This paper seeks to serve as a guide to unconscious CAPE students who could use a push or central idea of what a Caribbean Studies internal assessment should look like.

1. Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination
School Based Assessment
Caribbean Studies
Unemployment
Name: Camilla Holgate
Centre Number:
Registration Number:
School: Oberlin High School
Topic:Unemployment
Territory: Jamaica
Year of exam: 2015-2016

2. Title:
The causes and effects of unemployment
and how unemployment negatively affects
patterns of development

3. Acknowledgement
This research was carried out independently by the researcher; financial aid was generated by the
researcher as well. Special thanks go out to the people of the Marverley Community who
allowed the researcher to scope their environment and were enthusiastic to aid in this research by
filling out the questionnaires. Thank you to everyone who aided in the patient, diligent
completion of this research.

4. Table of Contents
Title Page I
Acknowledgement II
Table of Contents III
Introduction and Purpose of Research 5
Literature Review 9
Data Collection Sources 13
Analysis of Data 14
Discussion of Findings 21
Conclusion 23
Limitations 26
Recommendations 27
Appendices 29
Bibliography 32

5. Introduction and Purpose of Research
This Caribbean Studies School Based Assessment is based on a thorough investigation of the
causes and effects of unemployment as well as strategies that may be employed to eradicate or
reduce the issue in the Maverley Community, Jamaica.
Unemployment is a realistic, undesirable issue that is prevalent within the Maverley
Community. It challenges the many efforts of progression that have been attempted by some
members of the community, and is also an issue in other communities in Jamaica and the
Diaspora. This grave enigma exists commonly in inner city communities and has been viewed
from different point of views and perspectives
Finally, one may say that unemployment affects communities, societies and social institutions
such as the family, education systems, government systems and health institutions.
Unemployment affects a portion of the selected population and should be strategically
approached in any attempt to minimize or resolve the growing issue.

6. Statement of Problem
What are the causes and effects of unemployment and how it affects the patterns of
development in the Marverley Community, Jamaica?
Purpose of the Research
In this research, the researcher seeks to highlight how unemployment affects the
Maverley Community as well as to identify the causes and effects of this issue. This research is
being conducted in the scope of a confidential examination of the community. Unemployment is
a prevalent, objectionable issue that affects potentially progressive people, families, communities
and societies. As a result, the researcher will identify numerous strategies that may be employed
to eradicate unemployment in the community.
Research Questions
1. What are the main causes of unemployment in Marverley?
2. What are the major effects of unemployment in Marverley?
3. How does unemployment affect the development of the community?
4. What are strategies that may be used to eradicate unemployment in the Marverley
Community?

7. Educational Value of Research
This research may be very useful to the residents of the Marverley Community, as they will be
educated about strategies that may be used to alleviate unemployment. Students conducting
research on unemployment would find this information to be of use. Also, the Ministry of
Labour could use this information to assist them in decreasing unemployment. Furthermore, the
Statistical Institute of Jamaica (STATIN) could use the findings of the research to assist in
educating the public of the issue as well as promote development.
Definition of Key Terms
Unemployment- Unemployment is when a person who is actively searching for work is unable
to find work.
Development- Development is an event constituting a new stage in a changing situation.
Developed- Developed describes an economy which is advanced economically and socially.
Inner city- an older part of a city, densely populated and usually deteriorating,
inhabited mainly by poor, often minority groups.

8. Literature Review
In an article by Barrett, L (2013) in The Daily Gleaner, members of the Jamaica Employer’s
Federation (JEF) and the Private Sector Organization of Jamaica (PSOJ) forecast that nearly half
of the more than 40,000 young people who graduate from high schools and universities may not
find employment. These predictions come after the economy declines consecutively for a sixth
quarter. The Conflict Theory maybe applicable to this situation. Unemployment is affected by
the poor political and economic climate. President of (JEF) David Wan posited “Most employers
are either not hiring or not replacing people who are leaving”. Hence, his reason for not
expecting any massive increase in employment by the Private Sector this year. Wan, however,
made note that initiatives are being undertaken, have an immediate impact. He highlighted one
such initiative, the proposed amendment to the Apprenticeship Act that seeks to expand the
amount of occupations that can go on the apprenticeship programme. He believes that the
initiative would help but more needs to be done. Executive director of the PSOJ, Dennis Chung
postulates that the country’s performance in the next IMF test is a factor that can change the
employment outlook. In this article, we see the Functionalist theory being put into play as it not
only speaks of the Governments role in society but the role of the Private Sector.
In the text by Stone, J. and Mc Craw, J. (2007) the issue of unemployment is addressed, as
well as the causes which haunt society. The article does not take a neutral stance on
unemployment; however, it is an effort to expose the most outrageous feature of Capitalism- its
need to use unemployment to ensure the subservience of its workers. This proves the Conflict
Theory and shows how power influences social life. Under the Capitalist system, the fear of
unemployment is necessary to keep workers in place and make them satisfy their employers.
Stone and Mc Craw (2007) explains that this fear is needed because much of the work is boring
and the salary is less than living wage; this provides workers with limited or no control over the
work process, this decreases creativity. Stone and Mc Craw (2007) went further to say there is
almost total ignorance about the causes of unemployment and more so the consequences. They
also highlighted in the book that though it is said that there are enough jobs but the unemployed

9. are too lazy and would rather be on welfare, this may only be a small fraction of the unemployed,
however, does not reflect the truth of the majority. The authors referred to instances where
advertisements calling for applicants for relatively well [paid jobs; the number of applicants is
said to outweigh the number of jobs that were advertised. One instance was mentioned; the
Associated Press News Agency reported that “50,000 people lined up for 350 jobs”. Stone and
Mc Craw highlighted that unemployment is not simply earning a living but productive
employment contributes immensely to the psychological state of humans. They also posit that
people want to feel useful; prolonged joblessness threatens self-esteem. They conclude in a
somewhat pessimistic view; “The ugly truth is that the system under which we live will not or
cannot provide jobs for those who need them”. They believe that the business class lacks interest
in full employment, as they benefit from mass unemployment. These benefits, according to Stone
and Mc Craw include: a large pool of unemployed workers drives down wages employers have
to pay.
In continuing, according to Kalil, A. (2005), job loss has a devastating impact on families
and children, especially when the search for another job becomes prolonged and fruitless.
Unemployment, few public programs and coping mechanisms are available. A plethora of
workers are adversely affected by the economic shifts. Importantly, workers at all levels have
been affected and those in many white- collar industries experienced higher than average
increases in unemployment rates. Contributing to the rise in unemployment rates was an increase
displaced workers. The Bureau of Labour Statistics defines displaced workers as ‘persons 20
years and older who lost or left their jobs because their plant or company closed, or their position
or shift was abolished. How will unemployment affect children and families? The effects of
unemployment and job displacement on the well-being of children and families have rarely been
more relevant than in the current economic climate. Research suggests that job loss can have
wide ranging negative impacts. It has the potential of negatively impacting the families and their
economic security. This is reflected in families, reducing their food expenditures, moving,
relying on public assistance. Job loss also negatively affects adult’s physical and mental health
and marital relationships and increases the likelihood of divorce. In some cases, the children’s
well-being diminishes and may also lead to poor parent child relationship. It is important to note
that job loss has both immediate and long term economic effects. Farber (1998) estimates that
displaced workers have a 35 percent point probability of being unemployed following a

10. displacement, and are 5 percent points more likely to work part- time than they were prior to the
displacement, and earn 13 percent less upon re-employment.
Implications of these economic setbacks for the family and development of children
include: unstable or insufficient work limits families economic resources, in particular, the
income necessary to purchase resources and goods e.g. schools, housing, food, safe and enriched
learning environment which facilitates successful development. A decline in the work hours and
income of the family is associated with children’s lower academic achievement, perhaps due to
stigma (Morris, Duncan & Rodriquez 2004). It may also be posited that unemployment is
psychologically stressful, for parents, which may decrease their warmth and result in disengaged
behaviors. Another effect of unemployment is children’s observation of their parent’s
experience, which may shape their own views of their future economic opportunities. This
pessimistic perception of their parent’s labour market experience could diminish motivation and
lead deviant behavior.
In a Magazine Article by Crumby, A., (2002), unemployment among youth is said to be
caused by copious reasons. Firstly, the recent global economic downturn characterized by
‘recession, debt service obligations, and declines in development assistance’, are said to have
contributed in a significant decreased number of job openings. Another cause of unemployment,
according to Crumby, is a general lack of preparation among the youth, as they often do not have
skills needed to compete against older, more experienced workers. This is said to be more so true
in low-income communities, where there are fewer resources.
Crumby posits that people who are suffering from unemployment are likely to have lower
sense of self-worth because they are not actively contributing to society. They may also be
looked down on because of their unemployed status. Thus, one may say that Symbolic
Interactionism is the most suitable perspective as it focuses on the micro- interactions and not on
a broadened level. Also, symbolic Interactionism uses concepts such as labeling and stigma.
High rates of unemployment and idleness among youth in general are correlated with increased
violent crime. A study by the World Bank published in 2007, found that in Jamaica, in 1998,
80% percent of all prosecuted crimes were committed by young people aged 17-29.

11. Familial units suffer because they lack the added income that could be contributed to the
household. If a young person works, then a family could more easily meet its basic needs without
strain. There are four notable advances that have been made, past and present, which have been
implemented to resolve youth unemployment issues. The 1994 Jamaican Youth Policy focused
on motivation, as it specifically states that its goal is to improve work ethics and training and
promote entrepreneurial skills. The National Centre of Youth Development, created in 2000,
organizes youth entrepreneurship training program that emphasizes entrepreneurial skills and
development as a means of alleviating unemployment. In addition, the Jamaican Emergency
Employment Programme, founded in 2011, is a job placement organization aimed at the general
population. To date, it has created 1500 jobs for youths and adults.
According to an article by Erica Virtue, in the Gleaner, crime rates are much higher when there
is less employment opportunities and economic development. The article goes on to mention
‘lottery scamming’ which has become more frequent in the years 2014-2016 and all fingers are
being pointed at high unemployment rates and unproductivity. With the crime now becoming
widespread, with communities previously unaffected now witnessing heinous crimes, including
mass murders and reprisal killings, the viciousness of which residents say they have only read
about. Another offspring of unemployment is business relocation as mentioned in an article by
Dr André Haughton, lecturer in the Department of Economics on the Mona campus of the
University of the West Indies. Dr. Haughton posits that Brain Drain as well as business
relocation from inner communities. The creation of garrison communities, and sometimes
garrisons within garrisons, has multiple impacts. One of the best known is the impact on a young
person seeking employment but living at the 'wrong address'. Repeated failure produces an
intelligent recruit for gang membership. Another is the abandonment of these communities by
providers of basic services. For example, services like garbage collection. Also the closure of
places of entertainment and business is a result of unemployment. (A substantial body of
research is paying attention to the 'geography' of crime and violence). These and other factors
have combined to create a stigmatized enclave, barren of a sense of community and disregarded
by all but a few. Along with high, increasing unemployment, labor productivity is also a cause
for concern in Jamaica. Results from research conducted by the Jamaica Productivity Centre,
using data from 1972 to 2015 indicate that labor productivity in the country fell at an average
rate of 1.5 per cent per annum.

12. Data Collection Sources
Primary and Secondary data collection sources were used during the course of this
research. Primary sources of data are those which are collected by the researcher themselves.
This kind of data is new, original research information. A Questionnaire was used as Primary
source of data for this research. The Questionnaire was chosen as the results can be relatively
easily analyzed with the aid of computers. Also, Questionnaires are cheap and not time
consuming. Open and close ended questions were used. Open ended questions allow respondents
to express a view or an answer, while Close ended questions are subjected to specific responses.
Secondary sources, research information that is already produced by other people and usually
analyzed and interpreted, were an aid in this research as well including: Newspaper articles and
books.
The method of Stratified Sampling was employed. This method is a probability sampling
technique wherein the researcher divides the entire population being studied into different
subgroups or strata, then randomly selects the final subjects proportionally from the different
strata. This created a balance and even chances within the population. It also gave representation
to each strata representing the general population.

13. Analysis of Data
Fig. 1 above shows the various ages of unemployed persons in the community of Marverley who
are legally/physically able to work.
50%
25%
15%
10%
Age groups of Unemployed
18-28
29-39
40-59
60 and older

14. Fig. 2 above shows the percentage of persons in the community who are actually searching for a
job.
65%
35%
Graph Showing Number of Unemployed
PersonsSeeking Job
Seeking job
Not seeking a job

15. Fig. 3 is displays the causes of unemployment in the Marverley Community.
40%
35%
25%
Pie Chart showing the Causes of
Unemployment
Lack of Education
Economic Crisis
Lack of Skills

16. Figure 4 above highlights the effects of unemployment in the community of Marverley.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Poverty Crime and
Violence
Dysfunctional
family
Low self-
esteem
Effects of Unemployment
Effects of unemployment

17. Strategies to Eradicate Unemployment
Strategies to Eradicate Unemployment Percentages
Funding
Education
45%
Skills Training 35%
Entrepreneurship 20%
Table 1: The table above displays appropriate Strategies suggested to eradicate
unemployment.
Fig. 5 highlights the ways in which unemployment affects members of the community.
43%
26%
31%
How Unemployement Affects Members of
the Community
Increased Crime and Violence Lack of productivity Business Relocation

18. Analysis of Data
Fig. 1 illustrates the different age groups of the unemployed persons in the Marverley
Community. The age groups include: 18-28, which was the highest number of unemployed
persons (50%). Ages 29-39 made up 25% of the unemployed populous. It maybe posited that
unemployment less prevalent among older residents of Marverley Community as the age groups
40-59 and 60& older account for 15% and 10% of unemployment respectively.
Fig. 2, illustrates the number of unemployed persons who are seeking jobs. It was discovered
that 65% of the unemployed persons are seeking jobs. On the other hand, 35% of persons, even
though they are unemployed, are not seeking employment. Resultant, one may say that a large
number of persons realize the importance of having a job and are seeking to change their
unemployed status.
Fig. 3, illustrates the various Causes of unemployment. It maybe posited, based on information
garnered, that Lack of education is the leading cause of unemployment. It accounts for40% of
employment is Lack of Skills; it results in 25% of unemployment in the community.
Fig. 4 illustrates the Effects of Unemployment. Poverty is seen to have the greatest effect in
the community at a rate of 40%. Crime and Violence is also a symptom of the enigma,
‘unemployment’ and accounts for 30% of unemployment. Many families are affected by
unemployment and become Dysfunctional, which is the third highest effect of unemployment,
which stands at a rate of 25%. Low Self esteem affects some of the unemployed individuals in
the community. However, it is the least effect of unemployment at 15%. It is imperative to note
that Poverty, Crime and Violence, Dysfunctional families and Low self-esteem affect three
Social Institutions in the community, the Family, Church and School.
The table illustrates copious strategies that maybe implemented to eradicate the issue of
unemployment. The strategy that was most favored or seen as ideal is the Funding of education,
45% of the unemployed populous desired such support. Entrepreneurship was seen as the lowest
required strategy to combat unemployment and was desired by 20% of the unemployed
populous. Skills’ training was desired by 35% of the population.

19. Figure 5, displays ways in which unemployment affects the productivity/development of the
community. Majority of the respondents believed that lack of employment increases crime and
violence present in the community, 43%. While 31% believes that lack of employment has
influenced the relocating of prominent businesses. The remaining 26% finds a lack f productivity
to be a resultant of unemployment.

20. Discussion of Findings
This research has brought forward some interesting findings. To begin with, the study of the
different age groups that are affected by unemployment proves that the younger people aged (18-
28) are most faced with unemployment and account for 50% of the jobless population. In a
Newspaper Article entitled ‘ Experts predict almost 20,000 youths leaving school won’t find
employment’ in the Daily Gleaner, members of the Jamaica Employers Federation (JEF) and the
Private Sector Of Jamaica (PSOJ), forecast that nearly half of the more than 40,000 young
people who graduate from high schools and universities may not find employment. This high
level of unemployment among the older generation is not as prevalent as with the younger
generation. This is proven as persons aged 40-59 and 60& older account for only 15% and 10%
of unemployment in the community respectively. Angela Crumby, in a Magazine Article entitled
‘Causes and Consequences of youth unemployment’, states that lack of preparation among the
youth, is a major factor as well as they often do not have the skills needed to compete against
older, more experienced workers. Hence, the findings of this research are similar to the work
done by these authors in the Literature Review.
Secondly, it was discovered that more than half of the unemployed persons are actively
seeking a job, 65%, which leaves a minority of 35% not seeking employment. This is supported
in the Article by Jack Stone and Joe Mc Craw entitled ‘Unemployment’s shocking truth, its
consequences and its solutions.’ It is said that though there are enough jobs, the unemployed are
too lazy and would rather be on welfare. However, Jack and Joe posit that this may be only a
small fraction of the unemployed populous. Case studies have also shown where jobs are
advertised and the number of applicants outweighs the jobs available.

21. Lack of education is said to be the leading cause of unemployment. It is the highest cause of the
issue, at a rate of 40%. This proves then that a number of persons in the community are
uneducated. Lack of skills training at a rate of 25% is the least cause of the job scarcity. This
may be a result of the goals of the Jamaica Youth Policy. One of their goals is to improve on
training and work ethics of the youth. Seeing that skills’ training is the least cause of
unemployment may be resultant of the work of being done by the Jamaica Youth Policy.
One of the most dominant effects of unemployment in the Marverley Community is Poverty,
which is 40%, surpassing all other effects. This is discussed in a Journal Article by Ariel Kalil
entitled ‘Unemployment and Job Displacement: The impact on children and families’, it is said
that the family may experience limited economic resources, insufficient income necessary to
purchase resources and goods such as housing and food. The least striking effect is low self-
esteem, 15%. In the text by Stone and Mc Craw, it is said that unemployment may immensely
affect the psychological state of humans; as people want to feel a sense of being useful, which
could be attained through having a job. Prolonged joblessness has the ability to threaten self-
esteem.
The most desired strategy to combat unemployment is the funding of education, which is
leading all other strategies at 45%. The strategy that is least requested is Entrepreneurship. It is
imperative to note, however, that Entrepreneurial skills are one of the focal points of the Jamaica
Youth Policy. The findings are extremely significant to this research as the researcher gets an
opportunity to make note of trends and correlations that have been identified as well as compare
the information found. This is important as it allows the researcher to understand and relate to
the research to a greater extent.

22. The main way in which unemployment affects the members of Marverley Community is in the
form of increased crime and violence. This is evident among the population as 43% of
respondents believe this the main issue they face. This is discussed in an article by Erica Virtue,
in the Gleaner, which posits that crime rates are much higher when there is less employment
opportunities and economic development. 31% of respondents believe the high level of
unemployment in the Community has influenced the relocation of businesses. It is also stated in
an article by Dr. Haughton that Brain Drain, and “wrong address” implications are also effects of
unemployment in inner city communities. The least common opinion is that unemployment
results in lack of productivity among members of the community. According to the Jamaica
Productivity Centre, using data from 1972 to 2015, labor productivity in the country fell at an
average rate of 1.5 per cent per annum. 26% of the respondents believed that this issue least
affects them.

23. Conclusion
The researcher has definitely put forward information that supports the idea that
unemployment is a major issue in the Marverley Community. The research has provided
information such as the Causes of Unemployment, its Effects in the community, and its Effects
on the children, youth and family as well its effects on development.
To begin with, three major causes of unemployment were brought to the forefront.
These causes include: Lack of Education, Economic Crisis as well as Lack of skills. Lack of
education is seen as the most dominant cause of unemployment among the residents in the
community. Secondly, Poverty, Crime and Violence, Dysfunctional families and low-self esteem
are evidently, the effects of unemployment. Poverty has the greatest impact. It may be posited
that unemployment has a grave impact on the community, as it results in under developed and
dysfunctional social institutions such as the Family, Church and School. In addition, one may
correctly say that unemployment affects children and the family. Many youth, as it is proven in a
Journal Article by Ariel Khalil entitled ‘Unemployment and Job Displacement: The impact on
families and children’. Both parties are greatly affected by unemployment. The well being,
psychological state and economic state of these individuals are tested.
Even after finding these distressing facts about unemployment, hope may still be
regained. The hope lies within the strategies that may be implemented to eradicate that issue. The
strategies include: Funding education, Skills training, and Entrepreneurship. Funding Education
is the most desired strategy combat unemployment.
It was found that of the 3 major issues of unemployment that affect members of the
community, increased crime and violence, is seen as the most dominant issue. This is discussed

24. in an article by Erica Virtue, in the Gleaner, which posits that crime rates are much higher when
there is less employment opportunities and economic development. Also, stated in an article by
Dr. Haughton, Brain Drain and “wrong address” implications are also effects of unemployment
in inner city communities. According to information from the Jamaica Productivity Centre, labor
productivity, the least popular effect on the people of Marverley Community in the country falls
per annum.
In conclusion, Unemployment is an enigma which negatively impacts the elevation and
development of the Marverley Community and Jamaica as a whole. This grave issue can be
controlled, to a large extent by employing the strategies put forward in the research.

25. Limitations
During the process of carrying out this research, weaknesses were found, which were
out of the control of the researcher. These minor obstacles, limitations, which cannot be
reasonably dismissed, can affect the quality the research.
The limitations of this research were as follows: Firstly, some persons in the community
were not willing to participate in the research. To a greater extent, women were more open to
answer research questions than their male counter-parts.
Secondly, the reliability of the answers that were provided could be questioned. This was due to
the fact that the level of honesty of participants could not be measured.
One influence that was out of the researchers’ control that impacted the research is the level of
Crime and Violence in the Marverley Community.
Finally, some persons who participated in the research are not literate; hence, this posed a huge
problem.

26. Recommendations
One may correctly say that unemployment is a major issue in the Marverley Community.
Resultant, the researcher has some recommendations that may be put in place to help alleviate
this issue.
To begin with, I recommend that a mentorship program be put in place to guide and educate
the unemployed populous by other members of the labour force with work experience and
success in business. Also, motivational speakers could host seminars to help these unemployed
persons. One success story has the potential to lead to another.
Secondly, I believe that volunteerism should be promoted among the unemployed, especially
the youth, as this may provide them with job experience, which is a valuable asset in the working
arena. This also may give them a better opportunity to gain employment.
Thirdly, the Government as well as the Private sector should invest more in areas such as
education and skills training. If an improvement is made in these two important areas, members
of the Marverley Community would be more prepared and equipped members of the labour
force. For example, more scholarships could be given to persons in educational and skills
training institutions as well as resources to develop them. Resources such as: books, computers
and machines. Finally, Entrepreneurship should be promoted and supported to a larger extent.
This will result in more financial independent individuals, people being their own boss as well as
breaking the ground for more employment.
More investment in technical schools, government focus on STEM subjects, conscription and
farming; therein are the answers to our youth unemployment problem, a portion of the problem

27. of unemployment in general. If we act fast we can save this generation if not, however, I fear we
will never escape this rut.
In conclusion, these recommendations, if implemented, have the potential to greatly disturb
unemployment and as such, bring rise to meaningful employment.

28. Appendices
Questionnaire
This Questionnaire is designed to obtain information on the causes and effects of unemployment
in the Marverley Community as well as strategies that maybe implemented to eradicate the issue.
All information is welcomed and will be treated with the highest confidentiality possible.
Answer all questions in the space provided.
1. What is your gender?
Male Female
2. To which age group do you belong?
18-28 29-39 40-49
50-59 60-over
3. How long have you been a resident of the Marverley Community?
1-5 years 6-10 years 11-16 years 17 or more
4. What family type were you raised in?
Single parent family Nuclear family Extended family
5. How many persons in your household is a part of the labour force?
1-3 4-6 7-9 10 or more

29. 6. How many of these persons are unemployed?
1-3 4-6 7-9 10 or more
7. What is your highest level of education?
Primary Secondary Tertiary
8. Are you seeking a job?
Yes No
9. What skills do you have?
Barbering Hair dressing Carpentry Masonry Other
10. What do you think affects unemployment? State if you think there is another.
Poverty Crime and Violence
Dysfunctional families’ Low self-esteem
-
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
11. What are the ways/strategies in which you believe may be employed or used to
eradicate/lower the statistics of unemployment? State if you have another.
Funding education Skills training Entrepreneurship
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

30. 12. Do you think unemployment is affecting the community?
Yes No
13. If you answered yes in question 7, how do you think the community is affected by
unemployment?
Increased crime and poverty
Lack of productivity
Businesses relocating/ closing down

31. Bibliography
http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/ONLINE-READERS-COMMENT--We-have-to-curb-youth-
unemployment
http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/lead-stories/20151013/jamaicans-bemoan-joblessness-crime-and-
violence-portia-gets-f-promises
http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100314/lead/lead7.html
Crumby, A. (n.d.). Causes and Consequence of High Youth Unemployment .
Experts predict almost twenty thousand youths leaving high school wont find employment .
(n.d.). Daily Gleaner .
Kallil, A. (2005). Unemployment and Job Displacement; The Impact on Children and Families .
Ivey Business Journal .
Stone, J., & McCraw, J. (2007). Umemployment's shocking truth, its outrageous causes and
consequences and its solutions. Trafford Publishing.