6. A Digression : This “Billiard Ball” Picture is a Model : a “Simplified Representation of a System or Phenomenon, with the Hypothesis Needed for Explanation, Often in Mathematical Form.”
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8. Why is the Validity of the Model Limited to Dilute Gases? The Real World is More Complicated than the Description Provided by this Model. Molecules like O 2 , N 2 and H 2 O are Made Up of Atoms that are Made up of Nuclei Surrounded by Clouds of Electrons. But in Dilute Gases, Molecules Spend Most of their Time Far from Each Other, so that This “Fine Structure” Doesn’t Matter.
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11. TAKE-HOME MESSAGE : A Model Explores the Implications of a Set of Assumptions as Applied to Available Data. It’s No Better and No Worse than these Assumptions. It’s Designed to be Good Enough to Explain the Desired Observations Make Predictions Similar Limitations Apply to Social Science Models Used to Justify Policy Decisions
14. Stratospheric Ozone (not ozone smog in the troposphere, which we breathe) Absorbs Low Wavelength (High Energy) Ultraviolet Photons that would (if they reached the surface of the Earth), Damage DNA, Causing Skin Cancer and Disrupting Marine Eco-systems
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18. This Model Predicts a Change in the Equilibrium ratio of O 2 and O 3 , and the Partial Destruction of Stratospheric Ozone Everywhere in the World ( since Ozone and CFCs Travel and Mix Freely in the Stratosphere All Over the World, with One Exception that we shall Discuss Shortly)
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20. The Political and Diplomatic Response: ( Science and Diplomacy Advance in Parallel) Science and Diplomacy Advance in Parallel
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26. NEW SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY An ozone hole over the Antarctic, an area of reduced stratospheric ozone the size of the US, confirms the urgency and the seriousness of the problem, and puts diplomats under pressure to find a solution.
28. CFCs are suspected but not proven to be the cause of the ozone hole. A major expedition, organized by NASA, was in the field measuring ClO in the stratosphere to make it possible to choose among several alternative theories, even as diplomats gathered in Montreal to negotiate the first protocol under the Vienna Convention.
38. A Digression for All You Chemists: O, Cl, OH and ClO are Free Radicals with Unsatisfied Valences. They are Very Reactive, and Last only a Few Collisions, after which They Disappear in the Chemical Reactions we Discussed.
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40. Where Are We Now? and What Lessons Have We Learned?
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51. Sustainable Development Development Should NOT Take Place at the Expense of Future (Human) Generations ‘Deep Ecologists’ Argue that Humans Have No Special Moral Status
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55. E uropeans Regard the Precautionary Principle as Customary International Law; the US is Resisting. (Definition: Customary International Law is Law that States Obey in the Belief that they have to, even in the Absence of a Treaty)
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