2.
Gross features of medulla oblongata.
Blood supply of medulla.
Cranial nerves attachments to medulla
Nuclei situated in medulla
White fibers/tracts passing through medulla
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3.
The medulla contains the cardiac, respiratory,
vomiting and vasomotor centers and deals with
autonomic functions, such as breathing, heart
rate and blood pressure.
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4.
Cylindrical mass of brain tissue that connects
the brain with spinal cord.
It has anterior and posterior surfaces, anterior
surface having anterior median line interrupted
by decussation of white fibers, the motor
decussation.
On ventral surface , pyramids are two
elevations followed by anteriolateral oval
swellings, the olives.
The hypoglossal nerve rootlets are arising
from the sulcus between olive and pyramids.
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7.
Posterior to the olive, the sulcus is having the
emergence of glossopharyngeal nerve,vagus and
accessory nerve rootlets.
On the posterior surface there are two tracts running
parallel to the posteromedian sulcus,
The fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus.
These two fasciculi superiorly ends up in the
corresponding tuberculum, tubercle of gracile and
tubercle of cuneatus.
Rostrally there is an open part of medulla that form
the floor of VI ventricle.
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9.
To cerebellum by means of inferior cerebellar
peduncles.
The medulla passes out of foramen magnum
and becomes continuous with the spinal cord.
The two vertebral arteries enter the foramen
magnum and fuse with each other at the lower
border of pons to form the basilar artery.
The vertebral artery give rise to PICA
branch(posterior inferior cerebellar artery)
which also supplies lateral aspect of medulla.
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12.
It is the clinical manifestation resulting from
occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar
artery (PICA) or one of its branches or of the
vertebral artery, in which the lateral part of the
medulla oblongata infarcts, resulting in a
typical pattern.
Wallenberg syndrome
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14. Features of lateral medullary syndrome/ Wallenberg syndrome
DYSFUNCTION
EFFECT
Vestibular nuclei
Vertigo, nystagmus,vomiting &diplopia
Inferior cerebellar peduncles
Ipsilateral cerebellar signs, ataxia
Nucleus ambiguous(IX,X,XI)
Dysphagia,hoarseness, diminished gag
reflex
Spinal trigeminal nucleus
Ipsilateral loss of touch,pain
&temperature sensation from face
Lateral spinothalamic tract
Contralateral deficits in pain and
temperature from body
Sympathetic fibers
Ipsilateral Horner's syndrome
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17. 1. Miosis
2. Anhidrosis
3. Loss of pain &
temperature on
opposite half of face
4. & Ptosis
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18.
The infarction leads to death of the ipsilateral
medullary pyramid, the ipsilateral medial
lemniscus, and hypoglossal nerve fibers that pass
through the medulla.
It is also called as "Dejerine syndrome.
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19. Description
Source of damage
A deviation of the tongue to the Ipsilateral
side of the infarct on attempted
protrusion, caused by muscle weakness on
the Ipsilateral side
Hypoglossal nerve fibers
Limb weakness (or hemiplegia, depending
on severity), on the contralateral side of
the infarct
A loss of discriminative touch, conscious
proprioception, and vibration sense on the
contralateral side of the infarct
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Medullary pyramid and hence to
the
Corticospinal fibers
of the
pyramidal tract
Medial leminiscus
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34.
It is formed by
internal arcuate fibers
that arise from the
nuclei gracilis and
cuneatus and ascend
upwards in the brain
stem to terminate in
the thalamus.
They carry fine
touch, vibration and
conscious
proprioception.
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35.
This tract is involved in
the perception of
touch, temperature, and
sharp pain.
It is composed of three
separate tracts,
The spinothalamic tract,
The spinoreticular
tract, and
The spinotectal tract.
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The pyramidal tract
A motor tract descending
from cerebral cortex and
pass through the brain
stem, at medulla level 90%
of the fibers migrate to the
opposite side as motor
decussation and runs in
contralateral side as lateral
corticospinal tract.
This carry upper motor
neuron fibes from motor
cortex.
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36.
Bulbar paralysis is Glosso-Labio-Laryngeal Paralysis
due to atrophy of the grey nuclei at medulla.
XII nerve paralysis
A lower motor neurone (LMN) lesion produces wasting
of the ipsilateral side of the tongue, with fasciculation;
and on attempted protrusion the tongue deviates
towards the affected side, but the tongue deviates away
from the side of a central lesion.
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37. She can speak, but her words are not enunciated clearly.
Neurologic examination 6 weeks later shows an extensor
plantar reflex on the right. When she is asked to protrude
her tongue, it deviates to the left, and the muscle in the left
side of the tongue shows considerable atrophy. Which of
the following labeled areas in the transverse sections of the
brain stem is most likely damaged?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E
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