peer support
- Dr. Nora Volkow,
National Institute on
Drug Abuse
"Groundbreaking
discoveries about the
brain have
revolutionized our
understanding of
addiction, enabling us
to respond
effectively to the
problem"
(National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2018c; Longo, 2016)

40. Relapse Rates for Chronic Conditions
(McLellan et al., 2000)

41. (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2018c)
Purpose of Treatment
• Reduce the major symptoms of the illness
• Improve health and social functioning
• Teach and motivate individuals to monitor their
condition and manage threats of relapse

42. Treatment For Drug Addiction
• Hospitalization
• Behavioural Therapies
• Occupational Therapy
• Change in Addict’s Social Environment

43. 1. Addiction is a complex but treatable disease that affects
brain function and behavior
2. No single treatment is appropriate for everyone
3. Treatment needs to be readily available
4. Effective treatment attends to multiple needs of the
individual, not just his or her drug abuse
5. Remaining in treatment for an adequate period of time is
critical
6. Behavioral therapies are the most commonly used forms
of drug abuse treatment
7. Medications are an important element of treatment for
many patients, especially when combined with counseling
and other behavioral therapies
Principles of Effective Drug Addiction Treatment:
A Research Based Guide
(National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2018c)

44. 8. An individual’s treatment and services plan must be assessed
continually and modified as necessary to ensure that it meets his
or her changing needs
9. Many drug-addicted individuals also have other mental
disorders
10. Medically assisted detoxification is only the first stage of
addiction treatment and by itself does little to change long-term
drug abuse
11. Treatment does not need to be voluntary to be effective
12. Drug use during treatment must be monitored continuously, as
lapses during treatment do occur
13. Treatment programs should test patients for infectious diseases
Principles of Effective Drug Addiction Treatment:
A Research Based Guide (cont’d)
(National Institute on Drug
Abuse, 2018c)

45. Evinced Based Treatment

46. Treat them with respect
• Listen to their concerns and reasons for continued or
relapse.
• Meet our clients where they are emotionally and
intellectually, not where we are.
• Use drug testing
• Clients must be held accountable and have to face
consequences for their actions.
• If we take away their only solution to life’s problems we
need to follow that up with some other means of coping.

47. Relapse
• 60% of people who successfully complete treatment will relapse within the
first year after leaving a facility.
• The leading cause for relapse is failure to follow the prescribed continuing
care plan set up at discharge.

48. • Full recovery is a challenge, but it is possible!

49. Extended abstinence is Predictive
of sustained Recovery

50. Recovery

51. What is recovery?
A process of change through
which individuals improve
their health and wellness,
live self-directed lives, and
strive to reach their full
potential.
Access to evidence-based substance use
disorder treatment and recovery support
services are important building blocks to
recovery
SAMHSA’s Working Definition
What Is Recovery?
SAMHSA’s Working Definition
(Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration,
2012)

52. Have a look on stats…
• Almost 5.8 % of the adult population.
• Nearly 25 % of the youth population

53. Drug usage in Pakistan
• According to (UNODC), 6.7 million Pakistanis used
drugs in the year of 2013.
• Every 27 persons in Pakistan are using drugs
• UNODC(2019) revealed in his report that in 2017,
an expected 271 million individuals, or 5.5 percent of
the worldwide people’s age range 15–64 used
substance within the past year.

54. Cont…
• UNODC (2019) announced that in 2017, around 0.6
percent of the people worldwide aged 15–64 or 29
million people were estimated to have used
amphetamines (amphetamine and
methamphetamine) in the last year.