13. : LS_ .; __g' 4....;~1 I. 'G o~.&.lll (Y)((~ ~~~ :Wl.:.!::.....~l ;;_.. ..WI I 1-:
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14.
15. JJJ.ll r-1'~ "o.)Jl)l '-:"'_rJI ~ ~_r..jl ~J.501 J~~l ~ ~
0l5 ~J "r-1WI ;.G....;i ~ ~ '-:?'l:-)1 ~I ~ er:J.ll "-!~Y. L;?..UI
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U......JWIJ 0~WI ;.~ i~i 1--4-J J~l I~ ~~L:--JI
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L. ~ d.S'~I oJW~ Ji J}JI .}...u..ill <<~I~>)~_ o~l
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0W ~ 4..;Jl.i. ~ ul....IJ.) ;.l_r.l ~ d.......l:--JI ;.~ :.r u.~
en- · ••. bJ..L:>v> Jl~ 'J' ~.)~ 01 ,:yo ~)I ~ "er:JJIJ 4.JJJ.ll ~ uu':>WI
0lS ..LA.! "~L..JI 0 ·"II ~ I .... · ...Lll ~i ...L.I ·• II UW'J'L." " ))"""-' " ~ 0'-!. " ".r (.f'. • .
.~1 I~ ..;..1-l>-l ~ ~y ~).) ~J.A.ll Jjl_,.....ll ,:yo ~I ;.IJj'l'
~L:-JI i__,.L..ll o..JJI)I ~~ ~J ......_11~ ly>li v-5'_A3 J..:"j.SJ JJI3 ~ ()
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Y
16. 4.r" .rJS ..J~1 Jl LS~i ~.ill JJ11 ~WI ~~ ~ ~S
-:r...UI 0~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ -:r....UI C: JoWI (f ~~I ..L....l&.
..J_,...., ~I ~ ((~~ll _,...,.l_,.kjl LS--l>-1 :,r- oJ~ _y. ~_)i:JI o-4-J W_,
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~ ~~ J_,AJI -Jl UJ~l _u~JJJ v-!-JY ~ c!~ ~ ('r) if'~1
l:?~y ~.r..:JI ~1_, ~ ~~L,a.;:.;~ _ ~~~I oi_,L-JI_, ~ l:?~L,a.;:.;~
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0 r~ ~JJ ~i ~Jl..,a..::..>.~ ~ lA ..J-""J ~~JJ uLJL........ll_,
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0_,.5l..;~l ~IJ_,JJ !.JL;.,.... _;~JJ r:_r js LS..Ll 4:·;..Lll J_,.._JI ~
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LSJJ ~I ~..U u~l::-:->-~ e--1_; i~ ~ ~I lh '-:-'~i
1.-.- ~...U ~ l.!....Jl9 ~~1 U......... ..J , W 4...L>...:......I . ~I '11~ - - J - . .7'-!. . . '-I .;-9
~l 4-WI t_~l o~_y. L>_,..:-.-J t.a..;_, _;;.;...:..; _..0. r:_r vR _;;·I
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~...UI 6.5JL.:......ll .:.r' ..~.;_,;.;., ~.A.ll ,;:,L...,~')/1 ~ JW ~ <)_,:..-; .;JI ~L::.ll., ~~...u...:.ll
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JSY. JWI ~ ~ ~~ WL.a.JI ..l_r::-11 ~ 4..:.J.,JI ~~
: Lk,···ll ·~t:.·q '"•u·l·l5...._.,·'-:?- .~ <./ -.T""""' u- Y.J • ..»
;(,5 .)~I J)~J 0~~I 01-W ~ (Y j-!JJI .JJ:> .)~I (')
.~J.ll
.~i .J~I l: ifi_;J~ ~:>~I u~GJJ WJ 0-!J.ll ~ ('0
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o~ c:-1_; tA~l; ~ eJLAJI ~}I ,.~I ~i lh if ~
4.......l:--JI , J ~I ~ ~ 4-:--.oJ , r--1I_y-lI l.J-A o~ ~ -:r...LlI
l.S.r" ~ ')' ~I ~~ 0i l.S~ ~.r. ~ ~i .<"'~l~lj :>l.,a;:;'l'lj
u~l -) ~~ ~ji ~ ~~ ~L.o ~~
~ ~ ·4-'S.J~ .J~IJ ~J.ll ul~l E-"1; ~ if .;;,J.JJ11
-~~ ~~ 0~ .)~-~I ~J ~- ?11 ~I JJ.:::.;
.:/' ~~ r--1 WI ,_..;.._;i ~ -) _;~ ;;l:>- '-:-'_,..L.i -) ~.J L:..::.;
LA ~ (V)t • ~ 0 ' ·II u~l . o~Lll ~I ..WLA.:JI~J 'T::-" ~ r...s""' • ~ • •
if ~I 4.;~ ~~ j:g1 l~i ~ t_4')II ..~ ~i .)LA:>-~ ~
if iWI -.s~l ~ -:r...UI ~~_;.; l:?..UI r4JI .JJJ.l~ ~J _;siJ , ~~
·l.S?i ~~
..~ ~ ~ l.J-A ..._;I_r.a..;')'I I..iJ, ..1.JJ ~ -) _;WI .J..L,a...o.JI ~ i
~l5 ..w -~~~ ~ r ~ 0-!J.ll c: ~kll (/' .w ~L:-JI
·~__,...,y.- .JJ:> l:?~Y. 0i ~ ')' 0-!JJI 0~ ~x; -;JI ~~I ~I
.~--l> .}>lA:> ~ ilk C?i ).11 ~ iWI -.s~l ~
J..9 J"'LA _r.U. ~.JY-J )J.J 0y.- J~i :y U.....')U ~i ~J , lh
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r+,:)~ c_.}t J')G.. :r ~l~..lll u'1JI..WI J U"":JI
~ l->-'1I ~ ili ~I ----.....JI -:.._; LS I • ~")- t . . . yS- JJ . . 'T'
4.5'J l:....o 0JJ~
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iL.i u~~l ~J if1 U.l:JI l$,:)~1 ..L>i ~ ':Ji ~ ~l::-JI
it_; ..l!J •<'~1_,....., ~ ~ ~JJI Ji ~kl.JI ~1_,....., ~WI -..sj)l
ul.!..9WI J J~l ~ jj l_?..iJI ((~~~ t_4'iln i~ ~L..J~
~ ~i ~1 J_rl:~ )JL..:..J ~~ J..9J .<' ·)~JJI -..sJ)I iLAi ~WI
..L>i .Ji ~ ((~~~ t_4'illl ~ o,:)s-1 ~_}. u>- )JIJ ~1 ~~
·(I )~J.JI ;;:;lJ.,JI ._,Lb.>JI JK.;.i · • l.....:JI I ..
• • J • . ~ ~ u:-
._,Lb.>JI JK.;.i 0i ~ 0J_r> 0J~ ,:)J..; ..W •-..s.}-i ~~ :r
_ .}-Y, ~~ ·~ ~J ~~)Y-~"11 ul..:.H.:•.~I u>' ~ '1 0..UI
,:)::Wll ~ 0~ ~yA.Ji JSY. .~WI 0J_;...:Jl: _ d.........JIJ ~)I ~
ul..r. .i·ll ~y 'YS ~ ..Li ~ ~ ULS 0~,:)"11 ~ ((uly-.o"ll
...l>-IJ S-JT J (~_,k.LJI) ~lAJIJ ~~~JJI' .
.k_rjl ~ ~ ;;:;LJ,JI 0i -.)1- 0~ ~ ~J :r- ~
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19. J~l>> _y:. k;l ..._;J~ :y ~I~JJI ~ ~ 'j -,?lJI U"'L..11
~y>:"J r.i ~ -?..u1 ~~ ~ , ._:.,L;~JJIJ ~J..u1 ~ Lo r.i <<r..J~.rJI
(I'O, "1 · - "I - 1 1 - J - · · ·"1 -II .1.,....,1. ~JJJ ~..;->- ~ J ~ ~~ J~ 0~ -.r ~ '-:f-' (.)"'""' ~
(J" ~WI ol::>JI rj ~~l oJ~ 0-!JJI i4--l (..$..1..4 Jl .9ylj.5 ~
•JI_,.....'IJ JJJJI J_r-- ~11 CykJ -~~~ ~~ ~ t_.9JJI J')l;..
yn~~_;.JI Jl.a.i~ 4-.ol>JI u~}iJI ~ly rj iWI e:llpjl ~k>-J
4-l Y~l ~WI ._:.,L:...;UI (Y Lr...UI ~~I ~L ~
~ ~ ~J -~~~ u~_);.:JI ~~i ~l W~ ~~
iWI ~I .>..::>-y c;~ ~l ul~~'jl ~y 'J_j.:._) ~.j ,JWI
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0J~J..:-;: ..L.WI ..'jy. '01 'J _,AJI 4-.o')l;.. .(
0
_; li!JI c_r:l~ ~ Lo
Ill ~-~ .,~,a~ t: ');;.~ 0i ~I (J" ~~IJ 0-!JJI 0i ~
-:ill _; JJ...I..: ~~~ ..L.,.h. ~ "'->yk ~1_,.11 '-:-"WI Jlj--JI 01,.9
~.r:r-o ~_,; 0J~ (J" :~.,~,a·: t: ~~~J 0-!JJI ~lA.i ~>>
_{1°)((<1,4~ (J" ~ ~ C: ~t..i::: 1)1 ~ 0ts' 1;1 W Jl_;-}1
~Y. Ji -~ ~l::--JI ..~ ~ )G i~ 4..l~ _; ~
..1 I ~ ·~ L Jl · 'j jj , · JJI w ··_I a,L.Q....J I ~...I....IA:J I 1:.-q
.r:-•.. r+' .. .r.. rJ.. -~ . - - Y""'""'
._:u~ ~.rU '-:r.JJIJ 4JJJJI ~ ._:.,L.;')l,JI Jy:-- ~Jl.io ~ 4......1J~
. -t Lo . I .I . -· . II
. '-:?' - '-:! ~ ,_/y"-J .....r.::-:-" r..5.
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29. u~l~ ~ ~G er:..UI ..ljl U_,..UI ul.....~ 0i ~i
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.. ~~.. -'-? ~ J -· Y--
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·~~~ ~_,..ly.-4~ ~~I ul~l r (~_,.s_, ~1_, ~k.!JI
~_r-11 ~I_, 01r.l ~) ~~ J_,~ 0~ _; J~l ~i ~ _;
0 p '-?jjl ~_,..ll -.i •(A) i")L~ ~~- ~L.i.JI Y' (~~_,...jl
~1_, !..lJL-;I..UI_, 0l..;~l ~) ~ uL-.....y ul~ J_,~ o~
~ ·(>l....~l_, ~~~ :~ 4.:J~I u4-_,..ly.-411 .Jl (o~l
Lo -.i ~1_, JL:JI u~ ~ u~l..rJI ~ ~ ~i ,:y ~)1
~ ~-' •~L.aAJI oh ~ a..a..ll ul~ ~_,..UI uL~ ~ ~
~~..u..:JI_, ~*I ul!~ ,:y ~~..UI ..L:.: ~ ·~I ~ JWI ~
.<o.)0~~fl ~ ..ljl ~_,.ill '-?~l:>JI .......UrJI_, .wl.Q:JI
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,:r ~~ d" ~_,.ly,.-A.;11 .~_,Jy,.-A.;11 ,:r _;sl J-.-L:.ll.__.~_, ~L..; _;sl_, _;sl ~
~ ..l.S~ W .~_, ~-' 451A J+-.-11 ,:r <GI,9 _)l:J~_, d-;::y_,.)~ ill...:...ll Jl5JII
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0..t.>-i_, ~ L..l:--JI ,..,t i_2 ~~ ~ ~~ ;)~ , 4J_,JJI ~L...~
C~~~.J •ol..:JI ~ .,.~1 ......: .jl_r-~1 C.~~~ W lh ~ ~~~
'-:"~i o...~.>- ;)y;-_, :_r ~)I ~_, ·if'_r..::.JI ~I .,.~I ..U...: ~_,)1
Jj..>...:JI ;)i :1 /'.;~_,_JI ;)L,..;~I )-::-~1_, ~l_r.~I oJpl il::-9 .,.IJ.J
:_r ·~ js ~~~I ~l:::JI ~ ~~~ ._;..;,i ~ ~_,.Jy...~.;11
(>L....~I J.>...; ~~WI L..l::--JI ~~? ;;..~_;~ }k;~ C-'~1 ~
. o.JJUI 4.:;l...LJI 4....:>- l ...u11 t-. ~I ~I ;; •li .....,~i . - "li<../ . . .Y Y- • u- . .7- • J.r . <../ if-::-'
~I_,JI ~~l..w ~_,JJ-!..~..;11 t~l 14-J 0LS ...G_, •oL:...ll ~ i~i
;)i ~ .~ o~~l ,..,t .<")~_,JJI_, ~JJI ~ ~L.;J.,JI ~ Jlk:JI
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31. ~ ~ Lp3 -~ uL..~ J').>. if u-..J .,ll ~J j~ 0i 0_;-i
.~")L..~I ~rJI ~ J ~l.r" ~ Jy>-..UI ,~1 ':J JL:.....ll
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,jj~l ~ ~ J~
wl!ll ~I ~:ll.i. <) ~w.J..l o~ _;L..... J>ui.)L .L.J.,Ji ,y .:JL:..:I J-'L J..<l ( 0
t::JL.:.JI <) o~y.y ..:...;LS ~I , ~L....h.JI ,y J__,':jl ~I J_,l;L:; )J~ ~~ .o~I ~
J) ~L ,_;L!JI h..:JI ~3 .II<S'_r..:... ~~ ~)11 U"'L... ~ ~~ ~~~~ ~ '0Y"'Ji
~L.J.,Ji :fL....!.>- Jl ~ J3JI ~ll.J).II<J:JJI :/ ;w;_. ;;_,....,L,-... ..:;..,~')_;... ~ J~L:;
:_)2.;1 .uW.b..,a_., ~ ;__.jWI ~L.J.,Ji r.? ..1.>- Jl ~ _;l!ll ~IL.J1 ~ <) ,~
Charles Taylor, «Modes of Secularism,» in: Bhargava, ed., Secularism and Its Critics.
:L,.l..JI ~LWI .~L..L..U ~13 cs.~ ~I uiJ_ra:jl uWk...a.. <..?% ~Lo ...L:A3 i~
, :z......Lll ;;_,.. ~ I ) I ~. : --1) •." , ~L..L.l] , .:,1 :z......Lli ~LWL LA_, L; ~~ lo ~
··, . J <.s'· u--:. ~ ~ <-1 - ~ "' - ' - - '
,Y :i..L o}~..:JI ~ i~ ~~ <S_r.:... w ~f':<-" .:O).u_;L...._;..jl <J""_,.<ll ,y .._,_r-J 11 ~
L1 ~~ Lo ~ ~~~~ ~LWI ·cr.J.li.AA; Lo ~ _r.;l.r.-"11 ~ o..J..:~ 11:i.ilk..11 w <.J'":"""'[;
L.Jl..;! ~~ ~ L>.AS'j-: . . , 11~~!3 L_T>-3 ,~')L.., _;.s ~l..hll ~ .:,1 ;__.jWI ~w.J~
Wilfred M. McClay, «Two Concepts of Secularism,» in: Hugh Hecla and :~I . 11 • •• J-1-k-.
Wilfred M. McClay, eds., Religion Returns to the Public Square: Faith and Policy in America
(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), pp. 63-64.
r.>- "="'')l:J~ Cr."~ ~I .La.Y ~ l.J~ iL<-L.Jts:.. y iWI J~ll.J)ii ( o)
~L.J ""':'_,J ~3 u~LA.-11 t.A.,3 ,..:;_,~3~~1 <~L:-kJI : i~~l jJL....,3 ,y ~~
,11~y-11 ,i_., Jy- ..!.>-Y' _?..; ~ ~ <J:J~j l.!y~ J8~3 iL<- ik;...l ..:;_,~ ~ly
Charles Taylor, Modern Social Imaginaries (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004), :~I
p, 83, and Jiirgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation ofthe Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a
Category ofBourgeois Society, translated by Thomas Berger (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999).
John Rawls, Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia : _,.1-;1 , U...L:Ji .G~ ( )
University Press, 1996).
ii
32. ~I _j ~·WI G~l ~ ,J~I l ... ~ lc... '-T J .. ~ ,__,-
0)2.9WI IAI..l:i ~I uWI?'J'I 0-" ~)1 ~ ~I ~_,Jy...-l./~1
uL..~ ~ ...IJ_, '~..UI ..ljl ;;_:;.,. ~ _rsi ~Jr. 0_,~~ ~..UI
~~ill ~l:....o ~_,.; ~Y,J L ~jWI ~L-LJI ~ 4J_,..Lll
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.(v)~~· ;.._)~I JI~'J'I
i . .
~_, , ;;_;L)I ~w.JI ~ ~ ~I 01~1 ~ 0-" 41 :UU_,
''-?"~_l_, ~~.511 ~~I ').5 ~ );JI ~I J~l (/' ~)I
~~~WI~ .;;;.LJI ~kLJJ ~ ul~ Jy> JJ...l: -,?..UI_,
u..; r-1 .CI~ ...:....9y}l ~ .CA)iWI ~I ~ 0~~11 ;;J_,..UI uL..~
;;..,.,jWI ;;_;LJ..JI J~i ~~ 0-" ~I ;;_;LJ..J1 ~1_, -,?..UI u.&>I?'J'I
I..Wy i:i.A_j _(' ');;_;....,_,41 ~_,.ill J~i ~~ if ..~ ~lJ • 41 _j
.b_,.A-.. lY' r-")I ._,w ,~I ~kWI ;;~~ ~~ lY' ::,.;-T ~~~~
...:......;L:..........;_,~I _ ~-•·-u11 ~_,JI 0LSJ11 Jlj-i 'J' ,((o~11 c_~~ll
o~l ~ ~LA l)_,~i 0~}-J _ 0_,..)1~1_, 0_r.:SI~'J'I_, ..!i.)yLS~_l_,
~r.~l 0~ ).-;. u}.~ ~I ..;.,L;:__;L..JI ~ ~ .~WI
~~ 0:..U1_, ~_,..UI ~ :U')...1] ~~ ~~~~ 1....Jy. i~ '0--~ Qll
.~J:.;-1 ~ (~ •)j.5 ~..JI ul>.~l
Paul Marshall, ed., Religious Freedom in the World: A Global Report on Freedom and ( V)
Persecution (Nashville, TN: Broadman and Holman, 2000), pp. 216-220, and Roberto Blancarte,
«Un regard latino-americain sur Ia la'icite,» dans: Jean Bauberot and Michel Wieviorka, eds., Les
Entretiens d'Auxerre: De Ia separation des Eglises et de Etat al'auenir de Ia laicite (Paris: L'Aube,
2005), pp. 250-254.
Bhargava, ed., Secularism and Its Critics, and Thomas Pantham, «Indian Secularism (A)
and Its Critics: Some Reflections,» in: Fred Dallmayr, ed., Border Crossings: Toward a
Comparative Political Theory (Lexington, KY: Lanham Books, 1999).
Sunil K. Sahu, «Religion and Politics in India: The Emergence of Hindu Nationalism ( ')
and the Bharatiya janata Party (BJP),» in: Ted Gerard Jelen and Clyde Wilcox, eds., Religion and
Politics in Comparative Perspective: The One, the Few, and the Many (New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2002).
Hans Knippenberg, «The Changing Relationship between State and Church/Religion( •)
in the Netherlands,» GeoJournal, vol. 67, no. 4 (2006), pp. 317-330; Paul Dekker and Peter Ester,
= «Depillarization, Deconfessionalization, and De-Ideologization: Empirical Trends in Dutch
39. c?l.:JI J~l ~ ~3 ... ;J3ill ~J -:;.,L;~.:l .:l_r>:-3 -:;.,')lk:.:>-1 ~
.<rA)((;j3J.ll ~J ~~.:l .:l_r>;-3 .;.,)~ ~ ~Li:. ~'L:.: .:l_;..Ll ~
0i ;J3.:l wo ~ ~ ;;,...,),;) ~l_r.-l J')l>. (.;-A vS~ 0_;..;y. b.')I
u-:..UI ~ j...a-.JI ~ l.r ji -:;.,')!~ ~ t~.:lL,.,_:j ~~ J3..Ull
LSJ..:>.l ~ ~~ ;ji l.r ~) ~ ..3i Jl lh l.r ~ .
0
"')((;j3..ll3
~.:ll>-11 l.bJ~ • u-;..U3 ;J3..U ~ -:;.,jyW ~ -) ;;_; 4-)1 ~I _yo-!I
. ..U . :UJ'u.JI . ~ ~"YJ I ·- J...i, ')! _.:._II -----.JI
~ ~ :r ~~- ~3 ..
.~kWI ~3JJI J o.:l~ -:.>L..l_:.-.. .:l~Y. ~L; -~3J...ll3
~JJ i..J""_r.a-:jl (.;-A ~~~ ~I_,..JI ~ ~ lh }_r..
oh ~l LL:..:......3 .~l:---J3 ~~')! o~l -) u-:..UI ;i ~p
~ ~ _ ~ ')! J~l ~ ~ _ ~~~ ;)~ -~_,.k:JI
·~~')II ~II J..:>.I ~
Robert J. Barro and Rachel M. Mccleary, «Which Countries Have State Religions?,» ('I'/)
Quarterly Journal ofEconomics, vol. I04, no. 4 (2005), p. 1348.
Jonathan Fox: «World Separation of Religion and State into the 21" Century,» ('I'')
Comparative Political Studies, vol. 39, no. 5 (2006), p. 560, and A World Survey ofReligion and the
State (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 99.
Richard W. Bulliet, «The Individual in Islamic Society,» in: Irene Bloom, J. Paul (i •)
Martin and Wayne L. Proudfoot, eds., Religious Diversity and Human Rights (New York:
Columbia University Press, 1996); Hakan M. Yavuz, Islamic Political Identity in Turkey (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 16-18; Alfred Stepan, «The World's Religious Systems and
Democracy: Crafting the «Twin Tolerations»,» in: Alfred Stepan, Arguing Comparative Politics
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), and Olivier Roy, Secularism Confronts Islam ,
translated by George Holoch (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), pp. 15 and 43. A
particular version of civilizationalism has also been called «Orientalism». Edward W. Said:
Orienta/ism. New York: Vintage Books, 1979), and Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts
Determine How We See the Rest of the World (New York: Vintage Books, 1997), pp. 36-68.
Civilizational approach is not always critical of Islam. For a pro-Islamic civilizational
perspective, see: Ahmet Davutoglu, Alternative Paradigms: The Impact of Islamic and Western
Weltanschauungs on Political Theory (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1994).
40. ~.J -~ ~~ ~~ ;>J..-....; ~IJ ~~ ~~~Jl J>' 6o· J_;
en );.;l5 ~L..;:;:..')1I oW I J.>-I_,.... J J;.k; 0i ~ ~I ...~.>-I_,AJI t..a.:i
: ..;~ .. J1 J.Jtl i~ 1 J '-?Jl,a.;:.JI ~I ~
J~'JII ('0 ~JJI UJI_,.k.JI.J 0~}J'I ~ ~ ~ SJI J.J_ri.ll ( )
o_;S~ W tA..9.J y·nuL..L::---ll ~ ~JJI J 3 _;..JI o-4-J o~~l ~I
0W;;...; ~.) •04...':..::.., 0~~;> ~~~~.) i')L.,':il 0~ -~_,.! ~J~f.
~~.) ~~ ~ )I~ ')1 ~~..01 cdlP> 01 ~ Lr" -~1 (/'
~tl ~l_,._llll J:Li.> J ((~I ~..UI J.;:-)l ~ ~ .. J 0~.)
..!.U.l.l3 ~ <<~w..JI 0ylillll ~l.i. _J <<V"~I 0ylillll 3i ,<<~I Lr"
<<~ ..l~ll ~i ~ ~..013 ;J3 ..UI ~ ~l:JI ..:.;ls-1_,.-dl ~_,J .....;~
~~I .......UirJI t._,..;,y, ~.J ,
0
"'",r~-::--" ..13~ll ~i ~ ~w..JI3
~I 01)) : J~ ~ ;J.J..UI.J ~..UI ~ ..;_;j')WI ..ljl i')L.,':ii.J ~
~ ~ ~~~~ ~ d1 OJ.)~ '-:"'_rA.:. '-?.UI ~.)JJI.) ~~ ~
r:..rs- 0~I~ (.)-'>-" 0 ~.) ~_,_I ~ w .('I"
0
(( (Y'--"':iI ~ Ly:-.)-"'
J.-91_,::.)1 u~':i ~ V"~l '-:"'l::SJI .) o~I ..;.;~'JI1 (..5...1.>-1 dl ~I
I .• ~ .<-ro)((W W L.. • - _~~ - ~~ L..)) : :i.:;LJ..JI ~Iu--:. .,/ ~ ~ ~.) " .) " " ~
Ernest Gellner: Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983), (f )
p. I, and Postmodernism, Reason and Religion (New York: Routledge, 1992), pp. 5-7.
Daniel Varisco,/slam Obscured: :~I , fo ..::,.,_.;_;) -.s...U o_;l...,.it>J ~~ J_,...,... ..:-bli;;')'J
The Rhetoric ofAnthropological Representation (New York: Palgrave Macmillian, 2005), pp. 53-80,
and Ilkay Sunar, State, Society and Democracy in Turkey (Istanbul: Bah<;;esaray University
Publication, 2004), pp. 175-186.
Bernard Lewis: «The Roots of Muslim Rage,» Atlantic Monthly, vol. 266 (1990), (f)
pp. 47-60, and What Went Wrong?: The Clash between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East (New
York: Perennial Lewis, 2003); Samuel P. Huntington, «The Clash of Civilizations?,» Foreign
Affairs, vol. 72, no. 3 (1993), pp. 42-43, and Smith, «India as a Secular State,» pp. 185-191.
Bernard Lewis: Secularism in the Middle East (Rehovot, Israel: Chaim Weizmann, (ff)
1991), pp. 10-12 and 26, and «Islam and Liberal Democracy: A Historical Overview,» Journal of
Democracy, vol. 7, no. 2 (1996), p. 62.
Bernard Lewis, The Political Language ofIslam (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago (f t)
Press, 1991), pp. 2-3.
Lewis, Secularism:._} ~_;J '0 ~'11 ''1' • c.L>•.,,,''Jii n,L,;_,J ~jll ,._,.....La.JI "':"'t:.s::.ll (fo)
in the Middle East, p. 62.
42. ~.r"11 ~JJ.JI ~J.JI ..;:..~_rJI ~ ..;..J~ -GJ .<nl~5 ~JJJ
~ .u.J~ ~)J e) c) ~ J~l ~L..J.JI JJ~ I_r.._;:, I)-_;..
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0~ ~ 0-" _?ill 0i ~l ~i 0_,.~ "II ~ ~ -rJI JJ..Lll
01J.J.: c) ~ C':JJ~ .Jl::-L ',i rY _;si ~ly l?i) ~)....,~I ~WI
i)....~1 0i 0L cj ..;:.,~~ ~~ ~ ~ Ji -~~ ~i ~i ~l
(1"A)((4j ..UJ )1 JJI. J ~ r:.r.. y.
Wlill ~I ~~ ~WI c..Y'~I ~ 'l.S_r>-i ~~ 0-"
2 ..l>- _}l ~~ ..;:_,_;~ ~ ~..UIJ ;;JJ..UI ~ o')l,.JI ~
JJ~I ~ .JL..a.::..>-~ ~I _r3JI ~ ~I ~I ..;:.,..;~ t:
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Ira M. Lapidus, «The Separation of State and Religion in the Development of Early (1"V)
Islamic Society,» International Journal ofMiddle East Studies, vol. 6, no. 4 (1975), pp. 363-385.
Tad Stahnke and Robert C. Blitt: «The Religion-State Relationship and the Right to (1"A)
Freedom of Religion or Belief: A Comparative Textual Analysis of the Constitutions of Predominantly
Muslim Countries,» (2005), < http://www.uscirf.gov/countries/global/comparative_ constitutions/
030820051/Study0305.pdf>, p. 2 (accessed on 13 June 2008), and «The Religion-State
Relationship and the Right to Freedom of Religion or Belief: A Comparative Textual Analysis of
the Constitutions of Predominantly Muslim Countries,» Georgetown Journal ofInternational Law,
vol. 36, no. 4 (2005), p. 951 .
..:;.,L,_,.L..... ~'-?'- d'WI r.r-JI ~ ,(C_).J()~1 c; "'->-r.LS.r.W (1"')
U.S. Department of State, «Report on International Religious Freedom». : <) ~/11 ~_;WI
..:.>L..L,.... 4-:JJ , o>ls- ~I ,:r ~K... <-:-JLs. c.s=JI J3JJ 0 .)! v--5_,j ~ (i •)
<) ~ .)! ...;,;~ ~ ,~ ~ 0-' ..w .11~/J11 J3JJI 0-' j-' ..:.r..JJI o~ "-:)L.a.A.;I
Fox: «World Separation of Religion and :~I·~~I c; ;J_,JJIJ c:r-JJI 0-::-: uuJL.JI
State into the 21st Century,» and A World Survey ofReligion and the State.
43. 0~ ~~ :.r ~ ~ ~i ~ ~ &--" ~1.1 ~~
~ u~ ~1J -~ ~)L,~I ~lill ~ ~~ i.I.A)
~ 0-"L.s::..J j-.a-iJI Jy ~..U l:?J~ J~U ~ ..~b.~
JWI . 4.1 . ~I u~l . ;;J JJI ~I
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~ ~ ~Y.Y. ~ ~ :.r ~~ _;.s"-:11 ~ ~
~ l:?~Y. -:r.l.:-i ~Y.J ._,11 oJU~ (::" ,~ u~l
~..WI ~I_,:.; 'J~I lh c:.r' hJ.1..;1 yn~.::._;J.r)IJ ~}Kll
.~ ~~~ ':/ ~ ~}Kll ~ ~ ,;;_;k.WI ~ ~L::...-:;J_,.-)1
uu'.>WI ~ .JJL;... :_r ~ ~I ~ ~i u yljlS .J..5_;.: W
~~ ulp-J ~J ,JJ..UIJ ~ywl ~~ ~ o~l
_) 4..::.JI ~l;SJ ..~1 >-lj1J -~~ c:.r' ~~...U ..lj1 ~}Kll
-~ - • ( H') .• - I . . I. - II ; tI - - -I I . I .I tI
c._r.:--; ~ • (,S_r- "-:->'W cY ~~).)'"':" ~~ ~ '-:f' U ~
- I .~i ~ ':/ '~ •tsJ ~ ~ - ':II .;_; . II .I - II~ 'T' - ) - - y - -. - .)"'--' )_r-' ~ y <....5'·
~'J.ll ~..r"i ~ ~L::...-:iJ_,.-)1 ~I ~ ~i c:.r' :UJ..U j.-..0 J1
J~i if ~~~ ~lk; ~1 W' ·~}SJI ~41 4-_:.9 ~.r-:. ~I
Ahmet Arslan, islam, Demokrasi ve Tiirkiye (Ankara: Vadi, 1999), pp. 120-131. ( i )
John T. S. Madeley, «A Framework for the Comparative Analysis of Church-State ( i 'I')
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Eloges des ideaux perdus, p. 23.
Jose Casanova, «Civil Society and Religion: Retrospective Reflections on Catholicism ( i ")
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44. ~ ~..Lll ~_r-JI ~ _r.Si J~ ~IJ ~J..UIJ ~ ~ ~
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:J1 "4......L:-JI ~ o~L .J 0-!J..ll 0i ~ -~_,...o ~~~ ~~ <Gl W
~ ~ ~-:r-ill 4..>-~ ~.r-.: 0l~ ~ ~ _;11 lh ;)i
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l.ll '-.r.? ~ ·~':il ~ U..?~ ~ -;JI ~~I ~l ..!.LE ~ 0-!~
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~ JU d>-I.J l.Jl ~ ~~ i~ l.Ji J.>.i ~ ':/)) :J~ LS.}-i
Anthony Gill, «The Political Origins of Religious Liberty: A Theoretical Outline,» ( i i)
Interdisciplinary Journal ofResearch on Religion, vol. 27, no. 3 (1999), pp. 13-15.
Anthony Gill, Rendering unto Caesar: The Catholic Church and State in Latin America ( i o)
(Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1998).
Stathis N. Kalyvas, The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe (Ithaca, NY: Cornell (i i)
University Press, 1996), p. 3 note 6.
0-" ':1~ 4.....L-ll ..::A....~ ~ 0....!..>...::.... l,?JY~ ~~3 .JL....l5:;.! ~~ (i V)
..:.A....Jk. ~~.;~I..;.,~,_} ..;.,L..l:-]1 0i ~ ~...L...:..:.l.l ,y')L.~ ..;.,L..L:-JI
DaleF.Eicke1manand :)2.;1 .~JL.,~ ..;.,~L..11 ~ k. ~.I.e,~ ~L....ll ;..u..._.
James P. Piscatori, Muslim Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996).
45. ~ ,_r>-11 ~WI ~ .<~A)((..:_.j_,JI ...::_,~ ~ JWIJ ill i..L:>...; 0i
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.~ ~~ ._::.,~)Y.-4t~ ~~ 0~~ti .r.'"""..Q.j
~ ~~ ~J •-iJkJI .)~ -i o..r.:->tiJ ol::.ll ~)2:JI ~
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.__.i)S:.;:J ~~I ~~ ;_;JLA.::...JI 0~~ WJ ~~ 0~~~
: ·t ~ 0~. ~ :(ol>JI 0')L,a_dl lr. Wl.A.ll :i....o :q
'--?'· '' - ~ f'"'
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(.yY ~JJI ..lj1 ~~ _;:Si 0~~ 0~ .?_,jJ L.;_,..9 o)j 01 : ~j
0L...l.......JI oh 0"1 ~o~l 0~'ly-ll ~ o)WI ~ ~ ..:JJ...j
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t~~ _) ~_,s 0-" ~)I ~ , I~J -wu ~~) ~~ 1L12.:J1
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• • 1..5)-"'-' ~ e.r t.? . . r r-' lr ~ ~
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~1)1 ~~:. ~ ~~ e t~_)~ ~~ 0~ J...i9 : ~)_))i
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43i ~- (:).:JI r.Y- 01}SJI ~I -Jl A 0l5 -~~ j>' ~~
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~ ;;J3JJI ~~ ~Wi :; ~-i Y 0
1.DY. J JJ;;.>.'J'I3 ..:...LA ~'J'I3
~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~i ~ ~ '-?J~ -.)1 Jy...; ~ ilh:J
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ov
56. Jl_,ki o...I.Y ~J..LlJ ~I Cr.: WW ul>-I;JI ~ 'l>.}-i ~L; if
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~ ~ J~ L?..UI L?J.:J~I ik.ll YJ -~ -~~ i~ o.:l~
.<vv)(Pillarization System) !!o~~~ ~....:J i.t..;n
iJi:J Jl l;?J~'JI iJi:J ~ J.:..g.)l u _pi , l>_r>-i ~L; if
J.:..g.)l _,_.....,_y ._;.;, ~ ,..uUI ~..Lll .:lyJ Jl ~iJ ~~ ~~
;J ..llI w')U;:......I · "t ' l r. J;l...i..>...U ~I d....; LJ_,J I U;_; ~.WIJ " ..r" u ~ .. " i "
~ w..;i .:l It:. . .I II G ,. ·'I ~~ • l.u ,4..........,LJ" y.J u- d ~ " )'"'""+' •. ~ J " "
ik.l "-:"'l):- ~_r.U l:JI~i; J..:S ~ ~l..- L;?.lli ci_,.ll -.j .<vA)ili.A>
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..;_,'JWI ~ L....L.J SL.Ls. o.:ly.J ) r-:..u.J iLh.:J "-:"'~ ~J
·II :i....o 'WI 4.:.-LJ ~kWI ~i ..w 'I. ;. ~ . " -II ..:....')..;;.]'--:?"' J J " . " . ~..r t"' '--:?"'
ul_r,J ~.:l:5 ~ 0~1 ~ ~J 0~~~1 ~ ~JP ...:.....;~
;;_;kL...ll ;JJ..Lll c;l:...; ul_rj JJG.- ~ ul;.:::-)~-4i ~~ , ~I
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J>- .:l~ L;?..Ui l;?J~..Lll ~..u.:J ~Jl_j Jl ~J~I ,_r::····,'~ ~J.;
.(~J_,::........Lll ls.:ll:-<JI x--i ~Y. ~W.JI
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57. ~k.W I ;J3 JJ 4JYG- ~ o~l>- ..:;.,~ ~~ ui_;AJI oh _r....U
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J...r--- . ~ - Y" ~ -~ ~ - . ~ 'T::-" iY'-'
~.r" ~-' ,~ ~l;,;JI 0-" o_r.S u,~ !1.:J. 0~ ,'-:JL.i.;,jl ~.r" ~i J:-9 ... ~~WI
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James Mahoney, The Legacies of Liberalism: Path Dependence and Political Regimes in Central
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