This paper describes some principles for designing user experiences in contact centers. Some of the issues of the environment, tasks, and user characteristics make user interface design in the contact center more challenging.

1. Designing the User Experience in Contact
Centers
White Paper
October 2009
Prepared By
User Centric, Inc.
Robert Schumacher, PhD
Managing Director
If technology doesn’t work for people, it doesn’t work!®
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2. 10/13/2009
Abstract
Designing user interfaces for contact center systems presents both unique challenges and
opportunities for usability professionals. Based on years of experience working with the contact
center domain, the author shares insights and presents proven tactics for creating optimized
systems. Emphasis will be placed on the practical and the pragmatic.
This white paper will help readers to:
 Determine what makes designing for contact centers different from a more typical user-
centered design process (e.g. for websites or applications).
 Understand how to approach the design of contact center systems on their own, based
on tactics shared and lessons learned.
 Explore unique design considerations for the contact center environment.
 Identify the ramifications of design changes within this particular domain – including the
likelihood of parallel changes in culture and business processes.
Author’s Background
Dr. Robert Schumacher, Managing Director for User Centric, has more than 20 years of
experience in corporate and academic environments. He has worked for telecommunications,
new media, Internet, and travel-related companies. Dr. Schumacher has designed user interfaces
for dozens of applications, devices, and services, and also taught courses in user interface
design. He wrote the Ameritech Standards for Graphical and Character User Interfaces, and is
the inventor of two patents (with additional patents pending), including a patent on the design of
document browsers. The author has particular expertise in developing metrics for user
performance and then working those metrics into financial models and business cases.
Dr. Schumacher’s expertise:
 Experience developing user interfaces for multiple contact centers for Fortune 100
companies, which involve thousands of agents handling millions of calls per year
 User interface design, business process improvement, prototyping and evaluation of
contact center applications, document delivery systems, and web applications
 Graphical, character and phone-based user interface standards
 Cost/benefit analysis of user performance; metrics design and development; business
case financial modeling
 Experimental design, statistical analysis, and human factors research methodologies
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Introduction
The increasing scale of contact center operations indicates that this is an environment that should
be a primary area of focus and opportunity for the field of user-centered design. Earthlink
provides one example that is typical of the effort and investment that companies are willing to
spend on their contact centers. Beginning with just one center in 1995, Earthlink has since built a
network across the country that includes eight contact centers with over 2,00 technical support
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agents who handle an average of 1.3 million calls monthly .
However, this domain has an inherent complexity that should not be underestimated. Designing
user interfaces for contact centers is a balancing act that involves the ability to weigh multiple
considerations, issues, and pressures. This paper will explore the factors of which usability
professionals must be aware before they can design interfaces that are well-suited to the tasks of
a contact center end user.
The body of the paper will address five key concerns that are essential to advancing the user
experience. The concerns are organized into topics that progress from issues of discovery to the
achievement of significant results that will impact entire organizations.
1. What makes designing for contact centers different?
2. How to get started: Understanding the contact center user
3. What role does training play in enhancing the user experience?
4. Design considerations for contact centers
5. How does designing within this domain result in culture change?
The will conclude with closing statements from the author regarding what he has learned in his
years of experience about the uniqueness of designing for this domain.
The Contact Center Challenge
The challenge at the heart of this paper is that you must approach the design of contact center
systems somewhat differently than you would approach the design of more typical user
interfaces, such as websites or applications. Although the core design principles remain the
same, specific business and user issues are present that warrant a more specialized and detailed
approach.
1. What makes designing for contact centers different?
The following distinct differences must be taken into consideration to enable success within
this domain.
 High volume transaction environment – The contact center domain is different
from other environments because of its transactional nature. Not only are there
numerous service agents, but each agent may take scores of calls during each
shift. The result is thousands of customer interactions per day across each
center. In many ways, contact center workers are more like (albeit high-tech)
assembly workers than “garden-variety” users of a commercial website.
 Potential for impact – Because of the scale (people x transactions) of a contact
center operation, the potential for seemingly small design changes to have
profound user and business impacts increases substantially. What some might
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http://www.speechtechmag.com/whitepapers/Ascent2.pdf
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interpret as minor modifications (e.g. reduce the type font) can result in
significant perturbations in performance, and more importantly, ramifications to
the business. Average changes of 10 seconds per contact may not seem like
much in a three-minute contact, but in large contact center environments, such a
change can add millions of dollars of cost per year. To be successful, design
changes must adhere to the “Do No Harm” principle. Testing for change impact is
necessary.
 Interdependence – Unique to the contact center design is the notion of one
person (the user) controlling, but another person (the caller) directing the
interaction. When we design, we typically think of one person interacting with an
application; however contact center agents, by their nature, have someone
directing them to interact with the application based on some external (e.g., the
caller’s) goal. The implication is that the design needs to satisfy the needs of the
contact center user as well as the needs of the caller – in spite of the fact that
goals are often hidden and out of alignment. Designs must anticipate what callers
will say and design for the next step. For example, a caller simply wants their bill
balance, but while providing that information, the agent – because he needs to
meet a quota – offers to open a credit application.
 Demands of multiple systems – The average desktop of a contact center
service representative is often more “cluttered” than a typical user’s desktop.
Applications need to accommodate a complex conversation that is a byproduct of
the customer negotiation. The technology environment in which most contact
center agents work, however, is not one that is state-of-the-art. From a cognitive
standpoint, agents often have to remember different methods for finding and
entering information brought about by the inherent inconsistencies of multiple
applications. Designs must take a longer-term view and map out a plan for cross-
application consistency – this may mean making sub-optimal near-term choices
for eventual positive returns.
 Business issues – Usage of applications by contact center agents are
sometimes driven by organizational pressures. Fro example, if a sales group
wishes to promote a certain product, agents – often the most malleable part of
the “system” – absorb the brunt of the change. Designs must account for the
organizational realities and shifting business priorities.
 Performance pressures – Agents are often under severe management
pressure. Contact center managers expect agents to meet pre-determined
performance criteria (for example, take 60 calls per day and sell 25 widgets).
Areas of performance that are commonly scrutinized by management include call
handling time, sales figures, adherence, and error rates. It is rare to find an
environment in which a person’s living is determined to such an extent by the
design of the user interface; applications can either facilitate or impede an
agent’s ability to get commissions. Designs that seek to maximize both
organizational goals as well as personal performance goals succeed.
 Expert behavior – Contact center agents are expert users. They rapidly over-
learn their interactions to the point that observers watch in amazement. Experts
benefit from having more information at once rather than less. A critical mistake
is to discount the expert and design for the novice. In contact centers, novices
become experts very quickly. Design for the expert; support the novice. Good
design helps create experts.
 Design control – Although contact center management may often be tempted to
allow more seasoned agents to design systems, this is a dangerous practice.
“Experts” often make poor design decisions due to over-learned behavior and an
inability to verbalize routine knowledge of their actions. Furthermore, many
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studies have shown that content experts are not user interface design experts.
Design according to solid task analysis, user interviews, and recognized design
practices.
 High costs of training – Because the nature of the business is that it demands
expertise by agents, training costs are high. It is difficult for organizations to
reduce these costs as long as the average turnover rate (typically between 25-
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40% ) for agents is sustained. Design to reduce training costs. Good designs will
reduce the amount of training required.
2. How to Get Started: Understanding the contact center user
Armed with knowledge of what makes designing for contact centers different, one must be
able to employ specific tactics to produce desirable results.
 Observe – The importance of on-site, side-by-side observation cannot be
overemphasized. Without knowledge of the use environment, you are unlikely to
be taken seriously, let alone succeed. With all the tasks and expectations that
service agents are faced with on a daily basis, it is impossible to predetermine
these constraints without observing them. You have to understand the agents’
environment well before you can collect appropriate data. Seeing the papers they
have tacked on their walls, the handbooks in use, and the various calculators
employed – on a first-hand basis – is essential to good design.
 Determine value drivers – Contact centers have both business value drivers
and user value drivers. The first step to good design is determining what these
priorities are. For example, does the organization value increased sales over
handling time? What issues motivate agents? Which activities are considered
important and what is their frequency? Answers to these questions can be
determined through observation and interviews. Ask local managers for the key
metrics on which the agents are evaluated and coached. Learn how realistic
these are. What are the barriers to achieving the goals?
 Apply unique approaches – When do agents use paper? What cheat sheets do
they have tacked up on their cubicle walls? Do they trust the applications?
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Techniques such as eye-tracking can be employed in combination with more
traditional methods of analysis to achieve a greater depth of data. Use
technology to collect a corpus of interactions for later viewing and analysis.
 Employ decision support initiatives – Identifying and evaluating the processes
that agents have to go through to accomplish given tasks is critical. Business
processes are often layered on top of a system’s basic functionality. It is critical
to gather data on processes because the information you gain will allow you to
employ decision-supporting methods.
 Understand the methods, procedures, policies, and practices – Most contact
centers have extensive documentation that prescribes what the agents are
supposed to say and do in the case of most contacts. These documents are
invaluable. It is also very revealing to discover how much – or how little – agents
adhere to these practices.
2
http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=71118
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Eye tracking is a technology that provides a non-intrusive, remote and highly accurate way of gathering
data on users’ eye movements. Eye tracking can provide additional quantitative data to evaluate and
compare usability across different screens. Results can help determine the appropriateness of layout,
efficiency, and information clarity.
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3. What role does training play in enhancing then user experience?
Companies like Ritz-Carlton invest, on average, a minimum of 310 hours of training per year
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on each new contact center employee . The principles of user-centered design dictate that
good designs will reduce the need for training. Within the contact center domain, this principle
can be used as the crux of an argument for the benefits of investing in the user experience.
As described at the beginning of this paper, training costs can be one of the most expensive
elements of a contact center operation. The average cost to recruit and train just one
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representative is $8,000-$12,000 . Although training remains vital to producing
knowledgeable agents, usability specialists must advocate the need for their expertise in
helping to eliminate redundant training.
4. Design considerations for contact centers
It is just as critical to fill our design arsenal not only with tactics, but also with basic usability
principles that will enhance the user’s experience of the contact center applications. Some
specific considerations that should be explored include:
 Do no harm – It’s important not to make agents’ jobs harder, or to add additional
burdens that would prevent them from meeting their performance objectives.
 Design for the expert, but support the novice – Because of high turnover
rates with agents, both the expert and the novice must be considered.
 Apply high bandwidth – Simple isn’t always better. Experts do not want to be
spoon-fed information. If well-constructed, contact center agents can handle
highly complex displays to the benefit of the caller, themselves, and the
business.
 Assume training – Because designs are often so “web-centric,” we forget that in
the case of call centers, agents will be trained, if not drilled, in the use of the
applications.
 Minimize interruptions to process flows – Screen and data flows should be as
parsimonious as possible, making use of effective visual coding to draw the eye
to the proper steps. Another example: pop-ups that provide no variable data
should be avoided.
 Agents are not designers – This principle is especially important to follow within
the contact center domain.
 Avoid the “tyranny of the expert” – If contact center systems are designed
based on input from expert agents only, they will not have a perspective that is
appropriate for more novice agents. Management often defers to a single user to
make design decisions.
 Management is not the user (but they must approve) – Although
management determines the business priorities and performance metrics, they
are not the end users and should therefore not have the final say in the end
design.
 Develop high-fidelity prototypes and test with agents, and test with agents
and test with agents... – In order to effectively assess a proposed design,
agents should be given the most realistic view of the system in as realistic
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http://www.speechtechmag.com/whitepapers/Ascent2.pdf
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http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=71118
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situation as possible. This provides the most secure method of obtaining quality
results.
 Use adequate sampling sizes for assessment – Because of the complexity of
the domain, appropriate sampling must be employed to ensure effective results.
 Leave little to the creativity of programmers – As discussed above, even
small changes can affect performance metrics within a large scope of contact
center activities; it is important not to leave even the smallest design decision to
programmers.
 Graphics matter, but not as much as efficiency – Response time is usually a
major performance factor, so any graphics that increase time and provide ittle
value must be avoided.
5. How does designing within this domain result in culture change?
Based on experience, any time a new application is introduced within the contact center
environment, the result is a change in culture for the business. There are often ripple effects
of design decisions throughout the contact center organization.
It is necessary for usability practitioners to support progressive design initiatives.
Management should be aware that new designs often result in concomitant business process
changes and that the dynamics of both arenas need to be controlled. It is also important to
communicate plans for new designs, while maintaining a certain degree of cautiousness in
how these communications are organized.
Conclusion
Enhancing the user experience within this environment could be seen as a more challenging
goal to accomplish than it is within other domains. However, efforts made within contact
centers are also more likely to demonstrate the value of usability to the average business
client because the opportunity to create a tangible impact is so profound.
It is important to implement all of the user-centered tools, methods, and tactics outlined in the
paper within a model that fits an organization’s primary business objectives. By diagnosing a
client’s business challenges first, and then prescribing an approach that addresses these
issues, usability efforts within contact centers are more likely to succeed.
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