1. +
The Development of the SNARC Effect
in 5- to 9-Year-Old Children
Claire Lenehan
2. +
The SNARC Effect
Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes
Humans have an internal spatial representation of
numbers
Numbers are associated with left-right coordinates
Dependent on cultural and experiential factors
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Discovery of the SNARC Effect
First discovered by Dehaene et al. (1990, 1993)
Detected through a parity judgment task
Response times are faster on the left for small numbers and
the right for larger numbers
Magnitude is not necessary for deciding parity, but numerical
magnitude is activated automatically
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The SNARC Effect in Children
The SNARC effect has been found in American children as
early as Grade 3
The effect increases with age (Berch et al., 1999)
Chinese kindergarteners children display the SNARC effect
(Yang et al., 2013)
These studies have employed parity tasks, which require
automatic numerical magnitude activation
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Van Galen and Reitsma
Employed two different tasks to investigate the presence of the
SNARC effect in 7-, 8- and 9-year-old children
Gray box detection task
Magnitude judgment task
Found that 9-year-old children displayed the SNARC effect on
both tasks
7- and 8-year-old children displayed the SNARC effect only on
the magnitude judgment task
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Current Study
Adaptation of van Galen and Reitsma’s magnitude task
Goals
To determine whether the SNARC effect is present before age 7
To compare the strength of the SNARC effect at different ages
Van Galen and Reitsma did not test children under age 7, but
suggested that the SNARC effect would be present as soon as
children had mastered the meaning of Arabic numerals
It is expected that all participants will display the SNARC
effect, and that the effect will be stronger in older children
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Procedure
Children were tested individually in their homes
Participants were instructed that, for the purpose of this
experiment, numbers smaller than 5 were “small numbers” and
numbers greater than 5 were “big numbers”
Flashcards were used to ensure that all participants understood
which numbers belonged to which group
Instructions were given orally, then children completed the
magnitude task on a laptop computer
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Magnitude Task
PsychoPy software was used to create a magnitude task
Stimuli were the Arabic numerals 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9
Participants responded to whether numbers were “Big” or
“Small” by pressing designated response keys
The left key was blue and the right key was yellow
There were two blocks of trials, each consisting of 24 or 40
trials preceded by 8 practice trials
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Magnitude Task
Block A
Congruent task
“Small” appeared on the left side of the screen in blue
“Big” appeared on the right side of the screen in yellow
Block B
Incongruent task
“Big” appeared on the left side of the screen in blue
“Small” appeared on the the right side of the screen in yellow
Two participants completed Block A first and two started with
Block B
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Results
Average Response Time (seconds)
Block A
Block B
Difference
Participant 1
1.1847
1.3362
0.1514
Participant 2
0.9739
1.0583
0.0844
Participant 3
1.0063
1.1774
0.1711
Participant 4
0.9994
1.1669
0.1675
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Statistics
A paired two-sample t-test was used to compare the response
times in Block A vs. Block B
t = 5.1682, p < .05
An unpaired two-sample t-test was used to compare the results
of the 9-year-olds with those of the 5- and 6-year-olds
t = 1.5321, p > .05
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Limitations
The small number of participants makes it difficult to compare
children of different ages
The limited number of trials makes it impossible to analyze the
results for individual numbers
No gender differences have been found between adults, but
there could be differences between boys and girls
The participants may not be representative of the general
population