The document discusses various defense mechanisms, which are psychological coping strategies used to deal with painful thoughts and feelings. It provides examples of 10 common defense mechanisms: repression, denial, regression, projection, splitting, isolation of affect, displacement, reaction formation, rationalization, and sublimation. The defense mechanisms can be either healthy or unhealthy depending on the situation and frequency of use.

1. How to Make a Conceptual Framework for a Thesis
By DGF, eHow Contributor
A conceptual framework for a thesis represents your research idea.
Graphically diagramming your topic or problem in your thesis is called a conceptual framework. A conceptual framework for a thesis
acts as a visual outline to represent your concept or research idea -- the way you shape it together. This framework expands upon
the research problem as it associates to pertinent literature research. Part of your conceptual framework offers a synopsis of your
study's main points. The diagram shows the central factors influencing the relationship of the primary variables/elements or
constructs -- and how all relate to your hypothesis. After reading your field's research literature you must show what theories explain
and back-up the relationship among variables/elements.
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Instructions
1.
o 1
Explore the key variables/elements in regards to contextual factors and relationships related to your thesis.
o 2
Develop the research questions. For example: How do employee incentives affect employee motivation? What factors do employers
and employees think cause a lack of communication?
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o 3
Create a graphic diagram of the problem or topic that specifically defines the variables/elements precisely, including how they relate
to each other. Variables/elements can be independent (presumed cause), dependent (presumed effect) and intervening (other
variables/elements affecting the outcome of the independent variable/element). Show the association of those key
variables/elements with the central factors that influence the variables/elements and the relationships. Draw these associations by
connecting them with arrows.
o 4
Describe and graphically diagram the research questions' central ideas or constructs in how you approach the problem.
o 5
Discuss and illustrate graphically the key variables/elements related to the problem and conceptualized relationships among key
variables/elements.
o 6
Identify the key contextual factors graphically in your diagram.
o 7
Depict in your diagram scheme graphically how existing research is relevant to your topic or problem.
o 8
Inspect that all of your research aligns consistently with the relationships, variables/elements and contextual factors you describe in
the conceptual framework of your thesis. If you alter your conceptual framework, review and revise all the parts of the visual diagram
as needed to align your design.
o 9
Back-up the graphically illustrated discussion of your thesis with thorough and solid peer-reviewed references.
Read more: How to Make a Conceptual Framework for a Thesis | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/how_8382973_make-
conceptual-framework-thesis.html#ixzz2O9gX7HKf

2. Defense Mechanisms
When people experience difficulties, they have different ways of handling their pain. These different ways of dealing with pain are
called defense mechanisms. Originally conceived by Sigmund Freud, much of the development of defense mechanisms was done
by his daughter, Anna Freud. Defense mechanisms can be healthy or unhealthy depending on the circumstances and how much a
person uses them. If you slam down your briefcase because you are mad at your wife one time, that's not a big deal. But if you
frequently take your anger out by throwing or breaking things, there might be a better way of dealing with your anger
Name of
Defense Description Example
Mechanism
Burying a painful feeling or thought from your awareness though it may
Repression resurface in symbolic form. Sometimes considered a basis of other defense You can't remember your father's funeral.
mechanisms.
You are arrested for drunk driving several times but
Denial Not accepting reality because it is too painful.
don't believe you have a problem with alcohol.
You and your roommate have get into an argument
Regression Reverting to an older, less mature way of handling stresses and feelings
so you stomp off into another room and pout
Attributing your own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone or You get really mad at your husband but scream
Projection
something else that he's the one mad at you.
Everything in the world is seen as all good or all bad with nothing in You think your best friend is absolutely worthless
Splitting
between. because he forgot a lunch date with you.
Isolation of Attempting to avoid a painful thought or feeling by objectifying and Acting aloof and indifferent toward someone when
affect emotionally detaching oneself from the feeling you really dislike that person
Channeling a feeling or thought from its actual source to something or When you get mad at your sister, you break your
Displacement
someone else. drinking glass by throwing it against the wall.
Reaction When you say you're not angry when you really
Adopting beliefs, attitudes, and feelings contrary to what you really believe
Formation are.
I always study hard for tests and I know a lot of
Justifying one's behaviors and motivations by substituting "good",
Rationalization people who cheat so it's not a big deal I cheated
acceptable reasons for these real motivations
this time.
After your wife dies, you keep yourself busy by
Altruism Handling your own pain by helping others.
volunteering at your church.
A person's treatment for cancer makes him lose his
Humor Focusing on funny aspects of a painful situation.
hair so he makes jokes about being bald.
Redirecting unacceptable, instinctual drives into personally and socially Intense rage redirected in the form of participation
Sublimation
acceptable channels in sports such as boxing or football
You are attracted to someone but say that you
Suppression The effort to hide and control unacceptable thoughts or feelings
really don't like the person at all
Trying to reverse or "undo" a thought or feeling by performing an action that You have feelings of dislike for someone so you
Undoing
signifies an opposite feeling than your original thought or feeling buy them a gift