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Hyperinsulinism Maria Craig HCMC 2014 email'.pptx
1. Neonatal Hypoglycaemia and
Congenital Hyperinsulinism
A/Prof Maria Craig
Paediatric Endocrinologist
Children’s Hospital at Westmead
University of Sydney, University of NSW
2. Hạ đường huyết sơ sinh và
cường Insulin bẩm sinh
A/Prof Maria Craig
Paediatric Endocrinologist
Children’s Hospital at Westmead
University of Sydney, University of NSW
3. Case History
• Term, male infant
• Mother G1P0
• Uneventful pregnancy
– normal 28 week ultrasound
– normal OGTT at 8 months
• Parents - Egyptian 1st cousins
5. Delivery
• NVD
• BW 4700 g (>90th percentile)
• APGARS 5, 8
• Transient tachypnoea
• Very unsettled & hungry baby
• No BGL monitoring initially
6. Delivery
• Sanh thường
• Cân nặng lúc sanh 4700 g (>90th
percentile)
• APGARS 5, 8
• Thở nhanh cơn ngắn
• Trẻ không được chăm sóc tốt
• Không được theo dõi đường huyết ban
đầu
7. NSW population percentile data: Beeby, Bhuta & Taylor, 1996
0
5 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 5 0 0
2 0 0 0
2 5 0 0
3 0 0 0
3 5 0 0
4 0 0 0
4 5 0 0
5 0 0 0
2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0 3 2 3 4 3 6 3 8 4 0 4 2 4 4
G e s ta tio n a l a g e ( w e e k s )
( g )
6 0
97
90
75
50
25
10
3
Birthweight
Males
8. Day 3
• 0720h: cyanotic/apnoeic episode
• Frothing at mouth, “staring into space”
• Clinical assessment
– Jittery, hypotonic, sweaty, high pitched cry
• Heel prick BGL: low
• How would you manage this patient?
12. Acute Management
• IV 10% dextrose @ 120mls/kg/day
= 8.3 mg/kg/min of glucose
• Increased to 12.5% D @ 150mls/kg/day
within 12hrs due to ongoing hypoglycaemia
= 12.8 mg/kg/min
13. Điều trị
• TM 10% dextrose @ 120mls/kg/ngày
= 8.3 mg/kg/ph of glucose
• Tăng lên 12.5% D @ 150mls/kg/ngày trong
12h do tình trạng hạ ĐH còn diễn tiến
= 12.8 mg/kg/min
14. The next day
• Further results available
– GLUCOSE <0.5 mmol/L
– GH 34.9 mU/L
– CORTISOL 1358 nmol/L
– INSULIN 8 mU/L
• Ammonia normal
• Urine metabolic screen normal
• Diagnosis: congenital hypersinulinism (CHI)
20. Progress
• Diazoxide increased over the next week to
15mg/kg/day
• Attempts to wean IV unsuccessful, calories
increased to 30kcal, total intake
180ml/kg/day
~ 17mg/kg/min of glucose
• Feed intolerance – continuous NG feeds
commenced
21. Diễn tiến
• Tăng liều diazoxide trong tuần kế tiếp lên
liều 15mg/kg/ngày
• Hỗ trợ nuôi ăn tĩnh mạch không thành
công, lượng calori tăng lên khoảng 30kcal,
tổng cộng đưa vào khoảng 180ml/kg/ngày
~ 17mg/kg/ph of glucose
• Tiếp tục nuôi ăn qua sonde được khuyến
cáo.
22. Progress (2)
• BGL <2mmol/L approx once daily despite
2nd hourly tube feeds
• Octreotide commenced on Day 21
(5mg/kg/day)
• Ongoing hypoglycaemia despite maximal
doses of octreotide & diazoxide
• Pancreatectomy recommended and
tentatively booked – but parents refused
24. Other problems
• While in hospital
– Continued intermittent hypoglycaemia
– Weight gain ++
– Feed intolerance – gastrostomy inserted
– Vitamin D deficiency
– Iron deficiency
• Eventually discharged home at age 3 mths
25. Các vấn đề khác
• Trong lúc nằm viện
– Tiếp tục bị hạ ĐH thường xuyên
– Tăng cân ++
– Nuôi ăn bằng mở dạ dày ra da
– Thiếu Vitamin D
– Thiếu sắt
• Cuối cùng xuất viện lúc 3 tháng tuổi
26. Outpatient follow-up
• Intensive management: 3rd hourly feeds
• Weight gain +++
• Persistent Vitamin D and iron deficiency
• Delayed motor milestones
• Eventually weaned off Octreotide at age 3
years
28. Hypoglycaemia
• Definition
–No single concentration at which all
children show signs of neuroglycopaenia
• Depends on age of child and severity of symptoms
–Most definitions
• plasma glucose < 2.5 mmol/l (<45 mg/dL)
• whole blood glucose < 2.2 mmol/L
–Neonates, especially preterm, lower
values may be accepted in first 24 hours
• < 1.65 mmol/L (30 mg/dL)
30. Definition of Hypoglycemia
Whipple’s Triad:
Diagnosis of acute hypoglycemia requires
1. Clinical symptoms of hypoglycemia plus
2. Simultaneous low plasma glucose plus
3. Clinical signs must resolve when
normoglycemia is established
Ann Surg 101:1299-1310; 1935
32. Neonatal hypoglycaemia
• Common: occurs in ~3% of infants
• Neonatal glucose requirements are high
– Neonates: 4 – 8 mg/kg/min
– Children: 3 – 5 mg/kg/min
– Adults: 2 – 3 mg/kg/min
• Infants have low adipose and lean tissue
mass relative to total weight
– Thus potential for gluconeogenesis is lower
• Decompensation occurs more easily
33. Hạ ĐH sơ sinh
• Thường gặp, ~3% trẻ sơ sinh
• Đòi hỏi truyền D liều cao
– Sơ sinh: 4 – 8 mg/kg/ph
– Trẻ em: 3 – 5 mg/kg/ph
– Người lớn: 2 – 3 mg/kg/ph
• Trẻ có khối lượng cơ, mỡ thấp liên quan
cân nặng thấp
– Vì vậy tân tạo đường thấp hơn
• Tình trạng mất bù xảy ra thường xuyên hơn
34. Presentation of hypoglycaemia
• Symptoms may be non-specific & overlooked
– Cyanosis, apnoea
– Respiratory distress
– Poor feeding
– Hypothermia
– Irritability
– Seizures
• Symptoms are not diagnostic
36. Diagnosis of hypoglycaemia - pitfalls
• Beware of glucometer measurements
– Accuracy is variable
• Formal blood glucose is essential
– Venous vs capillary
– Handling of blood samples – BGL drops over
time
37. Sai lầm khi chẩn đoán hạ ĐH
• Cẩn thận với dụng cụ đo ĐH
– Cần phải chính xác .
• Đường huyết thường quy là cần thiết
– Tĩnh mạch vs mao mạch
– Mẫu máu để quá thời gian qui định
38. Hypoglycaemia
and the Brain
CSF glucose is 2/3 that of plasma
Intracerebral glucose 1/3 that of plasma
The brain has no glucose stores
40. Response to Hypoglycaemia
• Counter-regulatory
– Glycogenolyis
• Stimulated by glucagon and catecholamines
which act very quickly
– Gluconeogenesis
• Stimulated by glucagon (and also cortisol,
weak effect)
• Metabolic
– Suppression of insulin at ~ 4-4.5mmol/L
50. Nguyên nhân Hạ ĐH sơ sinh
• Giảm dự trữ glycogen
* Sanh non (>40% cases)
* Nhiễm trùng huyết
* Sanh ngạt
* Tim bẩm sinh
• Rối loạn chuyển hóa
* Rối loạn về Tân tạo đường
Tổng hợp đường
Oxy hóa chất béo
• Khác
* Hạ ĐH giả tạo
51. Transient Neonatal Hypoglycemia
• Postnatal instability, inadequate fuel
• 2 – 3 per 1000 live births
– Up to 10% of neonates in 1st 24 hours
• Occurs within first 12 hours after birth
• Resolves within 3 – 5 days
52. Hạ đường huyết sơ sinh thoáng qua
• Dự trữ năng lượng thiếu, không ổn định
• 2 – 3 / 1000 trẻ sinh sống
- 10% của trẻ sơ sinh trong giờ đầu sau sinh
Xảy ra trong 12h đầu sau sinh
• Hồi phục trong 3 – 5 ngày
53. CHI
• 1:50,000 births (European population)
– 1 in 2500 in Saudia Arabia
• Classically born large for gestational age
(>97th percentile)
• Hypoglycaemia in 1st week of life
• Inappropriately high insulin in presence of
hypoglycaemia
• Range of genetic mutations now recognised
54. CHI
• 1:50,000 trẻ (dân số Châu Âu)
– 1 trong 2500 in Saudia Arabia
• Classically born large for gestational age
(>97th percentile)
• Hạ đường huyết trong tuần đầu
• Insulin cao không tương ứng với mức độ
đường huyết
• Tỉ lệ ĐB gen đang nghiên cứu
55. Pathophysiology of CHI
• Histologic abnormalities in pancreatic structure
are heterogeneous
• 2 broad categories
– Diffuse disease
• Recessive or dominant
– Focal adenomatous hyperplasia (25-33% cases)
• “2 hit hypothesis”:
– Inheritance of a paternal ABCC8/KCNJ11
– Somatic loss of maternal 11p15.1 to 11p15.5 involving
ABCC8/KCNJ11 region within the focal lesion
56. Sinh bệnh học cường Insulin
bẩm sinh
• Bất thường mô học ở cấu trúc tụy là không
đồng nhất
• 2 phân loại:
– Lan tỏa:
• ĐB lặn hoặc trội
– Tăng sản biểu mô khu trú (25-33% trường hợp)
• “2 hit hypothesis”:
– Inheritance of a paternal ABCC8/KCNJ11
– Somatic loss of maternal 11p15.1 to 11p15.5 involving
ABCC8/KCNJ11 region within the focal lesion
57.
58. CHI: aetiological classification
• Channelopathies
– ABCC8 (encodes SUR1), KCNJ11 (encodes KIR 6.2)
• Accounts for 40-45% of CHI (82% if diazoxide unresponsive)
• Metabolopathies
– GLUD1 - encodes mitochondrial enzyme glutamate
dehydrogenase (GDH) = CHI with hyperammonaemia
– HADH - encodes mitochondrial enzyme short-chain-L-
3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; interacts with GDH
– GCK - encodes glucokinase - autosomal dominant
(AD) activating mutation
– UCP2 - encodes mitochondrial uncoupling protein
59. CHI: phân loại nguyên nhân
• Bệnh của kênh:
– ABCC8 (encodes SUR1), KCNJ11 (encodes KIR 6.2)
• Chiếm khoảng 40-50% trường hợp cường Insulin bẩm sinh
(82% nếu không đáp ứng diazoxide)
• Bệnh chuyển hóa:
– GLUD1 - mã hóa enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase
(GDH) của ty thể = CHI với tăng amoni máu
– HADH – mã hóa enzyme chuỗi ngắn –L-3-hydroxyacyl
- CoA dehydrogenase của ty thể; interacts with GDH
– GCK – mã hóa glucokinase – đột biến NST trội
– UCP2 – mã hóa protein không bắt cặp của ty thể
60. CHI: aetiological classification 2
• Transcription factors
– HNF4A – inactivating mutation (AD)
• Later in life MODY1
– HNF1A – inactivating mutation (AD)
• Later in life MODY3
• Transporters
– SLC16A1 – encodes MCT1 (carries lactate and
pyruvate across cell membrane)
61. CHI:phân loại nguyên nhân 2
• Yếu tố chuyển đoạn
– HNF4A – inactivating mutation (AD)
• Later in life MODY1
– HNF1A – inactivating mutation (AD)
• Later in life MODY3
• Vận chuyển
– SLC16A1 – mã hóa MCT1 (mang lactate và
pyruvate xuyên màng tế bào)
65. Diagnosis of CHI
• Persistently elevated insulin level in the setting of
fasting/postprandial hypoglycaemia
• Suppressed or low serum ketones
• Suppressed or low serum fatty acids
• Glucose infusion rate > 10mg/kg/min required to
maintain BGL > 3mmol/L
• If in doubt, positive response to IV or IM glucagon
(increase in BGL by > 1.5 mmol/L)
• DNA: 2 mutations in ABCC8 or KCNJ11 = diffuse
• PET scan (not needed if genetics confirms diffuse)
66. Chẩn đoán
• Tăng insulin kéo dài – hạ ĐH nhanh/ sau ăn
• Ketones máu thấp hoặc không phát hiện
• Acid béo thấp hoặc không phát hiện
• Cần truyền glucose >10mg/kg/ph để duy trì ĐH >
3mmol/L
• If in doubt, đáp ứng với TM hay TB glucagon (tăng
ĐH> 1.5 mmol/L)
• DNA: 2 đột biến gen ABCC8 hay KCNJ11 = lan tỏa
• PET scan (không cần thiết nếu đã có ĐB gen nghi
ngờ tổn thương lan tỏa)
67. CHI: management cascade
• Medical therapy
– Diazoxide (up to 20 mg/kg/day)
• Definition of responsiveness:
– Normal fasting tolerance
– Normal feeding volume and frequency
– No hypoglycaemia
– Appropriate increase in fatty acids and ketone bodies
during fasting test
– Nifedipine (2.5 mg/kg/day)
– Glucagon (1-20 ug/kg/hr) IV or S/C
– Octreotide (5-30 ug/kg/day)
68. CHI: thang điều trị
• Dùng thuốc
– Diazoxide (tối đa20 mg/kg/day)
• Đáp ứng khi:
– ĐH đói bình thường
– Nuôi ăn bình thường
– Không còn hạ ĐH
– Tăng thích hợp AB và thể keton trong nghiệm pháp ĐH đói
– Nifedipine (2.5 mg/kg/day)
– Glucagon (1-20 ug/kg/hr) IV or S/C
– Octreotide (5-30 ug/kg/day)
70. CHI – surgical therapy
• Segmental resection of focal lesion
(laparoscopic)
• Pancreatectomy if medical and dietary
therapies are ineffective at maintaining
normoglycemia
• stop all medications before the intervention
(5 days for diazoxide, 2 days for octreotide)
as these drugs may interfere with the
histological analysis
71. CHI – phẫu thuật
• Cắt tụy một phần nếu tổn thương khu
trú(laparoscopic)
• Cắt tụy nếu điều trị bằng thuốc và chế độ
ăn không đáp ứng
• Ngưng tất cả các thuốc trước khi mổ/can
thiệp (5 ngày đối với diazoxide, 2 ngày đối
với octreotide) nếu không có thể gây sai
lệch kết quả phân tích mô học
72.
73. Long term outcome
• Intellectual disability ~ 25%, severe in 8%
• More likely for neonatal onset CHI and those who
have surgery (10% vs 4%)
• Long term risk of diabetes if near-total
pancreatectomy (90% by 14 years)
– Follow up should include assessment of glycaemia
• Risk of glucose intolerance and diabetes even
without surgery, esp for HNF4A
• Risk of hypoglycaemia at times of fasting/illness
• Genetic counselling for future pregnancies
– Negligible recurrence risk for focal disease
74. Tiên lượng lâu dài
• Có thể hồi phục ~ 25%, nặng trong 8%
• More likely for neonatal onset CHI and those who
have surgery (10% vs 4%)
• Nguy cơ ĐTĐ nếu cắt bỏ gần hết tụy (90% trong
14 năm)
– Theo dõi đường huyết để đánh giá
• Nguy cơ kém dung nạp đường và tiểu đường
ngay cả khi không PT, đặc biệt là ĐB gen HNF4A
• Nguy cơ hạ ĐH khi đói/bệnh
• Tư vấn XN gen cho thai kỳ tiếp theo
– Nguy cơ tái phát không đáng kể trong tổn thương khu
75. Summary / take home messages
• In infants with ‘epileptic’ symptoms,
hypoglycaemia must be excluded
• Blood and urine testing at the time of
hypoglycaemia (‘critical sample’) is
essential for making the diagnosis
• Rapid genetic testing available
• Parents of affected children should be
aware of risk of severe hypoglycaemia at
times of intercurrent illness
Figure 1 Histology of the focal form of HI. Histological features of focal form (A1-A4) on frozen sections stained by toluidine blue (A1, A3,
A4) and on immunostaining with proinsuline antibody (A2). At low magnification (A1, x25; A2, x16) a modified architecture of pancreatic tissue
is observed within the focal form. The focal form is not encapsulated and is poorly delimited. It contains focal adenomatous hyperplasia of islets
(pale areas) intermingled and/or surrounded by exocrine acini (darkest area underlined by white stars) (A1 and A3). This pattern is underlined by
proinsuline showing an evident contrast between the focal lesion and normal pancreas (doted line circles). At high magnification (A3 and A4, ×
200), the focal lesion (A3) is composed of islets containing a heterogeneous population of endocrine cells of various sizes. Some of these cells
have large nuclei (arrows, A3) and large cytoplasms. By contrast, normal islets (doted line circles) observed outside the lesion have endocrine
cells of usual size without enlarged nuclei (A4).
Common mutations associated with CHI. (1) ATP gated K+ channel (KATP) encoded by ABCC8 and KCNJ11; (2) Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GDH) encoded by GLUD1; (3) Glucokinase (GCK) encoded by GCK gene; (4) L-3-hyroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HADH) encoded by HADH; (5) Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α (HNF4α) encoded by HNF4A gene; (6) The moncarboxylate transporter (MCT1) encoded by SLC16A1; (7) Uncoupling Protein 2 (UCP2)
The diagnosis of diffuse form is definitive when two
mutations are found in ABCC8 or KCNJ11 genes, or
mutation(s) in the other genes involved in HI. In that
case, PET-scan is not necessary.
The diagnosis of diffuse form is definitive when two
mutations are found in ABCC8 or KCNJ11 genes, or
mutation(s) in the other genes involved in HI. In that
case, PET-scan is not necessary.
Management tree for HI patients. DZX: Diazoxide; HI: Hyperinsulinism; Med treatt: Medical treatment. * Failure of the surgery for a
focal form of HI is rare, but happens when the focal form is very large or when two focal forms coexist within the same pancreas.