3. AASHTO Soil Classification
Table 2
General
Classification
Granular materials
(35 or less of total sample passing No.200)
Group classification
A-1
A3
A-2
A-1-a A-1-b A-2-4 A-2-5 A-2-6 A-2-7
Sieve analysis
(percentage passing)
No.10 50 max.
No.40 30 max. 50 max. 51 min.
No.200 15 max. 25 max. 10 max. 35 max. 35 max. 35 max. 35 max.
Characteristics of fraction
passing No.40
Liquid Limit 40 max. 41 min. 40 max. 41 min.
Plastic Index 6 max. NP 10 max. 10 max. 11 min. 11 min.
Usual types of significant
constituent materials
Stone fragments,
gravel, and sand
Fine sand Silty or Clayey gravel and sand
General subgrade rating Excellent to good
Table 3
General classification Silt-Clay materials
(More than 35% of total sample sassing No.200)
Group classification A-7
A-7-5
a
A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7-6
b
Sieve analysis (percentage passing
No.10
No.40
No.200 36 min. 36 min. 36 min. 36 min.
Characteristics of fraction passing No.40
Liquid Limit 40 max. 41 min. 40 max 41 min.
Plastic Index 10 max. 10 max. 11 min. 11 min.
Usual types of significant constituent materials Silty Soils Clayey Soils
General subgrade rating Fair too Poor
a
For A-7-5, PI ≤ LL-30
b
For A-7-6, PI > LL-30
200 200( 35) 0.2 0.005(LL 40) 0.01( 15)(PI 10)GI F F
7. IN Situ Stress
Vertical Stress Due to POINT LOAD
5/22
2
12
3 1
2 ( ) 1
(1)
P
z
z r
z
P
or z I Equation
z
Table 4 Variation of I1 for various values of r/z ( I1 for Equation 1)
r/Z I1 r/Z I1 r/Z I1 r/Z I1
0 0.4775 0.28 0.3954 0.80 0.1386 3.00 0.0015
0.02 0.4770 0.30 0.3849 0.85 0.1226 3.20 0.0011
0.04 0.4765 0.32 0.3742 0.9 0.1083 3.40 0.00085
0.06 0.4723 0.34 0.3632 0.95 0.0956 3.60 0.00066
0.08 0.4699 0.36 0.3521 1.00 0.0844 3.80 0.00051
0.1 0.4657 0.38 0.3408 1.20 0.0513 4.00 0.00040
0.12 0.4607 0.40 0.3294 1.40 0.0317 4.20 0.00032
0.14 0.4548 0.45 0.3011 1.60 0.0200 4.40 0.00026
0.16 0.4482 0.50 0.2733 1.80 0.0129 4.60 0.00021
0.18 0.4409 0.55 0.2466 2.00 0.0085 4.80 0.00017
0.20 0.4329 0.6 0.2214 2.20 0.0058 5.00 0.00014
0.22 0.4242 0.65 0.1978 2.40 0.0040
0.24 0.4151 0.7 0.1762 2.60 0.0029
0.26 0.4045 0.75 0.1565 2.80 0.0021
Vertical Stress due to Vertical Line-Load
32
2 2 2( )
qz
z
x z
(2)
2
z
or Iv equation
q
z
where Iv from table
8. Table 5 Variation of /( / )z q z with x/z ( Iv for Equation 2)
x/z /( / )z q z x/z /( / )z q z x/z /( / )z q z
0 0.637 0.8 0.237 1.7 0.042
0.1 0.624 0.9 0.194 1.8 0.035
0.2 0.589 1.0 0.159 1.9 0.030
0.3 0.536 1.1 0.130 2.0 0.025
0.4 0.473 1.2 0.107 2.2 0.019
0.5 0.407 1.3 0.088 2.4 0.014
0.6 0.344 1.4 0.073 2.6 0.011
0.7 0.287 1.5 0.060 2.8 0.008
1.6 0.050 3.0 0.006
Vertical Stress Caused by a Horizontal Line-Load
2
2 2 2
2
( )
q xz
z
x z
Or (3)Hq
Z
z
I equation
Table 6:Variation of /( / )z q z with x/z ( IH for Equation 3)
x/z /( / )z q z x/z /( / )z q z x/z /( / )z q z
0 0 0.4 0.189 0.9 0.175
0.1 0.062 0.5 0.204 1.0 0.159
0.2 0.118 0.6 0.207 1.5 0.090
0.3 0.161 0.7 0.201 2.0 0.051
0.8 0.189 3.0 0.019
Vertical Stress Due to Strip Load (Finite Width and Infinite Length)
22 2
222 2 2 2
4
tan tan
/2 /2
4
BBz x z
z zq
z
x B x B Bx z B z
10.4
,s
scan be found from table
z
I
q
I
9.
10.
11. Vertical Stress Caused by a Rectangular Loaded Area
3z qI
Where I3 Can be found either using Table 10.8 or Using figure 1
13. Stress increase caused by uniformly loaded area
z netq Ic
Where Ic can be calculated from X/R and Z/R
14. Vertical Stress Due to Embankment Loading
Or
2
where I2 is function of B1/z and B2/z.
2 10.15
,
can be found from Figure
z
I
q
I
15.
16. Chapter 10 Shear Strength of Soil
1 3 1 3
1 3
cos(2 )
2 2
Sin (2 )
2
n
f
Chapter 11: Consolidation
1 2 1 2
2 2 2
1
log log
log
c
e e e e
C
0.009 (LL 10)CC 0.007 (LL 10)CC
3 4 3 4
4 3 4
3
log log
log
S
e e e e
C
Calculation of Consolidation Settlement.
For normally Consolidated Clay NCC
0 C
0
0
0
0
1
log
log( )
1
e
S H
c e
o
e C
c
HC
cS
c e
o
17. For over consolidate Clay ( O.C.C )
0 C
0
0
log( )
1
o
H C
sS
c e
0 0c
0
0
log( ) log( )
1 1
c
co o
H C H C
s cS
c e e
For Under Consolidated Clay
0 C
0log( )
1 co
H C
cS
c e
2
1
log
1
s
p
C H t
S
e t
( )Sc t
U
Sc
1 1
1
v
v
o
a
m
e
in KPa or MPa
. .c vS m H z
v
w v
K
C
m
2
1
log
e
C
t
t
2
v
v
dr
C
T t
H
4
6
t m b
av
