How to take custody of and protect your Bitcoin from theft and destruction.

1. PROTECTING
CRYPTOCURRENCY KEYS
DIMITRIS TSAPAKIDIS
@DIMITRIS
LINKEDIN.COM/IN/DIMITRIS
DECEMBER 2022

2. “THE ONLY MEANINGFUL
ADOPTION METRIC IS PEOPLE
WHO SELF CUSTODY BITCOIN”
@HODLONAUT

3. AGENDA
• Exchange & custodial threats
• Self-custody threats
• What to protect?
• How to protect?

4. NOT YOUR KEYS, NOT YOUR COINS
• Custodial wallets can be hacked
• Exchanges might not be solvent
• Bankruptcy takes years and you get cents on your Euro
• Exchanges selling you paper Bitcoin also suppress the price
• Exchanges might ask your for strict KYC and Source of Wealth
documentation
• Having exchanges hold a large % of all Bitcoin is a systemic risk
• Bitcoin is not valuable if it can be confiscated and you need to ask
permission to send it

5. NOT YOUR KEYS, NOT YOUR COINS
• Use 2 Factor Authentication, without SMS
• Watermark your KYC documents!
• Journey from exchange to personal custody
• Learn about sending coins to your personal (non-custodial) wallet
• Learn about sending coins between wallets
• Practice and become confident
• Buy a hardware wallet
• Don’t wait for a bank (exchange) run to start!

6. BITCOIN KEYS
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Mnemonic Seed
Phrase
Public
Private
Bitcoin private keys
Bitcoin receive addresses
0.3BTC 0.5BTC

7. THREATS
• Theft
• Destruction
• Take them with you to your grave
• Multiparty/Institutional ownership
• Receiving coins on your behalf: web server, teller/waiter
• Privacy
• Low-entropy keys
abandon ability able about
above absent absorb
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access accident account
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Mnemonic Seed
Phrase
Public
Private
Bitcoin private keys
Bitcoin receive addresses
0.3BTC 0.5BTC

8. THREATS
• Dust
• Kidnap/robbery: https://github.com/jlopp/physical-bitcoin-attacks

9. TOOLS
• Use these tools to protect your coins
• They are building blocks to mix and match like LEGOs

10. FIRST RULE OF FIGHT CLUB
• Don’t talk about your Bitcoin

11. TIERED WALLETS
• Cellphone: spending cash
• Hardware wallet: savings
• Multisig with cold wallets: long term investments

12. MEMORIZE THE SEED PHRASE
• Useful if you have to walk from Syria to Germany and you have to
swim across the Mediterranean
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Mnemonic Seed
Phrase

13. CRYPTOSTEEL
• Store your seed phrase
• Protects against fire
• Protects against water
• Split in two: password and
encrypted seed
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Mnemonic Seed
Phrase

14. SAFETY DEPOSIT BOXES IN GREECE
• One master owner
• Multiple co-owners
• Can only access the box while the master own is alive
• When the master owner dies the box is sealed
• Opened in the presence of public notary, heirs, heir appraiser
and an appraiser sent by the tax office

15. GENERATE YOUR OWN SEED PHRASE
https://iancoleman.io/bip39/
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Mnemonic Seed
Phrase

16. KEYS NEVER EXPOSED
HARDWARE WALLETS
Key generation
Transaction signing
Devices are offline
Ledger
Trezor
Coldcard

17. RISKS OF SOFTWARE WALLETS
• Insecure, general-purpose computing devices
• Seed copied off screen
• Private keys stolen after you unlock your wallet
• Keyboard sniffers or learning/prediction algorithms
• Fake wallets

18. VERIFY DESTINATION ADDRESSES
• Are you sending money to
the correct address?
• Computer clipboard can be
altered

19. ONE ADDRESS PER TRANSACTION
• Wallets automatically
generate new addresses
• Preserve your privacy
• Preserve everyone’s privacy

20. DEAD MAN’S SWITCH
• “If something happens to
me” movie line
• Does nothing as long as we
are alive
• Acts when we stop
demonstrating signs of life
• Google’s Inactive Account
Manager
• Test it!

21. LAST WILL AND TESTAMENT
• Gifting €5,000 vs gifting
€500,000
• So your loved ones can
spend your coins
• Read articles by Pamela
Morgan https://medium.com/
@pamelawjd

22. SHAMIR’S SECRET SHARING
• Break any secret into X pieces
• At least Y pieces required to reconstruct the secret
• Y<=X
• e.g. 3 out of 5
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamir%27s_Secret_Sharing

23. MULTISIG ADDRESSES
MULTISIGNATURES
2 of 4 keys

24. MULTISIG USE CASES
• Authorizing payments as a group of people: 2 of 3: CEO, CFO,
Accountant
• Gift your coins to your descendants after you get hit by a bus: 2 of 4:
your phone, your hardware wallet, bank vault, a relative
• Use your coins with untrusted wallets: your phone, your computers,
bank vault. Optionally: go Seedless.
• Use your coins with an offsite wallet: your phone, authenticated
payment provider, bank vault. See https://greenaddress.it
• Payment escrow: 2 of 3: Buyer, Seller, Trusted Escrow Agent. See
https://www.openbazaar.org

25. MULTISIG WALLETS
• CoPay/Bitpay
• Electrum
• Casa (Seedless)
• Bluewallet
• Sparrow Wallet
• Multisig has extra backup requirements
• You need to backup a copy of everyone’s public key (xpub)

26. COLD WALLETS
• Private keys only used on an offline computer
• Private keys can be permanently or temporarily stored
• Can sign transactions
• http://docs.electrum.org/en/latest/coldstorage.html
abandon ability able about
above absent absorb
abstract absurd abuse
access accident account
accuse achieve acid
acoustic acquire across act
action actor actress actual
Mnemonic Seed
Phrase
Public
Private
Bitcoin private keys

27. WATCH-ONLY WALLETS
• Wallets with public addresses only
• Can view balance
• Can generate receive addresses
• Can generate transactions but cannot sign them (cold wallet will
do the signing)
• Can broadcast signed transactions
Public
Private
Bitcoin receive addresses
0.3BTC 0.5BTC

28. SEED BACKUP & RESTORE
• Restoring a seed might show no or less funds!!!
• Keep in mind derivation paths!
• You can try them all, there are only a few options
• Keep in mind the 20 address gap!
• Your family should also be aware of this

29. DISTRESS WALLET
• A distress wallet has some coins and looks plausible. You can give
up this wallet
• Offered by Ledger and Trezor

30. NLOCKTIME TRANSACTIONS
• Sign a transaction with nLockTime into the future e.g. next year
• Give the transaction to recipient
• Move the funds off your address if you are still alive and repeat
• Bitcoin Core wallet is introducing support for such non-standard
transactions

31. MOVE KEYS IN PARALLEL
• How to destroy your privacy:
• Bought a shiny new Trezor or Ledger and merged all your keys
into one
• Split your keys for a coin fork and merged all your keys into one
• You could clone keys one by one :) Some software to automate
the process would be great!

32. THANK YOU!