PACIFIC SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES REGIONAL TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING WORKSHOP ON DEEP-SEABED MINING

1. 2/19/2019 1
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 1
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Pedro Madureira
Legal & Technical Commission of the ISA
Task Group for the Extension of the Continental Shelf
Trends and development in marine mineral demand & supply
and the current status of marine technology development
Nuku’alofa, Kingdom of Tonga, 12 February 2019

2. 2/19/2019 2
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 2
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Summary:
- Marine mineral resources and activities in the Area;
- Mining and processing;
- environmental issues;
- The need for exploitation;
- Final remarks.

3. 2/19/2019 3
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 3
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019

4. 2/19/2019 4
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 4
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Source: after Hein et al. (https://worldoceanreview.com/en/wor-3/mineral-resources/manganese-nodules )

5. 2/19/2019 5
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 5
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Hawaii
Tonga
nickel,copper,cobalt
cobalt, REE, copper
copper,zinc, gold

6. 2/19/2019 6
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 6
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
PioneerInvestors
Source: ISA

7. 2/19/2019 7
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Crusts (4)
Nodules (16)
Nodules (1)
Sulfides (3)
Crusts (1)
Sulfides (4)
Adapted from Hannington et al. (2017)

8. 2/19/2019 8
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Nodule

9. 2/19/2019 9
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 9
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Resources vs
Reserves...

10. 2/19/2019 10
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Source: CRIRSCO (also adopted by the ISA – ISBA/21/LTC/15)

11. 2/19/2019 11
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 11
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Source: NOAA

12. 2/19/2019 12
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 12
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
© T. Kwasnitschka, N. Augustin, M. Klischies

13. 2/19/2019 13
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 13
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Source: Geomar (© T. Kwasnitschka, N. Augustin, M. Klischies)

14. 2/19/2019 14
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 14
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Source: JAMSTEC

15. 2/19/2019 15
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 15
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Source: IOM

16. 2/19/2019 16
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 16
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Volkmann & Lehnen, 2017
10 cm

17. 2/19/2019 17
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 17
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Source: Swidinsky (2013)
Source: Nautilus MineralsSource: Nautilus Minerals

18. 2/19/2019 18
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 18
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Source: USGS/MBARI

19. 2/19/2019 19
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 19
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Source: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research, 2016 Deepwater Exploration of the Marianas (Fryer Guyot)

20. 2/19/2019 20
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 20
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Source: CRIRSCO

21. 2/19/2019 21
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 21
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Mineral recovery and
processing

22. 2/19/2019 22
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 22
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Mn, Ni, Co, Cu
(Mo, Li, REE, Tl, Zr, Ti, Ge)

23. 2/19/2019 23
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 23
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Model of Richard Roth and MIT team presented to the Council (2018)
Understanding the economics of seabed mining for polymetallic nodules

24. 2/19/2019 24
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 24
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Price 1
Cost
Quantity
D1
Price 2
Model of Richard Roth and MIT team presented to the Council (2018) - Understanding the economics of seabed mining for polymetallic nodules

25. 2/19/2019 25
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 25
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Source: Nautilus Minerals
2/19/2019 25
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019

26. 2/19/2019 26
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 26
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Source: METI – Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan

27. 2/19/2019 27
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 27
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Source: METI – Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan

28. 2/19/2019 28
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 28
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 28
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019

29. 2/19/2019 29
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 29
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Source: DEME

30. 2/19/2019 30
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 30
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Source: bluenodules

31. 2/19/2019 31
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 31
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Environmental issues

32. 2/19/2019 32
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 32
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Source: IFREMER

33. 2/19/2019 33
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 33
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Vanreusel et al. (2016)
Source: https://www.eyeonspain.com/blogs/bestofspain/16635
/how-the-romans-changed-a-landscape-forever.aspx

34. 2/19/2019 34
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 34
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Benthic plume
Surface plume ?
How big ? How far ?

35. 2/19/2019 35
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 35
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Source: DeepSea Mining Alliance brochure
2/19/2019 35
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019

36. 2/19/2019 36
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 36
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019

37. 2/19/2019 37
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 37
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
50 – 100 year
mining area
2/19/2019 37
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019

38. 2/19/2019 38
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 38
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Source: Madureira et al. in prep.

39. 2/19/2019 39
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
The need for exploitation

40. 2/19/2019 40
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 40
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019

41. 2/19/2019 41
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 41
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
CO2 (ppm)
Temperature
Source: NIWA

42. 2/19/2019 42
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 42
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
CO2 (ppm)
Temperature
Source: NIWA

43. 2/19/2019 43
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 43
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
CO2 (ppm)
Temperature
Source: NIWA

44. 2/19/2019 44
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 44
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019

45. 2/19/2019 45
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 45
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
45

46. 2/19/2019 46
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 46
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Main producer: Republic Democratic of Congo
(more than 60%)
Source: Financial Times ©AFP
Source: DeepSea Mining Alliance brochure

47. 2/19/2019 47
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Nodules
(Prime zone – CCZ)
Crusts1
(Prime zone - NPPZ)
SMS
(Global)
Terrestrial2
(Largest deposits)
Mn, % 27.2 22.8 22-28 (Nikopol)
22 (China)
Co, % 0.3 0.67 0.29 (Kongo)
Ni, % 1.3 0.42 0.69 (Talnakh)
Cu, % 1.2 0.1 5.2 0.68 (Chile)
Zn, % 10.7 13.0 (Australia)
Mo, ppm 5901 463 170-1080 (China)
REE, ppm 8131 2454 60000 (TREO,
Bayan Obo, China)3
Au, ppm 2.9 6-10 (Witwatersrand)
Ag, ppm 206 320 (Mexico)
1 - Hein et al., 2017
2 - Bezhanova, Strugova, 2015
3 - Berger, 2008
Source: Cherkashov et al. 2017 @ UMC

48. 2/19/2019 48
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Terrestrial Deep-sea
Resources Reserves Resources
Nodules Crusts SMS Total
Co, mln t 25 7.1 84.8 140.2
207.52
225.0 –
292.3
Ni, mln t 130 79 374.4 97.7
144.02
472.1 –
518.4
Сu, mln t 2 100
(identified)
720 293.7 21.02 31.2 346.9
Mn, mln t 6 8601 620 9 352 4 297 13 649
Au, thous t 1301 56 1.74
Zn, mln t 1 900
(identified)
200 19.02
REE (REO), mln t nd 130 173 51.12
Mo, mln t 14 11 12.92
Reference USGS, 2016
1Bezhanova, Strugova, 2015
3Hein, Koschinsky,
2014
2 Halbach et al.,
2017
Source: Cherkashov et al. 2017 @ UMC

49. 2/19/2019 49
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 49
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Source: EEA Report | No 20/2016

50. 2/19/2019 50
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 50
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Source: Glencore annual report 2017

51. 2/19/2019 51
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 51
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
not in my back yard build absolutely nothing
anywhere near anything
NIMBYism
NATURE GEOSCIENCE | VOL 9 | OCTOBER 2016 | www.nature.com/naturegeoscience
BANANAism

52. 2/19/2019 52
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 52
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019

53. 2/19/2019 53
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 53
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019

54. 2/19/2019 54
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 20192/19/2019 54
Workshop Nuku’alofa, Tonga, 12th February 2019
Source: BBC
Thank you!