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.pdf انتظارات الاصلاحات التربوية و قيادة التغيير

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Baraket Mohamed
Baraket Mohamed

ماهي أنواع الاصلاحات في التعليم و مكوناتها و كيفية قيادة التغيير

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‫رات‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ! "‫ا‬ #‫ا‬ ‫ارس‬ %& 2022 Réformes éducatives attentes et conduite du changement Mamadou Ndoye Revue internationale d’éducation de Sèvres
2 Réformes éducatives attentes et conduite du changement Mamadou Ndoye Ancien ministre de l’alphabétisation, de l’enseignement de base et des langues nationales du Sénégal . ‫رات‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دو‬ ‫وي‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ) * ‫ا‬ +‫ا‬ , -. ‫وا‬ /0 0+‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ - ‫وا‬ 1‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ /3 ‫ل‬ 1* ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ! "‫ا‬ #‫ا‬ ‫ارس‬ ‫ا‬ %& ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ !" # # ‫ﺳ‬ ، & ‫و‬ (&)# ‫ص‬ + ‫ﻣ‬ ‫م‬ - 1990 ‫إ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ /‫أ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ 2 ‫ر‬ ‫إط‬ ‫ا‬ 5 6 ) ‫ﻣ‬ 8 ، ‫ر‬ !‫دا‬ ، ‫ن‬ ) ;‫إ‬ .( ‫ت‬ > ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ @ A! ‫ار‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دل‬ A‫وﺗ‬ ‫@ات‬AB ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫@ة‬ ‫ا‬ . ‫ر‬ 6‫وﺗ‬ ‫رة‬ D?‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ E;‫أ‬ 2 ‫أن‬ ‫رب‬ 6 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ 8 ‫ﻣ‬ 2 5 8 ‫رات‬ ‫ا‬ ، 2 ‫ﺗ‬ ‫@اؤھ‬8‫إ‬ ‫ًا‬@+I‫ﻣ‬ 2 /@2‫إ‬ . @J #‫و‬ ‫إ‬ ‫د‬ - ‫ان‬ A ‫ا‬ K‫ط‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ا‬ ، ‫ن‬L2 ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ 2 - 6‫ﻣ‬ - ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ M ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ (&)‫ﺗ‬ ‫س‬ ‫أﺳ‬ O+ (! ‫ﻣ‬ . #‫و‬ ، ‫ن‬L2 ‫أي‬ ‫ﻣ)@وع‬ R/ A‫ﺗ‬ S O‫وﺗ‬ classification et typologie M E8‫ا‬ / ‫ت‬ A - /@J; -‫و‬ R O/ R T ‫ا‬ - . 5‫ﻣ‬ ‫م‬ - (‫ھ‬ 6‫ﺗ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ، ‫ن‬L2 J ‫ﻣ‬ U # VW OB ‫ا‬ !@ ) ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ W ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ X ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ Y # Z ‫ذ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫ل‬ +‫إد‬ ‫ﻣ]دوج‬ : ‫رات‬ J ;_‫ا‬ @ ‫وﺳ‬ @ T ‫ا‬ ، _‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ Z ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ !@Y‫ﺗ‬ - ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + @‫أط‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ 5 6 ) EFA ( ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ M ‫إط‬ 2 1990 ‫و‬ 2000 ‫و‬ 2015 ، ‫ت‬ ‫وا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ) PISA ، TIMSS ، PASEC ، SAQMEC .( ‫ي‬ Y ‫ا‬ ` ` ‫ف‬ b‫أ‬ . ;‫إ‬ ً_‫أو‬ (AM‫و‬ (! ‫ء‬ D " ‫ﻣ‬ S O‫ﺗ‬ ‫رات‬ J ;_‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ B ‫وا‬ 6 ‫@اﺗ‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ( 6‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ & ‫ا‬ ] ‫ا‬ # ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ل‬ 6‫ﻣ‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ #@ ‫ا‬ . ‫ا‬ ‫وھ‬ X / ً 2 K -‫أ‬ Ae @ `"‫وﺗ‬ (! ‫ع‬ ; ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اع‬ ;‫أ‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ B ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ @ 2 ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (f2‫أ‬ ( Y ‫رات‬ B ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ g 8‫و‬ - @ T ‫ا‬ . ‫ي‬ Y ‫ا‬ ; h ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ / Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ / Y ‫ا‬ W@ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ 8‫وا‬ ‫دة‬ M @ T ‫ا‬ . ًA > ‫ﻣ‬ @ ‫ﺗ‬ (h‫ﻣ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ت‬ / Y ‫ا‬ ، ‫ﻣ‬ i 6 ‫ھ‬ ‫وﺗ‬ ، ‫ت‬ fM ‫ا‬ # ‫رات‬ J ;‫ا‬ @ T ‫ا‬ W ;‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ . ‫وﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ `j‫ا‬ A‫@ﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ - Z ‫ذ‬ ًf/‫أ‬ ‫أن‬ ( ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ت‬ / Y ‫ا‬ K B/ ‫@وف‬J ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ Y ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ . ` X / @ & ‫ا‬ 2 ‫روس‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ K/@e ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫أﻣ‬ ‫ق‬ 2‫آ‬ ‫ة‬ / 8 @/ e ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ھ‬ 6‫ا_ﺗ‬ Y ‫ا‬ A ‫وا‬ 2 @/ e‫ﺗ‬ J;‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ . S O‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ _‫ا‬
3 ( Y/ ‫أي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫رات‬ J ;‫ا‬ @ T # # 6/‫إ‬ ‫م‬ ‫وھ‬ . ‫ه‬ ‫وھ‬ & / 2 h ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫آﻣ‬ (h‫ﻣ‬ ‫اف‬ ‫ھ‬m‫ا‬ ‫>@اض‬m‫وا‬ ‫أو‬ 2 W ; ‫ﻣ‬ ‫@ة‬J 2 K / ‫اف‬ ‫ھ‬m # ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ B ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ . 2 5 8 ‫_ت‬ Y ‫ا‬ ، ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫"ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أن‬ ( / ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ / E ‫إ‬ (&)# (f2‫أ‬ . ‫ال‬I ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ھ‬ / Y‫ﺗ‬ A‫ط‬ ‫داء‬m‫ا‬ 5M ‫ا‬ . 2 ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫د‬ O ‫ا‬ ، S)&/ VY2 ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫إ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫ﻣ‬ /‫زاو‬ VW OB ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ، - ` ` ‫اع‬ ;‫أ‬ W‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ _‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ J ; : - ‫ر‬ J ;_‫ا‬ 1 : 5 ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ / ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ 52‫ور‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫]اﻣ‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫وﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ & ‫؛‬ - ‫ر‬ J ;_‫ا‬ 2 : Y‫ﺗ‬ W ; ‫ا‬ / ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ 6 ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ @ `"‫وﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ - ‫ا‬ OB) ‫ا‬ - 6 ‫وا‬ ‫؛‬ - ‫ر‬ J ;_‫ا‬ 3 : M@‫ﺗ‬ ‫ع‬ ; / 8 ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ;?‫ا‬ ‫)@وع‬ - 8‫ا‬ / 8 / ‫ذج‬ ; ‫ي‬ ‫ﺗ‬ . ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ _‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ J ; ‫إ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ات‬ ‫وﺗ‬ B‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ @ > t2 & ‫ﻣ‬ . 2 5M‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫ء‬ h ‫ﺳ‬ # Z ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ / AB # ، ‫ﱠ‬‫ر‬ ‫ﺗ‬ َ‫ج‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ h/ Y ‫ا‬ 2 ‫راﺗ‬ J ;‫ا‬ . ‫رات‬ J ;_‫ا‬ XAO‫ﺗ‬ (T) ‫ا‬ (> ) ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ - ‫@ك‬ / ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ ‫وراءه‬ ‫ًا‬‫د‬ - ‫ًا‬@ A! ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬m‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ A) ‫وا‬ / A ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ KY ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ا‬ . Z ‫ن‬L2 ‫ح‬ e ‫ا‬ # ‫دراج‬L 5 6 ‫ا‬ @‫أﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ)@وع‬ @/ 8‫و‬ @/ # . 5‫وﻣ‬ Z ‫ذ‬ ، # K ‫ﺗ‬ &D‫إ‬ 2 ‫ى‬ ;‫أد‬ ، ‫و‬ W‫ا‬ #‫ا‬ 2 @/ e‫ﺗ‬ ‫م‬ J; ‫ا‬ : ‫ق‬ Y _‫ا‬ # ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺳ‬m‫ا‬ . ‫@د‬6 # ‫ء‬ ;_‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ا‬ 2 R T ‫ا‬ ، XAO/ 5M ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ھ‬ / ‫و‬m‫ا‬ . ‫ﺗ]داد‬ &) ‫ا‬ ‫ًا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ;m 2 R >‫أ‬ ‫ن‬ m‫ا‬ _ ‫@ف‬ ; ! S/@ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫دة‬ 6 ‫ا‬ ، ‫وﻣ‬ ‫ب‬ # ‫أو‬ ، ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ھ‬ Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫دة‬ 6 ‫ا‬ . &/ ‫رة‬ D?‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ ‫_ت‬ Y ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ 6 ‫ﺳ‬ M‫و‬ . ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ، @O ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ Y ‫ا‬ - ‫س‬ M " M (A6 ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ 6 ‫ا‬ " ‫ﻣ‬ i @ `"‫ﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ - ‫ا‬ . ‫أﻣ‬ A # 5M 3 ، 2 ‫و‬ A/ # ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ A # U A ‫ن‬ & ‫وﺳ‬ / ‫ﻣ‬ b 2 . ‫رﺳ‬ ; # 1 . ‫رج‬ ‫ت‬ 6 ‫ا‬ ‫ات‬ %. ‫وا‬ 7 ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وع‬ 9 /: ‫ا‬ * ! ‫دة‬ ,-. ‫ا‬ , .! , -. ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ 8‫و‬ @J; @ ‫ﺳ‬ - ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ ، R e / K Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ _‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ J ; ًf/‫أ‬ ‫رات‬ + 6 ‫@اﺗ‬ ‫اﺳ‬ B‫ﻣ‬ ، _ ‫ﺳ‬ 2 K / ‫@ك‬Y # W@ ‫ا‬ ( ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ @ T . 8 ‫ﺗ‬ ( ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺳ‬m‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ !@Y ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ت‬ ; & ‫ا‬ W@ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ ، Yb ‫ا‬ 2 ‫@ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ; A ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ;‫أد‬ . ;<9 ‫ا‬ 2 . ‫ت‬ < ‫م‬ 1 ‫ا‬ * " ‫ا‬ t A ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ J ‫ا‬ + ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ / ‫@اءات‬8?‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ 8@B ‫ا‬ t # 5 6 ‫ا‬
4 ‫ت‬ + ‫ا‬ /@)# /‫د‬ ‫وﻣ‬ /@&2‫و‬ : ‫ب‬ e ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ; A ‫وا‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ات‬ ‫وا‬ ‫اد‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫راﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ . ( ‫ﺗ‬ 2 ‫ت‬ - y/‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ / ‫ا‬ 2‫و‬ ‫@اءات‬8?‫ا‬ J ‫ا‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ل‬ O ‫وا‬ ‫راﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ت‬ 8@B‫ﻣ‬ . @2 ‫ﺗ‬ t A ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ J ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا?ط‬ ‫ﺳ‬I ‫ا‬ ‫وا?داري‬ 2 b? # ‫إ‬ - ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ، # ‫رك‬ )‫ﺗ‬ t A ‫ا‬ 6 ‫ا‬ 2 (/ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ !‫)@ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ /‫وا?دار‬ ، ‫إذا‬ g; ! ‫ﻣ‬ . 2 & ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ، (! ‫ن‬ &‫ﻣ‬ E @ `"‫ﺗ‬ ‫د‬ Y‫ﻣ‬ . ‫ء‬ `‫أ‬ (- ‫ا‬ 5‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ ; & ‫ا‬ ‫@ى‬+m‫ا‬ ، 5 / (! ‫ﻣ‬ ًf/‫أ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ # A ; . @ )‫ﺗ‬ ‫&@ة‬2 ( W@ ‫ا‬ ‫@ك‬Y ‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ن‬ & ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ &/ E 2 ‫ى‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ h ‫ا_ﺳ‬ @`m‫وا‬ 5M ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ -m‫ا‬ A _‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ J ; ‫ا‬ . & _ & / ‫ره‬ A -‫ا‬ W@ ‫ا‬ ‫@ك‬Y ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ، _ ‫ﺳ‬ 2 K / ‫ت‬ - # # ‫ت‬ ; &‫ﻣ‬ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ . ‫إن‬ ‫ا‬ (O # ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ W ‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ J ; ‫و‬ W@ ‫ا‬ ‫@ك‬Y ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ e ‫ا‬ ‫@اء‬8? @ T ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ zAf # ‫ﻣ‬ ( 6/ ‫ﻣ‬ & ‫ا‬ / Y‫ﺗ‬ S O‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ 8‫و‬ @J; (+ ‫ا‬ ‫]دوج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ Y ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ -‫أ‬ . ‫ول‬ ? ‫ا‬ 1 @ 1A! ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ B ‫و‬ #‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ ‫ك‬ ‫و‬ ; . ‫ا‬ /* " ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ /* " ‫ا‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ; .- / ‫ا‬ 2 b?‫ا‬ / & ‫ا‬ / ‫ﺗ‬ / ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ + ‫ا‬ /@)A ‫ا‬ /‫د‬ ‫وا‬ Y YO‫ﺗ‬ / S & ‫ﻣ‬ Y‫ﺗ‬ W ; ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ + ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫وا‬ ‫@اءات‬8?‫وا‬ /@& ‫ا‬ y‫ﺳ‬I‫ﻣ‬ / Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫)@وع‬ - 8‫ا‬ / 8 ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ E !"# E‫ﺗ‬ t #‫و‬ . ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ول‬m‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ : 2 b‫إ‬ / ! : ‫ف‬ / ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ول‬m‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ 5 ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ف‬ O;‫وإ‬ ) ُ/ - E;‫أ‬ I2 & ‫ا‬ & ‫ا‬ ( # ‫ق‬ Y _‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫دة‬ /‫ز‬ ‫ت‬ + ‫ا‬ /‫د‬ ‫ا‬ /@)A ‫وا‬ ، _‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ء‬ # ] 6‫وﺗ‬ ‫ل‬ O2 ‫ة‬ / 8 ، ( 6 ‫وﺗ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬m‫ا‬ 2 ‫ارس‬ ‫ا‬ S ‫ظ‬ ‫وﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫د‬ 8 . & / ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ًf/‫أ‬ ‫إ‬ 52‫ر‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫دة‬ /‫ز‬ ‫د‬ - ‫ات‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫]اﻣ‬ ?‫ا‬ y # ‫@ك‬Y ‫ا‬ . ‫ل‬ / E;‫أ‬ 2 b‫إ‬ / ! E;m ]!@/ - " ‫ﻣ‬ /] ‫ا‬ (W ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ " 5 ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ذج‬ ‫ا‬ KAe ‫ا‬ ، ‫إن‬ &/ 5 6 ، - (Mm‫ا‬ @A!m ‫د‬ - . ‫أدت‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ، ‫ا‬ }2 Y‫ﺗ‬ - y ; ‫ذج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫إ‬ ‫وث‬ ‫ر‬ 6 ;‫ا‬ 2 ‫_ت‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ق‬ Y _‫ا‬ ‫ارس‬ # ، ‫وھ‬ ‫ر‬ 6 ;‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ E / ‫ﺗ‬ - E;‫أ‬ ‫ء‬ b‫إ‬ 5# e ‫ا‬ ‫@اط‬ / ‫ا‬ - ‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ ، (&)# @h!‫أ‬ A ‫ﺳ‬ ، 5 ‫ﺳ‬ ! . - ‫أي‬ ،‫ل‬ 2 ‫ا‬ ّ&‫ﻣ‬ ‫)@ات‬- / ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬m‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ . ( )/ ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ J ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ُ; 2 ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ K Y ‫اف‬ ‫أھ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ 8 ، & ‫و‬ ًf/‫أ‬ (AM Z ‫ذ‬ gM # (/ ‫ط‬ ) # 2 Z ‫ذ‬ 2 ‫ان‬ A ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ tD ‫وا‬ ( #‫و‬ Z ‫ذ‬ ‫@ة‬ # / ‫ط‬ 2 ‫ا‬ ‫ول‬m‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫@ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دي‬ Y ‫ا‬ /@) ‫وا‬ ، 5‫ﻣ‬ y ; ‫اف‬ ‫ھ‬m‫ا‬ & ‫ا‬ : ‫]ام‬ _‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ، ; 6 ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ ( 6 ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ارس‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ 6 ‫ا‬ ، /@ ‫ا‬ e/@+‫و‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ، Y ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ O ‫وا‬ ‫ذات‬ ، ‫@ﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ O ‫وا‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ،‫ت‬ 8‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
5 & # f B‫ﻣ‬ ) ‫ﻣ‬ ، ‫وﻣ‬ MI‫ﻣ‬ ، - e ‫وﻣ‬ ، ‫وﻣ‬ / M ‫ﻣ‬ ، ‫وﻣ‬ ‫إ‬ Z ‫ذ‬ ( ، ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ - # ، ً _‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ 2 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ . ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ #‫ر‬m‫ا‬ ،‫@ة‬ +m‫ا‬ >‫ر‬ ;‫أ‬ ‫رج‬ ‫ﺗ‬ b Ke ‫ا‬ 2 b?‫ا‬ / ، & ‫ا‬ 8 ‫ﻣ‬ Y; iYA ‫ا‬ - • (f2‫أ‬ & ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ام‬ B ‫اﺳ‬ ‫ارد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ " ‫ز‬ 6;‫إ‬ /] ‫ا‬ ‫ارد‬ # (M‫أ‬ " ، ‫ة‬ 6 ‫ا‬ # ‫ﻣ‬ Bb ‫ت‬ 8 _‫ا‬ ‫ود‬ ‫و‬ ‫ارد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ & / tA ‫ﺗ‬ . ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ; h ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ : Y YO‫ﺗ‬ / &‫ﺗ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ; h ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ E8 ‫ﻣ‬ Y; Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫دة‬ 8 ‫ا‬ ‫@وح‬e ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ i ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ 8 Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫أو‬ ]/] ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ءﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ /‫وز‬ ‫ءة‬ & ‫ا‬ 8‫ر‬ B ‫ا‬ . / ً‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ 8 V B) ‫ﻣ‬ _ ( / ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ھ‬ VM ; ، E 6 ‫وﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ( / ‫ﻣ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ . E;‫إ‬ D / 5‫ﻣ‬ @O ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + A‫ﺗ‬ 2 y ; ‫ر‬ J ‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ & #_‫ا‬ 6 ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ 8 & ‫وا‬ ‫@ھ‬ >‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫رات‬ & #_‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫دة‬ /‫ز‬ ‫داء‬m‫ا‬ - ‫ا‬ J;‚ . ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ Y YO‫ﺗ‬ / &‫ﺗ‬ # E;‫أ‬ _ Z&)/ 2 ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ W ‫ا‬ /‫و‬ ‫إ‬ X YO‫ﺗ‬ E# - ‫و‬ / ‫أو‬ E ‫ءﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫رات‬ e ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫وا‬ . E;‫إ‬ ٍ‫راض‬ - ‫ت‬ / ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ 6 ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ h/ Y ‫وا‬ 2 iYA ‫ا‬ - ‫دة‬ 8 ‫ﺗ‬ (f2‫أ‬ . ‫ور‬ / ‫@ك‬Y‫ﻣ‬ ( ‫ا‬ W@ ‫ا‬ @ T ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ + ‫ا‬ /@& ‫ا‬ ) ‫ھ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫راﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ R/‫ر‬ ‫وﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اد‬ -‫وإ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬m‫ا‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ( ‫ت‬ -‫و‬ / ‫@اءات‬8‫إ‬ y/‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ J ‫وﺗ‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ 5 6 ‫وا‬ . ‫إذا‬ ; -‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ، 2 g &‫ﻣ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ K Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ظ‬ Y ‫ﻣ‬ 2 ‫ه‬ 6‫اﺗ‬ Y‫ﺗ‬ W ; ‫ا‬ 2 U # ‫ان‬ A ‫ا‬ ، _ ‫ﺳ‬ 2 ‫آﺳ‬ . ‫ﻣ‬ X YO ‫ا‬ ًf/‫أ‬ E;‫أ‬ g; ! ‫ك‬ ‫ھ‬ ًf/‫أ‬ ‫و_ت‬ Y‫ﻣ‬ Y ‫دة‬ 8 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫دة‬ /‫ز‬ ‫ت‬ + ‫ا‬ /‫د‬ ‫ا‬ (/ ‫وا‬ ) U + A ; ‫ا‬ / (O ‫ا‬ 2 / ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ان‬ A ‫ا‬ ‫؛‬ # ‫ﻣ‬ - 1970 ‫و‬ 2005 ، ‫زاد‬ ‫ق‬ ;?‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ - ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ت‬ /_ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ Y ‫ا‬ A # 73 ٪ ‫و_ر‬ # g# h ‫ا‬ .( & ‫و‬ gA` ‫أن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ @ #‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫و‬ ، y 2 (! ‫ﻣ@ة‬ @ `"‫ﺗ‬ @ A! - W ; ‫ا‬ . 2 ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ Y YO ‫ا‬ / & ‫ا‬ S O‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ 6 ‫ا‬ / #@ ‫وا‬ ] 8 >‫ا‬ # ‫اف‬ ‫ھ‬m‫ا‬ ) PPO ( ، #‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ # ‫ءات‬ & ) APC ( ، #‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ # SM‫ا‬ ) APS ( ، † ‫إ‬ [. ، • O ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ / 6 ‫ا‬ @/ e ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ /] W‫أدا‬ ، ‫ودﻣ‬ 8 &‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫_ت‬ O‫وا_ﺗ‬ ) ICT ( 2 ‫ت‬ - y/‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ / ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ #m‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ / 6 ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ھ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫راﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ) ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ، t A ‫ا‬ ، ( ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫دة‬ /‫ر‬ ‫ل‬ -m‫ا‬ ، † ‫إ‬ ( ، ‫رات‬ & #_‫ا‬ 2 ‫دة‬ M ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ O ‫وا‬ ‫راﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫ت‬ M - (- ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ة‬ / 8 5‫ﻣ‬ t # 5 6 ‫ا‬ ، ‫ا‬ W ` T ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺳ‬m‫ا‬ 2 /@2‫إ‬ ، " escuela nueva " 2 &/@‫أﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ ، † ‫إ‬ . ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ i h ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ : ‫دة‬ -‫إ‬ y ‫ﺗ"ﺳ‬ / / Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ i h ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ ، - y&- - ‫ا‬ # ‫ا‬ ، _ Aُ/ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ 2 E; &‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + E ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ، _‫و‬ ‫م‬ / ‫ط‬ A# E / # . @ h/‫و‬ ‫ؤ_ت‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫)@وع‬ ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ء‬ # ‫م‬ J; / 8 ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ 2 /‫رؤ‬ (A ‫ا‬ . 2
6 ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ر‬ J ‫ا‬ ، / ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ / Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫اف‬ ‫أھ‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫وﻣ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ھ‬ ، / E 8 ‫ﺗ‬ ‫دة‬ -‫وإ‬ ‫ء‬ # ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ E !"# E‫ﺗ‬ ; & # B ‫ا‬ Z !‫و‬ E‫ﺗ‬ t # . ٍ W - ، / ‫ن‬ & W@ ‫ا‬ ‫@ك‬Y ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ @ T ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ E !"# ، ‫أو‬ 5 8 ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ / 6 ‫ا‬ (&! ، / i ‫@اج‬+‫إ‬ ‫ع‬ ; / 8 ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ;?‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫ا‬ ، . ‫در‬ M - -‫د‬ 5 6‫ﻣ‬ - 8‫ا‬ / 8 . ‫ﻣ)@وع‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ذج‬ ; @/ e‫ﺗ‬ . 2 5M‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ، / 5b‫و‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ 2 ‫ﻣ‬ + ‫ل‬ O ;_‫ا‬ - ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ - 8_‫ا‬ W ‫ا‬ ( 6/‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫ل‬ Y ‫ري‬ h ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ O ‫ا‬ . 2 (h‫ﻣ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ، ‫ك‬ ‫ھ‬ " 5/‫ر‬ )‫ﻣ‬ ‫>]و‬ " : - " ‫رة‬ h ‫ا‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ " # ‫@وب‬Y ‫ا‬ ) 1918 - 1939 2 #‫أورو‬ ( ‫ا‬ g‫ﻣ‬ M # " !@ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ / 6 ‫ا‬ " ، ‫ا‬ ‫أرادت‬ ‫ل‬ O ;_‫ا‬ - ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ;L# ‫د‬ 8 ‫@اع‬O ‫ء‬ #‫و‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ة‬ / 8 ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ ‫د‬ #‫إ‬ ‫@ب‬Y ‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ #m‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + / &‫ﺗ‬ # K # ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫س‬ ;‫أ‬ ‫م‬ ‫؛‬ - " ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ( ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ " 2 ‫د‬ Y‫ا_ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ 2 ‫ا‬ ، # ‫رة‬ h ‫ا‬ ) A ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ - 1917 ، ‫و‬I ‫ا‬ - e ‫ا‬ 5‫ﻣ‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ /@O ‫ا‬ / AB ‫وا‬ ( &)‫وﺗ‬ ( ‫ا‬ ‫@ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ ]/] ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫@اط‬ /‫د‬ ; 6‫ﻣ‬ z B‫وﻣ‬ E8 ‫ﻣ‬ Y; / &‫ﺗ‬ (8@ ‫ا‬ ‫ري‬ ‫@و‬A ‫ا‬ / 6 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ ‫ء‬ # 5 6‫ﻣ‬ - D ‫؛‬ - ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ (` ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ E‫أﺗ‬ # ‫رة‬ h ‫ا‬ 2 h ‫ا‬ /‫ر‬ ‫@و‬A ‫ا‬ ) 1966 - 1976 ( ‫ا‬ ‫أط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ 2 O ‫ا‬ !" ‫ھ‬ Ae ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ - ‫ا‬ ، _‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + (‫ﻣ‬ &‫ﺗ‬ y/‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ / ( ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫؛‬ - " ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ /@2m‫ا‬ ) " ‫رب‬ 6‫ﺗ‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ 2 > ، ; >‫و‬ ، ;‫]ا‬ ‫وﺗ‬ ، ‫وﻣ‬ ‫إ‬ Z ‫ذ‬ ( ‫ﻣ‬ ‫@ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أن‬ / ‫ؤھ‬ # ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫دة‬ -‫إ‬ y ‫ﺗ"ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫ي‬ ‫وا‬ _ ‫]ال‬/ - ‫ول‬ 8 ‫ل‬ -m‫ا‬ 2 /@2‫إ‬ ، ‫ي‬ ‫وا‬ R6/ ‫أن‬ y& / 5# e ‫ا‬ X ‫ا‬ ‫رﺳ‬ `‫رو‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ J ‫ﻣ‬ f ‫ا‬ 2 h ‫ا‬ /@2m‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫اﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ . ‫_ع‬ ;‫ا‬ ‫@ب‬Y ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ; h ‫ا‬ 2 ‫م‬ - 1939 ، ‫ط‬ ‫وﺳ‬ ‫ار‬ 8 @# 2 ‫م‬ - 1989 ، ‫ت‬ 8 6 ‫وا‬ " ‫ن‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ " !@Y /@& ‫ا‬ # e ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ O ‫ا‬ 2 ‫م‬ - 1989 ، ‫وا‬ ‫@ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذج‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ /‫ر‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ 2 /@2‫أ‬ @ )‫ﺗ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ح‬ 6; ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ _ ‫]ال‬/ A e‫ﻣ‬ . 2 / ‫ا‬ ، ‫;@ى‬ E;‫أ‬ ! ‫زادت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ ، ‫زادت‬ ‫ة‬ 6 ‫ا‬ # _‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ J ; W ‫وا‬ . # @+‫آ‬ ، ‫و‬ A/ ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ا‬ & ‫ا‬ @h!‫أ‬ # M K Y ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ا‬ - ‫ا‬ . Xf / ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ً ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + @/ e‫ﺗ‬ J;‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ /@2m‫ا‬ ، ‫وا‬ ‫زادت‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫_ت‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ق‬ Y _‫ا‬ ‫@ة‬ ‫ﺗ‬ # -‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ، _ ‫ﺳ‬ # ‫ﻣ‬ - 2000 ‫و‬ 2015 ، & ‫و‬ X2 &‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ ‫أن‬ (O/ @h!‫أ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (! / ‫ﺗ‬ 2 / ; @ ‫ا‬ W‫ا‬ #_‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ Y ‫ا‬ ;‫د‬m‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺳ‬m‫ا‬ : ‫ﺗ‬ ‫@اءة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ b /@ ‫وا‬ . ` } / ‫أن‬ Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫دة‬ 6 ‫ا‬ @‫أﻣ‬ ‫@وري‬b ‫ظ‬ Y - ‫زات‬ 6;‫إ‬ ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ا‬ - ‫ا‬ . ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ا‬ /‫د‬ !m‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ f/‫أ‬ @h!‫أ‬ # M K Y ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ . ‫و‬ ‫ول‬ ‫ا‬ / ‫ﺳ‬j‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫إ‬ M ‫ت‬ O‫ﺗ‬ PISA Xb ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ، ‫ل‬ + ‫ﻣ‬ ‫@وف‬J ‫ا‬ ) ‫ا‬ t ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ A) ، _ ‫ﺳ‬ 2 /‫ر‬ ! # 6 ‫ا‬ ، ‫ﻣ‬ ‫@ز‬A/ ‫أھ‬ 5 6 ‫ا‬ # ‫ب‬ !‫ا‬ 2@ ‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ ‫وا‬ @/ e‫وﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ SM‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ! ‫وا‬ . ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ ‫ز‬ 6;?‫ا‬ OB) ‫ا‬ - 6 ‫وا‬ ‫ء‬ e-? ‫ﻣ‬ ; ;‫إ‬ ‫ح‬ .
7 ‫إن‬ @ & ‫ا‬ 2 (‫اﻣ‬ - ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ () ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ Y ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ( 6/ ‫ﻣ‬ & ‫ا‬ / Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ / Y ‫ا‬ W@ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ E8‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫دة‬ M @ T ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ا‬ . ‫دة‬ M @ T ‫ا‬ : ‫ت‬ / Y ‫ا‬ W@ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ي‬ Y ‫ا‬ ‫ول‬m‫ا‬ ‫@وح‬e ‫ا‬ - ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ #@ ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ @ 2 ‫ﺗ‬ ‫]ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫زم‬ ‫ا‬ @ T . & / ‫أن‬ ‫ن‬ &/ " ‫ر‬ 6 ;_‫ا‬ @ A& ‫ا‬ " ًY8 ; ً A ; 2 ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ 2 b?‫ا‬ / & ‫ا‬ . E;‫إ‬ @h!‫أ‬ # 2 ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ Y YO ‫ا‬ / & ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ &/‫و‬ ‫ن‬ &/ ً Y ‫ﻣ‬ 2 ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ -‫إ‬ y ‫"ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ / (/ Y ‫ا‬ . ‫ا‬ ‫وھ‬ / ‫أن‬ ‫ح‬ 6; ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ R e / ‫@ار‬ ‫اﺳ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻣ‬ @ T ‫ا‬ . 2 J;m‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ h/ Y ‫ا‬ ، ‫رض‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ة‬ M ‫ت‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ;_‫ا‬ ‫وب‬ ‫وا‬ ‫@اط‬ / ‫ا‬ S B‫وﻣ‬ ‫وﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ - 8_‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ /‫@ار‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ 2 . ‫ث‬ Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ fM ‫ا‬ 2 U # ‫ن‬ m‫ا‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ھ‬ ، ‫دون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ن‬ &/ ‫ى‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻣ‬ gM ‫ا‬ K Y @ `" ‫ا‬ 5M ‫ا‬ . ‫وﻣ‬ ` ‫ن‬L2 ‫@ى‬ m # ‫@ات‬ `"‫ﺗ‬ ‫رة‬ b ) & / ‫ﺗ‬ ، 1994 .( ‫ﻣ‬ 8‫و‬ @J ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ، & / ‫@ء‬ ‫أن‬ / ‫أن‬ ‫ان‬ A ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دت‬ ‫ﺳ‬ 2 e ‫ﺳ‬ /‫اد‬ A ‫اﺳ‬ ، 2 ‫آﺳ‬ - ( A‫ﺳ‬ ‫ل‬ h ‫ا‬ ، M ‫دت‬ ‫اﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫@وط‬D /‫@ار‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ @h!m‫ا‬ ‫ءﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ . 2 Y ‫ا‬ ، ‫@ز‬A‫ﺗ‬ ‫ھ‬ &)‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ A ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ - 8_‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫اﻣ‬ ‫اﺳ‬ . / ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫ار‬ Y ‫ا‬ ‫@اط‬ / ‫ا‬ iYA ‫وا‬ - ‫ع‬ 8‫إ‬ (/ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻣ‬m‫ا‬ ، ! Xf / ‫ﻣ‬ h‫أﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫دول‬ ‫ل‬ D #‫أورو‬ . ‫]ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ّ / f/‫أ‬ g M ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ . ‫ﺗ‬ @2 ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ E ‫وأھ‬ - @‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ e‫ﺗ‬ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ ‫@اد‬ ‫ا‬ E ‫إ‬ . - ( A‫ﺳ‬ ‫ل‬ h ‫ا‬ ، 2 K / Y # ‫دة‬ 6 ‫ا‬ ، 5b‫و‬ ‫ن‬ h A ‫ا‬ ) Mourshe ‫@ون‬+‫وآ‬ ، 2010 ( ً‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ + ‫ت‬ / ‫ﻣ‬ ‫داء‬m J;‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ : S b ، ‫ل‬ A ‫ﻣ‬ ، 8 ، 8 ‫ًا‬ 8 ، ‫ز‬ ‫ﻣ‬ . ‫إ‬ R; 8 - 6‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫أﺳ‬ !@ )‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺳ‬m‫ا‬ ، R e ‫ﺗ‬ (! @‫ﻣ‬ ] !@ ‫ا‬ - ‫ت‬ ‫إ‬ ‫دة‬ Y‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ ; ‫إ‬ @ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ . - ( A‫ﺳ‬ ‫ل‬ h ‫ا‬ ، ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ " S f ‫ا‬ " ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ /@/ ‫ل‬ ;_‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ " ‫ل‬ A ‫ا‬ " ]!@/ ‫دة‬ M @ T ‫ا‬ - ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺳ‬m‫ا‬ 2 T ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ b /@ ‫وا‬ . ‫ﻣ‬ " 8 " ‫إ‬ " 8 ‫ًا‬ 8 " ، R6/ ‫أن‬ ‫ن‬ &/ W@ ‫ا‬ ‫@ك‬Y ‫ا‬ ]/] ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ا‬ / #@ ‫ا‬ ( ;‫و‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ 2@ ‫ا‬ # ‫ا‬ . Z &/ ‫ي‬ Y ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ 2 V B) ‫ا‬ X YO ‫ا‬ @ @/ e‫ﺗ‬ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ ، ` S &‫ﺗ‬ _‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ J ; 2 K / @ # ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ +‫وا‬ ‫@ك‬Y ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ( W@ ‫ا‬ ً 2‫و‬ Z 52 @ T ‫ا‬ . ` ٍ Y‫ﺗ‬ @+‫آ‬ K / ‫ءﻣ‬ # ‫وا‬ (h / 2 ‫ازدواج‬ ‫ح‬ 6; ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ 2 ‫ق‬ ‫ﺳ‬ @ > ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ُ; E 2 . / ]/] ‫ﺗ‬ ‫دل‬ A‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ 6 ‫ا‬ ‫رب‬ 6 ‫وا‬ Y8 ‫ا‬ 2 K / ‫ح‬ ? # - ‫ق‬ e; 5‫واﺳ‬ - ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ . 5‫وﻣ‬ Z ‫ذ‬ ، ‫ن‬L2 ‫ﺗ&@ار‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ # ‫إ‬ @+‫آ‬ ‫رض‬ / 5‫ﻣ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ z A ‫ا‬ ‫روس‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫@وط‬D (‫اﻣ‬ -‫و‬ ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ا‬ (‫ھ‬ 6 / ‫دات‬ Y ‫ا‬ M ‫ا‬ . 5‫وﻣ‬ Z ‫ذ‬ ، ‫ن‬L2 ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫دات‬ Y ‫ا‬ M ‫ا‬ / Y # ‫ھ‬ ‫ا‬ R6/ - ‫@ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫@ف‬ / ! ‫دة‬ -‫إ‬ W );‫إ‬ 2 ‫ق‬ ‫ﺳ‬ S f ‫ا‬ (‫‚ﻣ‬ 2 ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ا‬ . 2 y ; A ‫ا‬ ، & / ‫أن‬ ") ‫ﺗ‬ &)‫ﻣ‬ ‫ج‬ ;?‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ -‫إ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ - /@/ ‫@ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ;_‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬
8 ‫ﻣ)@وع‬ A/@6‫ﺗ‬ ‫أو‬ #@6‫ﺗ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ا‬ . ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫و‬ ;@AB/ ‫أن‬ ‫ي‬ Y ‫ا‬ (h ‫ا‬ 2 5 ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ق‬ e; ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ y ً ! R Y2 . ‫ح‬-./‫ا‬ ‫درات‬4 56 ‫ل‬89:9;‫ا‬ ‫=دي‬:;‫ا‬ ‫>ر‬8> " ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اد‬ -‫إ‬ ] 6‫وﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳ‬I ‫ا‬ ‫ارد‬ ‫وا‬ /@)A ‫ا‬ @ T . R e ‫ﺗ‬ ‫دة‬ M @ T ‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ M ‫ة‬ / 8 > O ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ! Y ‫وا‬ z eB ‫وا‬ @/ e ‫وا‬ ‫ة‬ ! Y ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫وا‬ # ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ / (/ ‫ا‬ . 2 ‫م‬ - ‫د‬ 8‫و‬ # 6 ‫اﺳ‬ A‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ي‬ Y ‫رات‬ ‫ا‬ ، M ‫ن‬ &‫ﺗ‬ ‫وى‬ 6 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ 5b ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ؤل‬ ‫ﺗ‬ . ‫إن‬ ‫و‬ # 6 ‫ا_ﺳ‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ R/‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ - ‫رات‬ & #‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ . ‫وھ‬ @‫أﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ !" # ، & ‫و‬ @‫ﻣ‬m‫ا‬ @h!m‫ا‬ ‫أھ‬ ‫ھ‬ @/ e‫ﺗ‬ ‫رة‬ M S B‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ 6 ‫ا‬ - ‫ا‬ - ‫ر‬ & #_‫ا‬ ‫د‬ 6/‫وإ‬ ‫ل‬ (! ) ‫ة‬ / 6 ‫ا‬ 5‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ / Y ‫ا‬ : Z ‫ا‬ z) ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ (‫ﻣ‬ - ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ح‬ 6 . @A / @ `"‫ﺗ‬ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ ً/ Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫ًا‬@ A! ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ًA > ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ھ‬ 6‫ﺗ‬ . ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ E# E ‫ذج‬ ; ( T) ‫ا‬ ‫@ه‬ / ‫وﻣ‬ @ / ‫وﻣ‬ EW‫أدا‬ ، ‫ر‬ O + # E 2 ` E‫ﺗ‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫وﻣ‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ . ‫إن‬ A>@ ‫ا‬ 2 @ T‫ﺗ‬ ‫ن‬ &‫ﻣ‬ ‫أو‬ @h!‫أ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ ; &‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ ‫دون‬ K ‫ا‬ ‫)"ن‬# ‫رب‬ ‫ا‬ 5‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ ; & ‫ا‬ ‫@ى‬+m‫ا‬ (h / /@e+ ‫ن‬ /‫د‬I/ ‫إ‬ y ; ‫ء‬ ) ‫ا‬ : U2‫ر‬ ‫أو‬ (!‰‫ﺗ‬ @‫ھ‬ 6 ‫ا‬ @& A ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ . Z ، ‫ﻣ‬ - ‫م‬ B ‫ﺗ‬ ‫دة‬ M @ T ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫وا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ًا‬‫د‬ - ً M ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ !@Y‫ﻣ‬ ( ‫ا‬ ، R6/ - (Mm‫ا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ن‬ &/ / /‫رؤ‬ 6 ‫ﻣ‬ @ T X ‫ﺗ‬ ، 2 ‫ر‬ ‫إط‬ (- ‫ﺗ‬ 5 8 ‫ت‬ ; &‫ﻣ‬ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ ، / Y # ( ‫وﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ `j‫ا‬ fM ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ . ‫رات‬ B ‫وا‬ . -‫و‬ y ; ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫ن‬L2 ‫م‬ J; ‫ا‬ E ; ‫ھ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ت‬ ; &‫ﻣ‬ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ - 8_‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ E )/ ‫@ض‬ /‫و‬ ‫ًا‬‫د‬ M - ‫@ه‬ T‫ﺗ‬ ، - ( A‫ﺳ‬ ‫ل‬ h ‫ا‬ ، (‫ھ‬ & / ‫ء‬ # ‫م‬ J; ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ SO ‫ﻣ‬ ً‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ 2 5 6‫ﻣ‬ @ > ‫‹؟‬2 & ‫ﻣ‬ & / # 8?‫ا‬ (&)# ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ب‬ 6/? # ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + 5b‫و‬ ;‫أ‬ 2 ‫ر‬ J ‫ﻣ‬ ‫رات‬ e ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ X ‫ﺗ‬ ‫_ﺳ‬ # A ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ E‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ /‫ود‬ B ‫ا‬ . & ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ن‬ h A ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ z ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ء‬ f ‫ا‬ - " @ `"‫ﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ " ‫و‬ " @ `"‫ﺗ‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ " # E;‫أ‬ ، 2 ‫ت‬ B ‫ا‬ - 8_‫ا‬ /‫د‬ O M_‫وا‬ # ) ‫ا‬ ، } ‫د‬ 8‫و‬ ‫ت‬ 2 +‫ا‬ 2 /@‫ط‬ y/‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ 2‫و‬ ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ا‬ /‫د‬ !m‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ e 2 ‫ارس‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ . ‫إذا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ Y‫ﺗ‬ @ `"‫ﺗ‬ B ‫ا‬ - 8_‫ا‬ /‫د‬ O M_‫وا‬ ) . E ‫ﺗ‬ > ‫@ون‬+‫وآ‬ ، 2009 .( 2 5M‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ، 5f/ " ‫ار‬ 6 ‫ا‬ - 8_‫ا‬ " ً W‫دا‬ ‫ًا‬‫د‬‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺗ‬ _ ‫ﻣ‬ - y ; ( h ‫ا‬ @ A& ‫ا‬ ( ‚ - 8_‫ا‬ ‫دي‬ O M_‫وا‬ 2 ‫دات‬ Y‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وأداء‬ ‫ب‬ e ‫ا‬ ، ‫وھ‬ ‫وزن‬ & / !" # E B‫ﺗ‬ - K/@‫ط‬ y / ‫ﻣ‬ U/ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ #@ ‫ا‬ & ‫و‬ _ / ‫ء‬ f ‫ا‬ E - . ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ھ‬ &) ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ e+ ‫ﻣ‬m‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ Y ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ 2030 . ‫إن‬ (/ Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ J ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ R e / #‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ D - ‫وﺗ‬ ‫ل‬ Y - ‫ت‬ / ‫ا‬ B ‫ا‬ 5 6 (&! . Z R6/ (‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ 5‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ W &! ‫@ك‬Y‫وﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ Y - ‫اء‬ ‫ﺳ‬ @O ! ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ - ‫ﺗ‬ (& ‫ا‬ ، ‫ف‬ ‫وا‬ 5#‫@ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اف‬ ‫أھ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ K / ‫اف‬ ‫"ھ‬# ‫ا‬ ‫اﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ @)- ‫@ى‬+m‫ا‬ . # @+‫آ‬ ، 5fB/ ‫ا‬
9 ‫ل‬ Y (& ‫ا‬ - 8_‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ /‫و‬ 2 (- ‫ا‬ 5‫ﻣ‬ ‫د‬ #m‫ا‬ ‫@ى‬+m‫ا‬ . / ‫رب‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ & ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ا‬ B ‫ا‬ ً‫ط‬@D ً ‫ﺳ‬ ‫أﺳ‬ ‫ح‬ 6 . ‫@ز‬A/ ‫ھ‬ ٍ Y‫ﺗ‬ / 8 : 8 Y ‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ 5b‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ 5/‫ر‬ )‫وﻣ‬ !@ )‫ﻣ‬ # ‫ت‬ - e ‫ا‬ ً_ # ‫ﻣ‬ ‫رھ‬ A -‫ا‬ ‫]و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ - ‫ع‬ eM ‫ا‬ . ‫ﺗ‬ z ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ء‬ f ‫ا‬ - ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ 2 @/@ ‫ﺗ‬ 2016 : 2 @O- ‫اف‬ ‫أھ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫ن‬L2 ‫ا‬ - e ‫ا‬ @ > A‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ / Y ‫ﻣ‬ ) ‫ا‬ e#‫@ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫اﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ) ‫ن‬ # ، 2015 .( ً_ # ‫ﻣ‬ Z ‫ذ‬ ، ‫ن‬ &/ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ @h!‫أ‬ ‫ءﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ھ‬ (h‫ﻣ‬ " @ `" ‫ا‬ - 6 ‫ا‬ " ) Kania and Kramer 2011 ( ، ‫ي‬ ‫وا‬ f / ً ‫ﺗ‬ ً‫ﺳ‬‫رو‬ ‫ﻣ‬ & ‫وھ‬ ‫د‬ 6 K Y W ; 5‫أوﺳ‬ . ... ‫ذا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ - ‫ت‬ / Y ‫ا‬ W@ ‫ا‬ ‫@ى‬+m‫ا‬ ، (h‫ﻣ‬ ) ‫ا?رادة‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ / ‫ا‬ ، - ‫وا‬ ‫ا?داري‬ 6 ‫وا‬ 5‫اﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ !‫ر‬ ) ‫وا‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫دة‬ M @ T ‫ا‬ e B ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ 5 6‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ -‫أ‬ ‫إ‬ ( ‫أﺳ‬ ‫وﻣ‬ ( ‫أﺳ‬ ‫إ‬ -‫أ‬ ، (/ ‫وا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ، † ‫إ‬ . ‫؟‬ + ‫و‬ ، ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ھ‬ 6 ‫@اﺗ‬ ‫ا?ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ e ‫ﺗ‬ 5 8 ‫@اءات‬8‫إ‬ @ T ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + @ `" ‫ا‬ # 6/?‫ا‬ W‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ - ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ث‬ Y/ 2 (O ‫ا‬ ‫؟‬ ‫راﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ي‬ e / ‫ي‬ Y ‫ا‬ @h!m‫ا‬ ‫أھ‬ ‫ت‬ : @ T‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ 2 ` ‫ت‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫وﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ه‬ 6‫اﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ & #_‫ا‬ . ‫إ‬ R; 8 R/‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ #‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ e A ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ھ‬ 8‫ر‬ B ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ A ‫رات‬ ‫ا‬ ، R6/ - ‫أن‬ E8 ; ;@J; Y; K ‫ﺗ‬ ( T)‫وﺗ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻣ‬ @/ e ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ - ‫س‬ ‫أﺳ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫"ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ A ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ / ‫ا‬ . (&)# ‫م‬ - ، _‫أ‬ ( 6/ ‫د‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫وﺗ‬ (! ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ت‬ / Y ‫ا‬ ‫@و‬e ‫ا‬ - ‫دة‬ M @ T ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ا‬ 5M ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫؟‬ ً/ Y‫ﺗ‬ - (M‫أ‬ @/ ‫ﺗ‬ ، @ h‫ﺗ‬ ً! &D ‫ة‬ /‫]ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫رة‬ M ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ - A ‫ﺗ‬ ‫رات‬ J ;‫ا‬ ‫@ات‬ T ‫ا‬ 2 J;m‫ا‬ . - @ & ‫ا‬ ، & / @ ‫ﺗ‬ J ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ A + (‫ﻣ‬m‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ : ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ھ‬ 5M ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ًA > ‫ﻣ‬ ‫دل‬ / @ T ‫ا‬ ‫ري‬ h ‫ا‬ . ‫ي‬ T/ ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ (‫ﻣ‬m‫ا‬ ًf/‫أ‬ ‫ة‬ -‫د‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫ب‬ eB ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ; ‫ا‬ manichéens i / Z &) ‫ا‬ (&)# ‫ري‬ 8 2 ‫ﻣ‬ R6/ E ‫إ‬ ‫ره‬ A - # ‫ًا‬@D ً e‫ﻣ‬ /‫و‬ Bf‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ھ‬ / 8 /@e# /@- D ) Gauthier et al. ، 2009 .( E - ‫و‬ ، ‫ن‬L2 ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ y ‫رة‬ ` ‫ﻣ‬ i gM‫و‬ E Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣ‬ i A‫ط‬ ‫ع‬ /‫وإ‬ @ T ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ E` Y/ ‫أن‬ R6/ . ‫دة‬ M @ T ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ا‬ 8 ‫ا‬ Y; ‫ا‬ ;‫]و‬ Y ‫ا‬ Z R6/ ‫أن‬ ‫د‬ ; ‫إ‬ ‫ا‬ K -m‫ا‬ & ‫و‬ @h!m‫ا‬ ً b‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ & ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ _ 5M ; A M / eM ‫ع‬ ‫ري‬ ` . ‫دﺗ‬ M ‫و‬ A O‫ﺗ‬ Z ‫ذ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ _ # ‫رھ‬ A -‫ا‬ R6/ ! ‫@ة‬ ‫ﻣ‬ 6/‫ر‬ ‫وﺗ‬ Y ‫أداء‬ ‫م‬ J; ‫ﺗ‬ . ‫ث‬ Y / U A ‫ا‬ - " ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ W‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ." ‫ﺗ‬ #‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ - ‫روس‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ & / ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ / Y ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ھ‬ / Y‫ﺗ‬ # ‫ﺳ‬ . (h ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ة‬ eB ‫ا‬ ‫و‬m‫ا‬ 2 ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ه‬ 6‫ا_ﺗ‬ 2 ‫ء‬ # ‫ع‬ 8‫إ‬ ‫وط‬ (/ ‫ط‬ (8m‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫اف‬ ‫ھ‬m‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ B ‫وا‬ 6 ‫@اﺗ‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ @ T 2 K / /‫@ؤ‬# !@ )‫ﻣ‬ (A . R e / ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ا‬ ‫ًا‬‫ر‬‫ا‬ ً ‫@اط‬ /‫د‬ ً ً ‫ﻣ‬
10 5 6 ‫ب‬ Y ‫أ‬ Y O ‫ا‬ 2 ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ S B‫وﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ ; &‫ﻣ‬ 5 6 ‫ا‬ . ‫ﻣ‬ ‫@وري‬f ‫ا‬ ، ‫اﻣ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ، ‫أن‬ R 6 ‫ﺗ‬ 6 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ / ‫ل‬ OY ‫ا‬ - R e K - ‫ﻣ‬ 5 6 ‫ا‬ y ‫و‬ ‫@ض‬ ‫ﻣ‬ & z # ‫أو‬ SM‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ #] . & / (h ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ع‬ 8?‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫وز‬ 6 / ‫ت‬ b‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ / ‫ا‬ ‫وب‬ ‫وا‬ ‫@اط‬ / ‫ا‬ . ‫@د‬6 # / Y‫ﺗ‬ E8 ‫ا‬ 2‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ E b‫وو‬ - ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ (/ e ‫ا‬ ، / z eB ‫ا‬ @ T . R6/ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ن‬ & #‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ : - # ‫ت‬ - e ‫ا‬ 2 K / ‫ت‬ - # 5‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ - e ‫ا‬ ‫@ى‬+m‫ا‬ / Y ‫ت‬ !‫)@ا‬ ‫ا‬ & ‫ا‬ ، @/ e‫وﺗ‬ 5/‫ر‬ )‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ & ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ @ T ‫ا‬ ، ‫وا‬ ‫إ‬ " @ `" ‫ا‬ - 6 ‫ا‬ " #‫و‬ R 6‫ﺗ‬ O‫ﺗ‬ ‫وﺗ‬ @ T ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ا‬ 2 e ‫ا‬ ] ‫ا‬ ‫؛‬ - ‫ﻣ‬ J ‫ﻣ‬ ، # ‫]دوج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ -‫@ا‬ 5 8 ‫ت‬ ; &‫ﻣ‬ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ - e ‫وا‬ -@ ‫ا‬ B ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ e ‫ا‬ ، ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ @J ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ت‬ - ‫ا‬ (+‫دا‬ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ E 8 ‫وﺗ‬ & ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ) ‫ا‬ Y; ‫اف‬ ‫أھ‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫؛‬ - /]!@ ‫ا‬ /]!@‫ﻣ‬ ‫وا‬ ، ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + @/ e‫ﺗ‬ ze+ ( ‫ا‬ - ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ & ‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ - ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ z‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ) /]!@‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ e‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ / ‫أو‬ /]!@‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ( ;‫د‬m‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ) ‫ﺳ‬I ‫ا‬ (O ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ .( R6/ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗ‬ X #‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ !‫ر‬ ) ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫درة‬ A ‫اع‬ #?‫وا‬ - - 5 8 ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ت‬ / ‫ا‬ ، 5‫ﻣ‬ ]/] ‫ﺗ‬ ‫رﺗ‬ M - ‫ر‬ & #_‫ا‬ . ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ر‬ J ‫ا‬ ، ‫ن‬L2 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫ا‬ ‫اﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ A ‫ا‬ ‫‚داء‬ ، iYA ‫وا‬ - 6 ‫ا‬ ، ‫دل‬ A ‫وا‬ # ;‫@ا‬M‫أ‬ ‫د‬ 6/? ‫ل‬ (! ) ‫ا‬ 8‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ، / ‫وﺗ‬ ‫ق‬ +m‫ا‬ ‫]ام‬ _‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ]/] ‫ﺗ‬ e);m‫ا‬ # ‫ا‬ g A`‫أ‬ ;‫أ‬ ‫@ة‬ h‫ﻣ‬ / T ، _‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ A # - W@ ‫ا‬ @ T ‫وھ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ . ( # ، ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ا‬ @/ e ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ @ ‫ا‬ & / ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ت‬ 6 ‫وا‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫@ى‬+m‫ا‬ A ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ A e ‫ﻣ‬ ‫رة‬ ‫ا‬ - @ T ‫ا‬ !‫ر‬ ) ‫وا‬ ‫ط‬ ) # 2 @/ e‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ & #_‫ا‬ . . 5‫ﻣ‬ A‫ﺗ‬ #‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ( 6‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ & ‫ا‬ 8‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ / Y ‫ا‬ W@ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫ه‬ -‫أ‬ ، ‫ج‬ Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫دة‬ M @ T ‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ S ‫ﺳ‬ @/ e A ‫ا‬ : iYA ‫ا‬ . (f # ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ @ +m‫ا‬ ، E & / ‫ذ‬ B‫اﺗ‬ @h!‫أ‬ ‫رات‬ B ‫ا‬ T) ‫ا‬ 2 ، ‫ح‬ 6 ‫وا‬ 2 ‫ا‬ O B) ‫ا‬ A ‫وا‬ 2 (! @‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ( ‫ﻣ@ا‬ @/ e ‫ا‬ ، ‫ص‬ B ‫واﺳ‬ ‫دروس‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻣ‬ E ‫ﻣ‬ Y @ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ 5‫ﻣ‬ 5M ‫ﺗ‬ ‫@ات‬ T ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ 6‫دﻣ‬ . - ( A‫ﺳ‬ ،‫ل‬ h ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫رات‬ B ‫ا‬ J ‫ا‬ 6 ‫وا‬ ‫وا‬ J ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ( ‫ﺗ‬ (&)# (f2‫أ‬ 2 ‫ء‬ b ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ E8 ‫وا‬ 6 ‫@اﺗ‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ره‬ +‫ا‬ ‫@؟‬ T 2 / ; ‫ى‬ ‫إ‬ ( ‫ﻣ@ا‬ - @ T ‫ا‬ ، ‫ﻣ‬ ‫روس‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ & / ‫أن‬ Y‫ﺗ‬ @ ‫ا‬ ‫؟‬ ‫ا‬ S ! & / ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫روس‬ ‫ا‬ (&)# @h!‫أ‬ ‫؟‬ - 2 ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ھ‬ 6‫ا_ﺗ‬ /‫ر‬ e ‫ا‬ @ T ‫ا‬ R6/ ‫؟‬ M ‫ﺗ‬ ‫إن‬ Z ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫راء‬‰# y ‫س‬ ‫أﺳ‬ - ( 6/ ‫دة‬ M @ T ‫ا‬ 2 / ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ @ > J ‫ﻣ‬ . Z 2 ‫أن‬ 2@ ‫ا‬ ‫ام‬ B ‫وا_ﺳ‬ R‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ W iYA ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ /‫@ور‬b ‫ھ‬ # 8 (&)# R‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ - (h‫ﻣ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ t‫ﺳ‬m‫ا‬ . - E8‫و‬ ‫ص‬ OB ‫ا‬ ، 2 X ‫ﺗ‬ ‫دة‬ @ T ‫ا‬ # ‫ﻣ‬ ‫رب‬ 6 ‫ا‬ # ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ 2 ) !_‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ Y ‫ا‬ @ ‫ا‬ ‫@اء‬8 ‫ا‬ ‫]ات‬ ‫و‬ - ‫ا‬ 2 (! @‫ﻣ‬ . ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ر‬ J ‫ا‬ ، / ‫إدراج‬ ‫ر‬ e ‫ا‬ ;‫]و‬ Y ‫ا‬ @ T ، ‫ي‬ ‫وا‬ X / ‫م‬ J Y # EW‫أدا‬ ‫@ار‬ ‫ﺳ‬ # ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫]ات‬ M ‫ﻣ‬ .
11 R6/ ‫أن‬ X / ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ر‬ e ‫ا‬ A ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬j‫ا‬ - ‫ت‬ ‫ھ‬ 6‫اﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ e‫ﺗ‬ J;‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ J ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ . 2 5M‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫ث‬ ‫ل‬ Y‫ﺗ‬ 2 ‫م‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻣ‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ t A ‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ ‫دي‬ O M_‫ا‬ - 8_‫وا‬ 2 h ‫وا‬ . (# ‫ﻣ‬ 2 ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ا‬ 5‫وﺳ‬m‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ، @ J/ ُ# @+‫آ‬ ًf/‫أ‬ : zA‫@ﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اﻣ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ # W ; ‫ا‬ . ;‫إ‬ # e‫ﻣ‬ ‫ة‬ # 2 " /@ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ " i ‫ﺗ‬ ‫رة‬ h ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ -?‫ا‬ 8 & ‫وا‬ ‫وا‬ ، ‫ا‬ gYA ‫أ‬ EAD W‫دا‬ ، ‫@ات‬ T‫ﺗ‬ ‫_ت‬ Y‫وﺗ‬ /@‫ﺳ‬ 8‫ر‬ ;‫أ‬ ( 6‫ﺗ‬ 2@ ‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ ‫وا‬ A & ‫ا‬ - - ‫]ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ -@ # . M‫و‬ gA` ‫أن‬ ‫ي‬ Y ‫ا‬ @h!‫أ‬ ً Y ‫إ‬ 5‫ﻣ‬ /‫ﺗ]ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ /‫]ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ 6 ‫ت‬ /‫د‬ O M‫وا‬ 2@ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ & #_‫وا‬ . Xf‫اﺗ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻣ‬ ‫اﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ @ h‫ﺗ‬ - (Mm‫ا‬ " ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ D : ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ،‫ة‬ Y ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ XA ‫أ‬ ،‫@ورة‬b fM‫و‬ #‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ !@ ) ‫ا‬ # ‫ت‬ - e ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ا‬ ، ‫وا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ - ‫إ‬ (‫ﻣ‬ &‫ﺗ‬ 5/‫ر‬ ) ‫ا‬ !@ ) ‫ا‬ # ‫ت‬ - e ‫ا‬ . ‫ن‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ن‬ " ‫ا‬ ‫@ان‬ h‫ﺗ‬ ‫ؤل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ & _‫ا‬ /‫د‬ !m‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ !_ 2@ ‫ا‬ . ;‫إ‬ ‫ن‬ b@ / - ‫@اء‬8‫إ‬ @ T ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ا‬ # ‫ء‬ ‫ت‬ 6‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ - 8 ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ة‬ / 8 ‫أو‬ ، ‫رة‬ A # ‫@ى‬+‫أ‬ ، J ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ء‬ ! ‫ا‬ ;‫و‬ ‫ا‬ 5 6 ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ ‫@ص‬2 ‫ا‬ 2 5 8 ! ‫ﻣ‬m‫ا‬ 2‫و‬ 5 8 ‫ر‬ -m‫ا‬ ) ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ 5#‫@ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ .( ;‫إ‬ " ‫ﻣ‬ tA ‫ﺗ‬ / ‫وﺗ‬ - 6‫ﻣ‬ - ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫@ص‬2 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ S & ‫ﺗ‬ 5‫ﻣ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ 8 _‫ا‬ SM‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ، 5‫ﻣ‬ ‫أي‬ R e ‫ا‬ . ( )/ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ة‬ Y ‫ا‬ 5 8 e);‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ / ‫@اؤھ‬8‫إ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫ة‬ ‫@د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ # Y‫ﺗ‬ 2@ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫@د‬ ‫ا‬ E‫راﺗ‬ ‫وﻣ‬ E‫راﺗ‬ M‫و‬ ‫‚>@اض‬ OB) ‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ ; ‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ - 8_‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ا‬ . E;‫إ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ا‬ (+‫دا‬ ‫ﺳ@ة‬m‫ا‬ 5 6 ‫وا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ 2 ( ‫ا‬ ! ‫وأﻣ‬ E 2@ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ Y ‫وا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ 2 b? # ‫إ‬ 2@ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ! ‫وا‬ A & ‫ا‬ @A- ‫ل‬ 8m‫ا‬ ، # ‫@ان‬Mm‫ا‬ ، ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫ا‬ ‫اﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫@ة‬AB ‫وا‬ ، - # ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫ت‬ 6 ‫ا‬ ، ‫ت‬ J ‫وا‬ / ‫ا‬ ، ‫ت‬ # ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ، (W ‫ووﺳ‬ ‫م‬ -?‫ا‬ ، ‫ت‬ &A) ‫وا‬ - 8_‫ا‬ ... ‫رك‬ )‫ﺗ‬ 5 8 ‫ت‬ / ‫ﻣ‬ 5 6 ‫ا‬ : ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫د‬ O M_‫وا‬ ، - 8_‫وا‬ ، 2 h ‫وا‬ ... #‫و‬ ‫ن‬L2 ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (A ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ 2 (! ‫ن‬ &‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ & ‫وﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ 5 6 ‫ر‬ -m‫ا‬ . ‫ف‬ ‫ﺳ‬ S)& ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫ت‬ 6‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫@ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ @ >‫و‬ ‫@ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ @ T J ‫ﻣ‬ Z !‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + 5 8 ‫اع‬ ;‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ . ‫م‬ J; ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ 6 ‫وا‬ ، ‫ر‬ O + # m‫ا‬ /‫د‬ ! ، ‫ف‬ ‫ﺳ‬ 6‫ﻣ‬ / ‫إذا‬ e-‫أ‬ E ‫رة‬ ‫ا‬ - ; ‫ت‬ !‫@ا‬D ‫ﺗ‬ A‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ 5‫ﻣ‬ 5 8 ‫ت‬ - e ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ Y ‫ا‬ ‫ذات‬ O ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ 2 ‫ا‬ +‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ 8‫ر‬ B ‫وا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ R e . ‫درة‬ A # 5 6 ‫ا‬ . ‫إن‬ ‫دة‬ M @ T ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ا‬ Y; ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ (A ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ( / ( # 2 gM ‫ا‬ @b Y ‫ا‬ (&)/ ً/ Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫ًا‬ / 8 . E;‫إ‬ ‫@ض‬ / R T ‫ا‬ - ‫اع‬ ;m‫ا‬ ` h ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫إﻣ‬ ‫ن‬m ‫راﺗ‬ + 6 ‫@اﺗ‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ K b‫أ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫أن‬ +"‫ﺗ‬ 2 ‫ر‬ A -_‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ A e ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ J ‫ا‬ !@ ) ‫وا‬ # ‫ت‬ - e ‫ا‬ ، ‫أو‬ ‫ن‬m ‫م‬ ‫ﻣ‬ @ T ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﺗ‬ # ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ . # ‫وزھ‬ 6 ، ‫ن‬L2 ‫ر‬ e ‫ا‬ A ‫ا‬ @ T 2 ‫ا‬ 6‫ﻣ‬ / 2 2 ‫وا‬ ‫آن‬ ‫راﺗ‬ J ;‫ا‬ ‫و‬ # ‫ﻣ‬ J ‫ا‬ #‫ر‬ . ‫ھ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫إ‬ W‫دا‬ -‫@ا‬/ 5 8 ‫ت‬ !@Y ‫ا‬ /‫و‬ K2‫و‬ ‫@ؤى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ /‫ور‬ ‫ا‬ W ;‫و‬ iYA ‫ا‬ 5‫ﻣ‬ ‫ء‬ e-‫إ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ !@Y 2 ‫ه‬ 6‫ا_ﺗ‬ 6 ‫@اﺗ‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ E6 ‫ا‬ Y; R e ‫ا‬ 2‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ 5 6 . ‫@د‬6 # ‫ده‬ -‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫وﺗ‬ ، E;L2 ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫أﺳ‬ J;‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ 2 b? # ‫إ‬ ‫ت‬ 6 ‫@اﺗ‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ ‫دة‬ Y ‫ا‬
12 eA‫@ﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ ( ‫@ا‬ # y B ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ Y ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ -‫أ‬ . ;‫إ‬ _ ( &‫ﺗ‬ ‫ًا‬ #‫أ‬ ‫ن‬m 2‫أ‬ Y ‫أداء‬ ‫م‬ J; ‫ا‬ _ @O E . ‫ﻣ‬ Xb‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أن‬ (! ‫دو‬ ‫ھ‬ A ‫ﺗ‬ K2‫و‬ R ‫أﺳ‬ ‫ت‬ - /‫وإ‬ ‫إدراك‬ eA‫ﻣ@ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ; &‫?ﻣ‬ # ‫ا‬ ‫@ھ‬2 / ‫ق‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ /‫ورؤ‬ (A . & A # 5 6 ، ‫ن‬L2 6 ‫@اﺗ‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ !@ ) ‫ا‬ & / ;‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫رة‬ h # ‫ﻣ‬ O ‫ا‬ W‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ .

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  • 1. ‫رات‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ! "‫ا‬ #‫ا‬ ‫ارس‬ %& 2022 Réformes éducatives attentes et conduite du changement Mamadou Ndoye Revue internationale d’éducation de Sèvres
  • 2. 2 Réformes éducatives attentes et conduite du changement Mamadou Ndoye Ancien ministre de l’alphabétisation, de l’enseignement de base et des langues nationales du Sénégal . ‫رات‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دو‬ ‫وي‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ) * ‫ا‬ +‫ا‬ , -. ‫وا‬ /0 0+‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ - ‫وا‬ 1‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ /3 ‫ل‬ 1* ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ! "‫ا‬ #‫ا‬ ‫ارس‬ ‫ا‬ %& ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ !" # # ‫ﺳ‬ ، & ‫و‬ (&)# ‫ص‬ + ‫ﻣ‬ ‫م‬ - 1990 ‫إ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ /‫أ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ 2 ‫ر‬ ‫إط‬ ‫ا‬ 5 6 ) ‫ﻣ‬ 8 ، ‫ر‬ !‫دا‬ ، ‫ن‬ ) ;‫إ‬ .( ‫ت‬ > ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ @ A! ‫ار‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دل‬ A‫وﺗ‬ ‫@ات‬AB ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫@ة‬ ‫ا‬ . ‫ر‬ 6‫وﺗ‬ ‫رة‬ D?‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ E;‫أ‬ 2 ‫أن‬ ‫رب‬ 6 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ 8 ‫ﻣ‬ 2 5 8 ‫رات‬ ‫ا‬ ، 2 ‫ﺗ‬ ‫@اؤھ‬8‫إ‬ ‫ًا‬@+I‫ﻣ‬ 2 /@2‫إ‬ . @J #‫و‬ ‫إ‬ ‫د‬ - ‫ان‬ A ‫ا‬ K‫ط‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ا‬ ، ‫ن‬L2 ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ 2 - 6‫ﻣ‬ - ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ M ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ (&)‫ﺗ‬ ‫س‬ ‫أﺳ‬ O+ (! ‫ﻣ‬ . #‫و‬ ، ‫ن‬L2 ‫أي‬ ‫ﻣ)@وع‬ R/ A‫ﺗ‬ S O‫وﺗ‬ classification et typologie M E8‫ا‬ / ‫ت‬ A - /@J; -‫و‬ R O/ R T ‫ا‬ - . 5‫ﻣ‬ ‫م‬ - (‫ھ‬ 6‫ﺗ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ، ‫ن‬L2 J ‫ﻣ‬ U # VW OB ‫ا‬ !@ ) ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ W ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ X ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ Y # Z ‫ذ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫ل‬ +‫إد‬ ‫ﻣ]دوج‬ : ‫رات‬ J ;_‫ا‬ @ ‫وﺳ‬ @ T ‫ا‬ ، _‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ Z ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ !@Y‫ﺗ‬ - ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + @‫أط‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ 5 6 ) EFA ( ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ M ‫إط‬ 2 1990 ‫و‬ 2000 ‫و‬ 2015 ، ‫ت‬ ‫وا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ) PISA ، TIMSS ، PASEC ، SAQMEC .( ‫ي‬ Y ‫ا‬ ` ` ‫ف‬ b‫أ‬ . ;‫إ‬ ً_‫أو‬ (AM‫و‬ (! ‫ء‬ D " ‫ﻣ‬ S O‫ﺗ‬ ‫رات‬ J ;_‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ B ‫وا‬ 6 ‫@اﺗ‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ( 6‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ & ‫ا‬ ] ‫ا‬ # ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ل‬ 6‫ﻣ‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ #@ ‫ا‬ . ‫ا‬ ‫وھ‬ X / ً 2 K -‫أ‬ Ae @ `"‫وﺗ‬ (! ‫ع‬ ; ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اع‬ ;‫أ‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ B ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ @ 2 ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (f2‫أ‬ ( Y ‫رات‬ B ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ g 8‫و‬ - @ T ‫ا‬ . ‫ي‬ Y ‫ا‬ ; h ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ / Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ / Y ‫ا‬ W@ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ 8‫وا‬ ‫دة‬ M @ T ‫ا‬ . ًA > ‫ﻣ‬ @ ‫ﺗ‬ (h‫ﻣ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ت‬ / Y ‫ا‬ ، ‫ﻣ‬ i 6 ‫ھ‬ ‫وﺗ‬ ، ‫ت‬ fM ‫ا‬ # ‫رات‬ J ;‫ا‬ @ T ‫ا‬ W ;‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ . ‫وﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ `j‫ا‬ A‫@ﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ - Z ‫ذ‬ ًf/‫أ‬ ‫أن‬ ( ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ت‬ / Y ‫ا‬ K B/ ‫@وف‬J ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ Y ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ . ` X / @ & ‫ا‬ 2 ‫روس‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ K/@e ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫أﻣ‬ ‫ق‬ 2‫آ‬ ‫ة‬ / 8 @/ e ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ھ‬ 6‫ا_ﺗ‬ Y ‫ا‬ A ‫وا‬ 2 @/ e‫ﺗ‬ J;‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ . S O‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ _‫ا‬
  • 3. 3 ( Y/ ‫أي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫رات‬ J ;‫ا‬ @ T # # 6/‫إ‬ ‫م‬ ‫وھ‬ . ‫ه‬ ‫وھ‬ & / 2 h ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫آﻣ‬ (h‫ﻣ‬ ‫اف‬ ‫ھ‬m‫ا‬ ‫>@اض‬m‫وا‬ ‫أو‬ 2 W ; ‫ﻣ‬ ‫@ة‬J 2 K / ‫اف‬ ‫ھ‬m # ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ B ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ . 2 5 8 ‫_ت‬ Y ‫ا‬ ، ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫"ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أن‬ ( / ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ / E ‫إ‬ (&)# (f2‫أ‬ . ‫ال‬I ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ھ‬ / Y‫ﺗ‬ A‫ط‬ ‫داء‬m‫ا‬ 5M ‫ا‬ . 2 ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫د‬ O ‫ا‬ ، S)&/ VY2 ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫إ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫ﻣ‬ /‫زاو‬ VW OB ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ، - ` ` ‫اع‬ ;‫أ‬ W‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ _‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ J ; : - ‫ر‬ J ;_‫ا‬ 1 : 5 ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ / ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ 52‫ور‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫]اﻣ‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫وﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ & ‫؛‬ - ‫ر‬ J ;_‫ا‬ 2 : Y‫ﺗ‬ W ; ‫ا‬ / ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ 6 ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ @ `"‫وﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ - ‫ا‬ OB) ‫ا‬ - 6 ‫وا‬ ‫؛‬ - ‫ر‬ J ;_‫ا‬ 3 : M@‫ﺗ‬ ‫ع‬ ; / 8 ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ;?‫ا‬ ‫)@وع‬ - 8‫ا‬ / 8 / ‫ذج‬ ; ‫ي‬ ‫ﺗ‬ . ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ _‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ J ; ‫إ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ات‬ ‫وﺗ‬ B‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ @ > t2 & ‫ﻣ‬ . 2 5M‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫ء‬ h ‫ﺳ‬ # Z ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ / AB # ، ‫ﱠ‬‫ر‬ ‫ﺗ‬ َ‫ج‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ h/ Y ‫ا‬ 2 ‫راﺗ‬ J ;‫ا‬ . ‫رات‬ J ;_‫ا‬ XAO‫ﺗ‬ (T) ‫ا‬ (> ) ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ - ‫@ك‬ / ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ ‫وراءه‬ ‫ًا‬‫د‬ - ‫ًا‬@ A! ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬m‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ A) ‫وا‬ / A ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ KY ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ا‬ . Z ‫ن‬L2 ‫ح‬ e ‫ا‬ # ‫دراج‬L 5 6 ‫ا‬ @‫أﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ)@وع‬ @/ 8‫و‬ @/ # . 5‫وﻣ‬ Z ‫ذ‬ ، # K ‫ﺗ‬ &D‫إ‬ 2 ‫ى‬ ;‫أد‬ ، ‫و‬ W‫ا‬ #‫ا‬ 2 @/ e‫ﺗ‬ ‫م‬ J; ‫ا‬ : ‫ق‬ Y _‫ا‬ # ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺳ‬m‫ا‬ . ‫@د‬6 # ‫ء‬ ;_‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ا‬ 2 R T ‫ا‬ ، XAO/ 5M ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ھ‬ / ‫و‬m‫ا‬ . ‫ﺗ]داد‬ &) ‫ا‬ ‫ًا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ;m 2 R >‫أ‬ ‫ن‬ m‫ا‬ _ ‫@ف‬ ; ! S/@ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫دة‬ 6 ‫ا‬ ، ‫وﻣ‬ ‫ب‬ # ‫أو‬ ، ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ھ‬ Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫دة‬ 6 ‫ا‬ . &/ ‫رة‬ D?‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ ‫_ت‬ Y ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ 6 ‫ﺳ‬ M‫و‬ . ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ، @O ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ Y ‫ا‬ - ‫س‬ M " M (A6 ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ 6 ‫ا‬ " ‫ﻣ‬ i @ `"‫ﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ - ‫ا‬ . ‫أﻣ‬ A # 5M 3 ، 2 ‫و‬ A/ # ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ A # U A ‫ن‬ & ‫وﺳ‬ / ‫ﻣ‬ b 2 . ‫رﺳ‬ ; # 1 . ‫رج‬ ‫ت‬ 6 ‫ا‬ ‫ات‬ %. ‫وا‬ 7 ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وع‬ 9 /: ‫ا‬ * ! ‫دة‬ ,-. ‫ا‬ , .! , -. ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ 8‫و‬ @J; @ ‫ﺳ‬ - ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ ، R e / K Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ _‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ J ; ًf/‫أ‬ ‫رات‬ + 6 ‫@اﺗ‬ ‫اﺳ‬ B‫ﻣ‬ ، _ ‫ﺳ‬ 2 K / ‫@ك‬Y # W@ ‫ا‬ ( ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ @ T . 8 ‫ﺗ‬ ( ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺳ‬m‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ !@Y ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ت‬ ; & ‫ا‬ W@ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ ، Yb ‫ا‬ 2 ‫@ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ; A ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ;‫أد‬ . ;<9 ‫ا‬ 2 . ‫ت‬ < ‫م‬ 1 ‫ا‬ * " ‫ا‬ t A ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ J ‫ا‬ + ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ / ‫@اءات‬8?‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ 8@B ‫ا‬ t # 5 6 ‫ا‬
  • 4. 4 ‫ت‬ + ‫ا‬ /@)# /‫د‬ ‫وﻣ‬ /@&2‫و‬ : ‫ب‬ e ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ; A ‫وا‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ات‬ ‫وا‬ ‫اد‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫راﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ . ( ‫ﺗ‬ 2 ‫ت‬ - y/‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ / ‫ا‬ 2‫و‬ ‫@اءات‬8?‫ا‬ J ‫ا‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ل‬ O ‫وا‬ ‫راﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ت‬ 8@B‫ﻣ‬ . @2 ‫ﺗ‬ t A ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ J ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا?ط‬ ‫ﺳ‬I ‫ا‬ ‫وا?داري‬ 2 b? # ‫إ‬ - ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ، # ‫رك‬ )‫ﺗ‬ t A ‫ا‬ 6 ‫ا‬ 2 (/ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ !‫)@ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ /‫وا?دار‬ ، ‫إذا‬ g; ! ‫ﻣ‬ . 2 & ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ، (! ‫ن‬ &‫ﻣ‬ E @ `"‫ﺗ‬ ‫د‬ Y‫ﻣ‬ . ‫ء‬ `‫أ‬ (- ‫ا‬ 5‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ ; & ‫ا‬ ‫@ى‬+m‫ا‬ ، 5 / (! ‫ﻣ‬ ًf/‫أ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ # A ; . @ )‫ﺗ‬ ‫&@ة‬2 ( W@ ‫ا‬ ‫@ك‬Y ‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ن‬ & ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ &/ E 2 ‫ى‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ h ‫ا_ﺳ‬ @`m‫وا‬ 5M ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ -m‫ا‬ A _‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ J ; ‫ا‬ . & _ & / ‫ره‬ A -‫ا‬ W@ ‫ا‬ ‫@ك‬Y ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ، _ ‫ﺳ‬ 2 K / ‫ت‬ - # # ‫ت‬ ; &‫ﻣ‬ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ . ‫إن‬ ‫ا‬ (O # ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ W ‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ J ; ‫و‬ W@ ‫ا‬ ‫@ك‬Y ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ e ‫ا‬ ‫@اء‬8? @ T ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ zAf # ‫ﻣ‬ ( 6/ ‫ﻣ‬ & ‫ا‬ / Y‫ﺗ‬ S O‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ 8‫و‬ @J; (+ ‫ا‬ ‫]دوج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ Y ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ -‫أ‬ . ‫ول‬ ? ‫ا‬ 1 @ 1A! ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ B ‫و‬ #‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ ‫ك‬ ‫و‬ ; . ‫ا‬ /* " ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ /* " ‫ا‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ; .- / ‫ا‬ 2 b?‫ا‬ / & ‫ا‬ / ‫ﺗ‬ / ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ + ‫ا‬ /@)A ‫ا‬ /‫د‬ ‫وا‬ Y YO‫ﺗ‬ / S & ‫ﻣ‬ Y‫ﺗ‬ W ; ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ + ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫وا‬ ‫@اءات‬8?‫وا‬ /@& ‫ا‬ y‫ﺳ‬I‫ﻣ‬ / Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫)@وع‬ - 8‫ا‬ / 8 ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ E !"# E‫ﺗ‬ t #‫و‬ . ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ول‬m‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ : 2 b‫إ‬ / ! : ‫ف‬ / ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ول‬m‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ 5 ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ف‬ O;‫وإ‬ ) ُ/ - E;‫أ‬ I2 & ‫ا‬ & ‫ا‬ ( # ‫ق‬ Y _‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫دة‬ /‫ز‬ ‫ت‬ + ‫ا‬ /‫د‬ ‫ا‬ /@)A ‫وا‬ ، _‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ء‬ # ] 6‫وﺗ‬ ‫ل‬ O2 ‫ة‬ / 8 ، ( 6 ‫وﺗ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬m‫ا‬ 2 ‫ارس‬ ‫ا‬ S ‫ظ‬ ‫وﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫د‬ 8 . & / ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ًf/‫أ‬ ‫إ‬ 52‫ر‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫دة‬ /‫ز‬ ‫د‬ - ‫ات‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫]اﻣ‬ ?‫ا‬ y # ‫@ك‬Y ‫ا‬ . ‫ل‬ / E;‫أ‬ 2 b‫إ‬ / ! E;m ]!@/ - " ‫ﻣ‬ /] ‫ا‬ (W ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ " 5 ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ذج‬ ‫ا‬ KAe ‫ا‬ ، ‫إن‬ &/ 5 6 ، - (Mm‫ا‬ @A!m ‫د‬ - . ‫أدت‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ، ‫ا‬ }2 Y‫ﺗ‬ - y ; ‫ذج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫إ‬ ‫وث‬ ‫ر‬ 6 ;‫ا‬ 2 ‫_ت‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ق‬ Y _‫ا‬ ‫ارس‬ # ، ‫وھ‬ ‫ر‬ 6 ;‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ E / ‫ﺗ‬ - E;‫أ‬ ‫ء‬ b‫إ‬ 5# e ‫ا‬ ‫@اط‬ / ‫ا‬ - ‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ ، (&)# @h!‫أ‬ A ‫ﺳ‬ ، 5 ‫ﺳ‬ ! . - ‫أي‬ ،‫ل‬ 2 ‫ا‬ ّ&‫ﻣ‬ ‫)@ات‬- / ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬m‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ . ( )/ ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ J ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ُ; 2 ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ K Y ‫اف‬ ‫أھ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ 8 ، & ‫و‬ ًf/‫أ‬ (AM Z ‫ذ‬ gM # (/ ‫ط‬ ) # 2 Z ‫ذ‬ 2 ‫ان‬ A ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ tD ‫وا‬ ( #‫و‬ Z ‫ذ‬ ‫@ة‬ # / ‫ط‬ 2 ‫ا‬ ‫ول‬m‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫@ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دي‬ Y ‫ا‬ /@) ‫وا‬ ، 5‫ﻣ‬ y ; ‫اف‬ ‫ھ‬m‫ا‬ & ‫ا‬ : ‫]ام‬ _‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ، ; 6 ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ ( 6 ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ارس‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ 6 ‫ا‬ ، /@ ‫ا‬ e/@+‫و‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ، Y ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ O ‫وا‬ ‫ذات‬ ، ‫@ﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ O ‫وا‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ،‫ت‬ 8‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
  • 5. 5 & # f B‫ﻣ‬ ) ‫ﻣ‬ ، ‫وﻣ‬ MI‫ﻣ‬ ، - e ‫وﻣ‬ ، ‫وﻣ‬ / M ‫ﻣ‬ ، ‫وﻣ‬ ‫إ‬ Z ‫ذ‬ ( ، ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ - # ، ً _‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ 2 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ . ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ #‫ر‬m‫ا‬ ،‫@ة‬ +m‫ا‬ >‫ر‬ ;‫أ‬ ‫رج‬ ‫ﺗ‬ b Ke ‫ا‬ 2 b?‫ا‬ / ، & ‫ا‬ 8 ‫ﻣ‬ Y; iYA ‫ا‬ - • (f2‫أ‬ & ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ام‬ B ‫اﺳ‬ ‫ارد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ " ‫ز‬ 6;‫إ‬ /] ‫ا‬ ‫ارد‬ # (M‫أ‬ " ، ‫ة‬ 6 ‫ا‬ # ‫ﻣ‬ Bb ‫ت‬ 8 _‫ا‬ ‫ود‬ ‫و‬ ‫ارد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ & / tA ‫ﺗ‬ . ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ; h ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ : Y YO‫ﺗ‬ / &‫ﺗ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ; h ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ E8 ‫ﻣ‬ Y; Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫دة‬ 8 ‫ا‬ ‫@وح‬e ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ i ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ 8 Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫أو‬ ]/] ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ءﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ /‫وز‬ ‫ءة‬ & ‫ا‬ 8‫ر‬ B ‫ا‬ . / ً‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ 8 V B) ‫ﻣ‬ _ ( / ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ھ‬ VM ; ، E 6 ‫وﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ( / ‫ﻣ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ . E;‫إ‬ D / 5‫ﻣ‬ @O ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + A‫ﺗ‬ 2 y ; ‫ر‬ J ‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ & #_‫ا‬ 6 ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ 8 & ‫وا‬ ‫@ھ‬ >‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫رات‬ & #_‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫دة‬ /‫ز‬ ‫داء‬m‫ا‬ - ‫ا‬ J;‚ . ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ Y YO‫ﺗ‬ / &‫ﺗ‬ # E;‫أ‬ _ Z&)/ 2 ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ W ‫ا‬ /‫و‬ ‫إ‬ X YO‫ﺗ‬ E# - ‫و‬ / ‫أو‬ E ‫ءﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫رات‬ e ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫وا‬ . E;‫إ‬ ٍ‫راض‬ - ‫ت‬ / ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ 6 ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ h/ Y ‫وا‬ 2 iYA ‫ا‬ - ‫دة‬ 8 ‫ﺗ‬ (f2‫أ‬ . ‫ور‬ / ‫@ك‬Y‫ﻣ‬ ( ‫ا‬ W@ ‫ا‬ @ T ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ + ‫ا‬ /@& ‫ا‬ ) ‫ھ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫راﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ R/‫ر‬ ‫وﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اد‬ -‫وإ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬m‫ا‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ( ‫ت‬ -‫و‬ / ‫@اءات‬8‫إ‬ y/‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ J ‫وﺗ‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ 5 6 ‫وا‬ . ‫إذا‬ ; -‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ، 2 g &‫ﻣ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ K Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ظ‬ Y ‫ﻣ‬ 2 ‫ه‬ 6‫اﺗ‬ Y‫ﺗ‬ W ; ‫ا‬ 2 U # ‫ان‬ A ‫ا‬ ، _ ‫ﺳ‬ 2 ‫آﺳ‬ . ‫ﻣ‬ X YO ‫ا‬ ًf/‫أ‬ E;‫أ‬ g; ! ‫ك‬ ‫ھ‬ ًf/‫أ‬ ‫و_ت‬ Y‫ﻣ‬ Y ‫دة‬ 8 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫دة‬ /‫ز‬ ‫ت‬ + ‫ا‬ /‫د‬ ‫ا‬ (/ ‫وا‬ ) U + A ; ‫ا‬ / (O ‫ا‬ 2 / ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ان‬ A ‫ا‬ ‫؛‬ # ‫ﻣ‬ - 1970 ‫و‬ 2005 ، ‫زاد‬ ‫ق‬ ;?‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ - ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ت‬ /_ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ Y ‫ا‬ A # 73 ٪ ‫و_ر‬ # g# h ‫ا‬ .( & ‫و‬ gA` ‫أن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ @ #‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫و‬ ، y 2 (! ‫ﻣ@ة‬ @ `"‫ﺗ‬ @ A! - W ; ‫ا‬ . 2 ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ Y YO ‫ا‬ / & ‫ا‬ S O‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ 6 ‫ا‬ / #@ ‫وا‬ ] 8 >‫ا‬ # ‫اف‬ ‫ھ‬m‫ا‬ ) PPO ( ، #‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ # ‫ءات‬ & ) APC ( ، #‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ # SM‫ا‬ ) APS ( ، † ‫إ‬ [. ، • O ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ / 6 ‫ا‬ @/ e ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ /] W‫أدا‬ ، ‫ودﻣ‬ 8 &‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫_ت‬ O‫وا_ﺗ‬ ) ICT ( 2 ‫ت‬ - y/‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ / ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ #m‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ / 6 ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ھ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫راﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ) ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ، t A ‫ا‬ ، ( ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫دة‬ /‫ر‬ ‫ل‬ -m‫ا‬ ، † ‫إ‬ ( ، ‫رات‬ & #_‫ا‬ 2 ‫دة‬ M ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ O ‫وا‬ ‫راﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫ت‬ M - (- ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ة‬ / 8 5‫ﻣ‬ t # 5 6 ‫ا‬ ، ‫ا‬ W ` T ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺳ‬m‫ا‬ 2 /@2‫إ‬ ، " escuela nueva " 2 &/@‫أﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ ، † ‫إ‬ . ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ i h ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ : ‫دة‬ -‫إ‬ y ‫ﺗ"ﺳ‬ / / Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ i h ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ ، - y&- - ‫ا‬ # ‫ا‬ ، _ Aُ/ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ 2 E; &‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + E ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ، _‫و‬ ‫م‬ / ‫ط‬ A# E / # . @ h/‫و‬ ‫ؤ_ت‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫)@وع‬ ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ء‬ # ‫م‬ J; / 8 ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ 2 /‫رؤ‬ (A ‫ا‬ . 2
  • 6. 6 ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ر‬ J ‫ا‬ ، / ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ / Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫اف‬ ‫أھ‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫وﻣ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ھ‬ ، / E 8 ‫ﺗ‬ ‫دة‬ -‫وإ‬ ‫ء‬ # ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ E !"# E‫ﺗ‬ ; & # B ‫ا‬ Z !‫و‬ E‫ﺗ‬ t # . ٍ W - ، / ‫ن‬ & W@ ‫ا‬ ‫@ك‬Y ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ @ T ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ E !"# ، ‫أو‬ 5 8 ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ / 6 ‫ا‬ (&! ، / i ‫@اج‬+‫إ‬ ‫ع‬ ; / 8 ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ;?‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫ا‬ ، . ‫در‬ M - -‫د‬ 5 6‫ﻣ‬ - 8‫ا‬ / 8 . ‫ﻣ)@وع‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ذج‬ ; @/ e‫ﺗ‬ . 2 5M‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ، / 5b‫و‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ 2 ‫ﻣ‬ + ‫ل‬ O ;_‫ا‬ - ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ - 8_‫ا‬ W ‫ا‬ ( 6/‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫ل‬ Y ‫ري‬ h ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ O ‫ا‬ . 2 (h‫ﻣ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ، ‫ك‬ ‫ھ‬ " 5/‫ر‬ )‫ﻣ‬ ‫>]و‬ " : - " ‫رة‬ h ‫ا‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ " # ‫@وب‬Y ‫ا‬ ) 1918 - 1939 2 #‫أورو‬ ( ‫ا‬ g‫ﻣ‬ M # " !@ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ / 6 ‫ا‬ " ، ‫ا‬ ‫أرادت‬ ‫ل‬ O ;_‫ا‬ - ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ;L# ‫د‬ 8 ‫@اع‬O ‫ء‬ #‫و‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ة‬ / 8 ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ ‫د‬ #‫إ‬ ‫@ب‬Y ‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ #m‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + / &‫ﺗ‬ # K # ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫س‬ ;‫أ‬ ‫م‬ ‫؛‬ - " ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ( ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ " 2 ‫د‬ Y‫ا_ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ 2 ‫ا‬ ، # ‫رة‬ h ‫ا‬ ) A ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ - 1917 ، ‫و‬I ‫ا‬ - e ‫ا‬ 5‫ﻣ‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ /@O ‫ا‬ / AB ‫وا‬ ( &)‫وﺗ‬ ( ‫ا‬ ‫@ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ ]/] ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫@اط‬ /‫د‬ ; 6‫ﻣ‬ z B‫وﻣ‬ E8 ‫ﻣ‬ Y; / &‫ﺗ‬ (8@ ‫ا‬ ‫ري‬ ‫@و‬A ‫ا‬ / 6 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ ‫ء‬ # 5 6‫ﻣ‬ - D ‫؛‬ - ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ (` ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ E‫أﺗ‬ # ‫رة‬ h ‫ا‬ 2 h ‫ا‬ /‫ر‬ ‫@و‬A ‫ا‬ ) 1966 - 1976 ( ‫ا‬ ‫أط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ 2 O ‫ا‬ !" ‫ھ‬ Ae ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ - ‫ا‬ ، _‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + (‫ﻣ‬ &‫ﺗ‬ y/‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ / ( ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫؛‬ - " ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ /@2m‫ا‬ ) " ‫رب‬ 6‫ﺗ‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ 2 > ، ; >‫و‬ ، ;‫]ا‬ ‫وﺗ‬ ، ‫وﻣ‬ ‫إ‬ Z ‫ذ‬ ( ‫ﻣ‬ ‫@ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أن‬ / ‫ؤھ‬ # ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫دة‬ -‫إ‬ y ‫ﺗ"ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫ي‬ ‫وا‬ _ ‫]ال‬/ - ‫ول‬ 8 ‫ل‬ -m‫ا‬ 2 /@2‫إ‬ ، ‫ي‬ ‫وا‬ R6/ ‫أن‬ y& / 5# e ‫ا‬ X ‫ا‬ ‫رﺳ‬ `‫رو‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ J ‫ﻣ‬ f ‫ا‬ 2 h ‫ا‬ /@2m‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫اﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ . ‫_ع‬ ;‫ا‬ ‫@ب‬Y ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ; h ‫ا‬ 2 ‫م‬ - 1939 ، ‫ط‬ ‫وﺳ‬ ‫ار‬ 8 @# 2 ‫م‬ - 1989 ، ‫ت‬ 8 6 ‫وا‬ " ‫ن‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ " !@Y /@& ‫ا‬ # e ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ O ‫ا‬ 2 ‫م‬ - 1989 ، ‫وا‬ ‫@ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذج‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ /‫ر‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ 2 /@2‫أ‬ @ )‫ﺗ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ح‬ 6; ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ _ ‫]ال‬/ A e‫ﻣ‬ . 2 / ‫ا‬ ، ‫;@ى‬ E;‫أ‬ ! ‫زادت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ ، ‫زادت‬ ‫ة‬ 6 ‫ا‬ # _‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ J ; W ‫وا‬ . # @+‫آ‬ ، ‫و‬ A/ ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ا‬ & ‫ا‬ @h!‫أ‬ # M K Y ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ا‬ - ‫ا‬ . Xf / ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ً ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + @/ e‫ﺗ‬ J;‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ /@2m‫ا‬ ، ‫وا‬ ‫زادت‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫_ت‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ق‬ Y _‫ا‬ ‫@ة‬ ‫ﺗ‬ # -‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ، _ ‫ﺳ‬ # ‫ﻣ‬ - 2000 ‫و‬ 2015 ، & ‫و‬ X2 &‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ ‫أن‬ (O/ @h!‫أ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (! / ‫ﺗ‬ 2 / ; @ ‫ا‬ W‫ا‬ #_‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ Y ‫ا‬ ;‫د‬m‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺳ‬m‫ا‬ : ‫ﺗ‬ ‫@اءة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ b /@ ‫وا‬ . ` } / ‫أن‬ Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫دة‬ 6 ‫ا‬ @‫أﻣ‬ ‫@وري‬b ‫ظ‬ Y - ‫زات‬ 6;‫إ‬ ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ا‬ - ‫ا‬ . ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ا‬ /‫د‬ !m‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ f/‫أ‬ @h!‫أ‬ # M K Y ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ . ‫و‬ ‫ول‬ ‫ا‬ / ‫ﺳ‬j‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫إ‬ M ‫ت‬ O‫ﺗ‬ PISA Xb ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ، ‫ل‬ + ‫ﻣ‬ ‫@وف‬J ‫ا‬ ) ‫ا‬ t ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ A) ، _ ‫ﺳ‬ 2 /‫ر‬ ! # 6 ‫ا‬ ، ‫ﻣ‬ ‫@ز‬A/ ‫أھ‬ 5 6 ‫ا‬ # ‫ب‬ !‫ا‬ 2@ ‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ ‫وا‬ @/ e‫وﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ SM‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ! ‫وا‬ . ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ ‫ز‬ 6;?‫ا‬ OB) ‫ا‬ - 6 ‫وا‬ ‫ء‬ e-? ‫ﻣ‬ ; ;‫إ‬ ‫ح‬ .
  • 7. 7 ‫إن‬ @ & ‫ا‬ 2 (‫اﻣ‬ - ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ () ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ Y ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ( 6/ ‫ﻣ‬ & ‫ا‬ / Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ / Y ‫ا‬ W@ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ E8‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫دة‬ M @ T ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ا‬ . ‫دة‬ M @ T ‫ا‬ : ‫ت‬ / Y ‫ا‬ W@ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ي‬ Y ‫ا‬ ‫ول‬m‫ا‬ ‫@وح‬e ‫ا‬ - ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ #@ ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ @ 2 ‫ﺗ‬ ‫]ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫زم‬ ‫ا‬ @ T . & / ‫أن‬ ‫ن‬ &/ " ‫ر‬ 6 ;_‫ا‬ @ A& ‫ا‬ " ًY8 ; ً A ; 2 ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ 2 b?‫ا‬ / & ‫ا‬ . E;‫إ‬ @h!‫أ‬ # 2 ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ Y YO ‫ا‬ / & ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ &/‫و‬ ‫ن‬ &/ ً Y ‫ﻣ‬ 2 ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ -‫إ‬ y ‫"ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ / (/ Y ‫ا‬ . ‫ا‬ ‫وھ‬ / ‫أن‬ ‫ح‬ 6; ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ R e / ‫@ار‬ ‫اﺳ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻣ‬ @ T ‫ا‬ . 2 J;m‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ h/ Y ‫ا‬ ، ‫رض‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ة‬ M ‫ت‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ;_‫ا‬ ‫وب‬ ‫وا‬ ‫@اط‬ / ‫ا‬ S B‫وﻣ‬ ‫وﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ - 8_‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ /‫@ار‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ 2 . ‫ث‬ Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ fM ‫ا‬ 2 U # ‫ن‬ m‫ا‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ھ‬ ، ‫دون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ن‬ &/ ‫ى‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻣ‬ gM ‫ا‬ K Y @ `" ‫ا‬ 5M ‫ا‬ . ‫وﻣ‬ ` ‫ن‬L2 ‫@ى‬ m # ‫@ات‬ `"‫ﺗ‬ ‫رة‬ b ) & / ‫ﺗ‬ ، 1994 .( ‫ﻣ‬ 8‫و‬ @J ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ، & / ‫@ء‬ ‫أن‬ / ‫أن‬ ‫ان‬ A ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دت‬ ‫ﺳ‬ 2 e ‫ﺳ‬ /‫اد‬ A ‫اﺳ‬ ، 2 ‫آﺳ‬ - ( A‫ﺳ‬ ‫ل‬ h ‫ا‬ ، M ‫دت‬ ‫اﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫@وط‬D /‫@ار‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ @h!m‫ا‬ ‫ءﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ . 2 Y ‫ا‬ ، ‫@ز‬A‫ﺗ‬ ‫ھ‬ &)‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ A ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ - 8_‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫اﻣ‬ ‫اﺳ‬ . / ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫ار‬ Y ‫ا‬ ‫@اط‬ / ‫ا‬ iYA ‫وا‬ - ‫ع‬ 8‫إ‬ (/ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻣ‬m‫ا‬ ، ! Xf / ‫ﻣ‬ h‫أﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫دول‬ ‫ل‬ D #‫أورو‬ . ‫]ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ّ / f/‫أ‬ g M ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ . ‫ﺗ‬ @2 ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ E ‫وأھ‬ - @‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ e‫ﺗ‬ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ ‫@اد‬ ‫ا‬ E ‫إ‬ . - ( A‫ﺳ‬ ‫ل‬ h ‫ا‬ ، 2 K / Y # ‫دة‬ 6 ‫ا‬ ، 5b‫و‬ ‫ن‬ h A ‫ا‬ ) Mourshe ‫@ون‬+‫وآ‬ ، 2010 ( ً‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ + ‫ت‬ / ‫ﻣ‬ ‫داء‬m J;‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ : S b ، ‫ل‬ A ‫ﻣ‬ ، 8 ، 8 ‫ًا‬ 8 ، ‫ز‬ ‫ﻣ‬ . ‫إ‬ R; 8 - 6‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫أﺳ‬ !@ )‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺳ‬m‫ا‬ ، R e ‫ﺗ‬ (! @‫ﻣ‬ ] !@ ‫ا‬ - ‫ت‬ ‫إ‬ ‫دة‬ Y‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ ; ‫إ‬ @ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ . - ( A‫ﺳ‬ ‫ل‬ h ‫ا‬ ، ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ " S f ‫ا‬ " ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ /@/ ‫ل‬ ;_‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ " ‫ل‬ A ‫ا‬ " ]!@/ ‫دة‬ M @ T ‫ا‬ - ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺳ‬m‫ا‬ 2 T ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ b /@ ‫وا‬ . ‫ﻣ‬ " 8 " ‫إ‬ " 8 ‫ًا‬ 8 " ، R6/ ‫أن‬ ‫ن‬ &/ W@ ‫ا‬ ‫@ك‬Y ‫ا‬ ]/] ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ا‬ / #@ ‫ا‬ ( ;‫و‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ 2@ ‫ا‬ # ‫ا‬ . Z &/ ‫ي‬ Y ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ 2 V B) ‫ا‬ X YO ‫ا‬ @ @/ e‫ﺗ‬ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ ، ` S &‫ﺗ‬ _‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ J ; 2 K / @ # ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ +‫وا‬ ‫@ك‬Y ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ( W@ ‫ا‬ ً 2‫و‬ Z 52 @ T ‫ا‬ . ` ٍ Y‫ﺗ‬ @+‫آ‬ K / ‫ءﻣ‬ # ‫وا‬ (h / 2 ‫ازدواج‬ ‫ح‬ 6; ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ 2 ‫ق‬ ‫ﺳ‬ @ > ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ُ; E 2 . / ]/] ‫ﺗ‬ ‫دل‬ A‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ 6 ‫ا‬ ‫رب‬ 6 ‫وا‬ Y8 ‫ا‬ 2 K / ‫ح‬ ? # - ‫ق‬ e; 5‫واﺳ‬ - ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ . 5‫وﻣ‬ Z ‫ذ‬ ، ‫ن‬L2 ‫ﺗ&@ار‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ # ‫إ‬ @+‫آ‬ ‫رض‬ / 5‫ﻣ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ z A ‫ا‬ ‫روس‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫@وط‬D (‫اﻣ‬ -‫و‬ ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ا‬ (‫ھ‬ 6 / ‫دات‬ Y ‫ا‬ M ‫ا‬ . 5‫وﻣ‬ Z ‫ذ‬ ، ‫ن‬L2 ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫دات‬ Y ‫ا‬ M ‫ا‬ / Y # ‫ھ‬ ‫ا‬ R6/ - ‫@ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫@ف‬ / ! ‫دة‬ -‫إ‬ W );‫إ‬ 2 ‫ق‬ ‫ﺳ‬ S f ‫ا‬ (‫‚ﻣ‬ 2 ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ا‬ . 2 y ; A ‫ا‬ ، & / ‫أن‬ ") ‫ﺗ‬ &)‫ﻣ‬ ‫ج‬ ;?‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ -‫إ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ - /@/ ‫@ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ;_‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬
  • 8. 8 ‫ﻣ)@وع‬ A/@6‫ﺗ‬ ‫أو‬ #@6‫ﺗ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ا‬ . ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫و‬ ;@AB/ ‫أن‬ ‫ي‬ Y ‫ا‬ (h ‫ا‬ 2 5 ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ق‬ e; ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ y ً ! R Y2 . ‫ح‬-./‫ا‬ ‫درات‬4 56 ‫ل‬89:9;‫ا‬ ‫=دي‬:;‫ا‬ ‫>ر‬8> " ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اد‬ -‫إ‬ ] 6‫وﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳ‬I ‫ا‬ ‫ارد‬ ‫وا‬ /@)A ‫ا‬ @ T . R e ‫ﺗ‬ ‫دة‬ M @ T ‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ M ‫ة‬ / 8 > O ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ! Y ‫وا‬ z eB ‫وا‬ @/ e ‫وا‬ ‫ة‬ ! Y ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫وا‬ # ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ / (/ ‫ا‬ . 2 ‫م‬ - ‫د‬ 8‫و‬ # 6 ‫اﺳ‬ A‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ي‬ Y ‫رات‬ ‫ا‬ ، M ‫ن‬ &‫ﺗ‬ ‫وى‬ 6 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ 5b ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ؤل‬ ‫ﺗ‬ . ‫إن‬ ‫و‬ # 6 ‫ا_ﺳ‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ R/‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ - ‫رات‬ & #‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ . ‫وھ‬ @‫أﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ !" # ، & ‫و‬ @‫ﻣ‬m‫ا‬ @h!m‫ا‬ ‫أھ‬ ‫ھ‬ @/ e‫ﺗ‬ ‫رة‬ M S B‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ 6 ‫ا‬ - ‫ا‬ - ‫ر‬ & #_‫ا‬ ‫د‬ 6/‫وإ‬ ‫ل‬ (! ) ‫ة‬ / 6 ‫ا‬ 5‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ / Y ‫ا‬ : Z ‫ا‬ z) ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ (‫ﻣ‬ - ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ح‬ 6 . @A / @ `"‫ﺗ‬ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ ً/ Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫ًا‬@ A! ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ًA > ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ھ‬ 6‫ﺗ‬ . ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ E# E ‫ذج‬ ; ( T) ‫ا‬ ‫@ه‬ / ‫وﻣ‬ @ / ‫وﻣ‬ EW‫أدا‬ ، ‫ر‬ O + # E 2 ` E‫ﺗ‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫وﻣ‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ . ‫إن‬ A>@ ‫ا‬ 2 @ T‫ﺗ‬ ‫ن‬ &‫ﻣ‬ ‫أو‬ @h!‫أ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ ; &‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ ‫دون‬ K ‫ا‬ ‫)"ن‬# ‫رب‬ ‫ا‬ 5‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ ; & ‫ا‬ ‫@ى‬+m‫ا‬ (h / /@e+ ‫ن‬ /‫د‬I/ ‫إ‬ y ; ‫ء‬ ) ‫ا‬ : U2‫ر‬ ‫أو‬ (!‰‫ﺗ‬ @‫ھ‬ 6 ‫ا‬ @& A ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ . Z ، ‫ﻣ‬ - ‫م‬ B ‫ﺗ‬ ‫دة‬ M @ T ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫وا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ًا‬‫د‬ - ً M ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ !@Y‫ﻣ‬ ( ‫ا‬ ، R6/ - (Mm‫ا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ن‬ &/ / /‫رؤ‬ 6 ‫ﻣ‬ @ T X ‫ﺗ‬ ، 2 ‫ر‬ ‫إط‬ (- ‫ﺗ‬ 5 8 ‫ت‬ ; &‫ﻣ‬ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ ، / Y # ( ‫وﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ `j‫ا‬ fM ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ . ‫رات‬ B ‫وا‬ . -‫و‬ y ; ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫ن‬L2 ‫م‬ J; ‫ا‬ E ; ‫ھ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ت‬ ; &‫ﻣ‬ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ - 8_‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ E )/ ‫@ض‬ /‫و‬ ‫ًا‬‫د‬ M - ‫@ه‬ T‫ﺗ‬ ، - ( A‫ﺳ‬ ‫ل‬ h ‫ا‬ ، (‫ھ‬ & / ‫ء‬ # ‫م‬ J; ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ SO ‫ﻣ‬ ً‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ 2 5 6‫ﻣ‬ @ > ‫‹؟‬2 & ‫ﻣ‬ & / # 8?‫ا‬ (&)# ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ب‬ 6/? # ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + 5b‫و‬ ;‫أ‬ 2 ‫ر‬ J ‫ﻣ‬ ‫رات‬ e ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ X ‫ﺗ‬ ‫_ﺳ‬ # A ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ E‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ /‫ود‬ B ‫ا‬ . & ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ن‬ h A ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ z ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ء‬ f ‫ا‬ - " @ `"‫ﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ " ‫و‬ " @ `"‫ﺗ‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ " # E;‫أ‬ ، 2 ‫ت‬ B ‫ا‬ - 8_‫ا‬ /‫د‬ O M_‫وا‬ # ) ‫ا‬ ، } ‫د‬ 8‫و‬ ‫ت‬ 2 +‫ا‬ 2 /@‫ط‬ y/‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ 2‫و‬ ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ا‬ /‫د‬ !m‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ e 2 ‫ارس‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ . ‫إذا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ Y‫ﺗ‬ @ `"‫ﺗ‬ B ‫ا‬ - 8_‫ا‬ /‫د‬ O M_‫وا‬ ) . E ‫ﺗ‬ > ‫@ون‬+‫وآ‬ ، 2009 .( 2 5M‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ، 5f/ " ‫ار‬ 6 ‫ا‬ - 8_‫ا‬ " ً W‫دا‬ ‫ًا‬‫د‬‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺗ‬ _ ‫ﻣ‬ - y ; ( h ‫ا‬ @ A& ‫ا‬ ( ‚ - 8_‫ا‬ ‫دي‬ O M_‫وا‬ 2 ‫دات‬ Y‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وأداء‬ ‫ب‬ e ‫ا‬ ، ‫وھ‬ ‫وزن‬ & / !" # E B‫ﺗ‬ - K/@‫ط‬ y / ‫ﻣ‬ U/ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ #@ ‫ا‬ & ‫و‬ _ / ‫ء‬ f ‫ا‬ E - . ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ھ‬ &) ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ e+ ‫ﻣ‬m‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ Y ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ 2030 . ‫إن‬ (/ Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ J ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ R e / #‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ D - ‫وﺗ‬ ‫ل‬ Y - ‫ت‬ / ‫ا‬ B ‫ا‬ 5 6 (&! . Z R6/ (‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ 5‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ W &! ‫@ك‬Y‫وﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ Y - ‫اء‬ ‫ﺳ‬ @O ! ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ - ‫ﺗ‬ (& ‫ا‬ ، ‫ف‬ ‫وا‬ 5#‫@ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اف‬ ‫أھ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ K / ‫اف‬ ‫"ھ‬# ‫ا‬ ‫اﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ @)- ‫@ى‬+m‫ا‬ . # @+‫آ‬ ، 5fB/ ‫ا‬
  • 9. 9 ‫ل‬ Y (& ‫ا‬ - 8_‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ /‫و‬ 2 (- ‫ا‬ 5‫ﻣ‬ ‫د‬ #m‫ا‬ ‫@ى‬+m‫ا‬ . / ‫رب‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ & ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ا‬ B ‫ا‬ ً‫ط‬@D ً ‫ﺳ‬ ‫أﺳ‬ ‫ح‬ 6 . ‫@ز‬A/ ‫ھ‬ ٍ Y‫ﺗ‬ / 8 : 8 Y ‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ 5b‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ 5/‫ر‬ )‫وﻣ‬ !@ )‫ﻣ‬ # ‫ت‬ - e ‫ا‬ ً_ # ‫ﻣ‬ ‫رھ‬ A -‫ا‬ ‫]و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ - ‫ع‬ eM ‫ا‬ . ‫ﺗ‬ z ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ء‬ f ‫ا‬ - ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ 2 @/@ ‫ﺗ‬ 2016 : 2 @O- ‫اف‬ ‫أھ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫ن‬L2 ‫ا‬ - e ‫ا‬ @ > A‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ / Y ‫ﻣ‬ ) ‫ا‬ e#‫@ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫اﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ) ‫ن‬ # ، 2015 .( ً_ # ‫ﻣ‬ Z ‫ذ‬ ، ‫ن‬ &/ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ @h!‫أ‬ ‫ءﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ھ‬ (h‫ﻣ‬ " @ `" ‫ا‬ - 6 ‫ا‬ " ) Kania and Kramer 2011 ( ، ‫ي‬ ‫وا‬ f / ً ‫ﺗ‬ ً‫ﺳ‬‫رو‬ ‫ﻣ‬ & ‫وھ‬ ‫د‬ 6 K Y W ; 5‫أوﺳ‬ . ... ‫ذا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ - ‫ت‬ / Y ‫ا‬ W@ ‫ا‬ ‫@ى‬+m‫ا‬ ، (h‫ﻣ‬ ) ‫ا?رادة‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ / ‫ا‬ ، - ‫وا‬ ‫ا?داري‬ 6 ‫وا‬ 5‫اﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ !‫ر‬ ) ‫وا‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫دة‬ M @ T ‫ا‬ e B ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ 5 6‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ -‫أ‬ ‫إ‬ ( ‫أﺳ‬ ‫وﻣ‬ ( ‫أﺳ‬ ‫إ‬ -‫أ‬ ، (/ ‫وا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ، † ‫إ‬ . ‫؟‬ + ‫و‬ ، ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ھ‬ 6 ‫@اﺗ‬ ‫ا?ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ e ‫ﺗ‬ 5 8 ‫@اءات‬8‫إ‬ @ T ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + @ `" ‫ا‬ # 6/?‫ا‬ W‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ - ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ث‬ Y/ 2 (O ‫ا‬ ‫؟‬ ‫راﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ي‬ e / ‫ي‬ Y ‫ا‬ @h!m‫ا‬ ‫أھ‬ ‫ت‬ : @ T‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ 2 ` ‫ت‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫وﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ه‬ 6‫اﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ & #_‫ا‬ . ‫إ‬ R; 8 R/‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ #‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ e A ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ھ‬ 8‫ر‬ B ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ A ‫رات‬ ‫ا‬ ، R6/ - ‫أن‬ E8 ; ;@J; Y; K ‫ﺗ‬ ( T)‫وﺗ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻣ‬ @/ e ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ - ‫س‬ ‫أﺳ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫"ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ A ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ / ‫ا‬ . (&)# ‫م‬ - ، _‫أ‬ ( 6/ ‫د‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫وﺗ‬ (! ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ت‬ / Y ‫ا‬ ‫@و‬e ‫ا‬ - ‫دة‬ M @ T ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ا‬ 5M ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫؟‬ ً/ Y‫ﺗ‬ - (M‫أ‬ @/ ‫ﺗ‬ ، @ h‫ﺗ‬ ً! &D ‫ة‬ /‫]ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫رة‬ M ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ - A ‫ﺗ‬ ‫رات‬ J ;‫ا‬ ‫@ات‬ T ‫ا‬ 2 J;m‫ا‬ . - @ & ‫ا‬ ، & / @ ‫ﺗ‬ J ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ A + (‫ﻣ‬m‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ : ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ھ‬ 5M ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ ًA > ‫ﻣ‬ ‫دل‬ / @ T ‫ا‬ ‫ري‬ h ‫ا‬ . ‫ي‬ T/ ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ (‫ﻣ‬m‫ا‬ ًf/‫أ‬ ‫ة‬ -‫د‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫ب‬ eB ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ; ‫ا‬ manichéens i / Z &) ‫ا‬ (&)# ‫ري‬ 8 2 ‫ﻣ‬ R6/ E ‫إ‬ ‫ره‬ A - # ‫ًا‬@D ً e‫ﻣ‬ /‫و‬ Bf‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ھ‬ / 8 /@e# /@- D ) Gauthier et al. ، 2009 .( E - ‫و‬ ، ‫ن‬L2 ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ y ‫رة‬ ` ‫ﻣ‬ i gM‫و‬ E Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣ‬ i A‫ط‬ ‫ع‬ /‫وإ‬ @ T ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ E` Y/ ‫أن‬ R6/ . ‫دة‬ M @ T ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ا‬ 8 ‫ا‬ Y; ‫ا‬ ;‫]و‬ Y ‫ا‬ Z R6/ ‫أن‬ ‫د‬ ; ‫إ‬ ‫ا‬ K -m‫ا‬ & ‫و‬ @h!m‫ا‬ ً b‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ & ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ _ 5M ; A M / eM ‫ع‬ ‫ري‬ ` . ‫دﺗ‬ M ‫و‬ A O‫ﺗ‬ Z ‫ذ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ _ # ‫رھ‬ A -‫ا‬ R6/ ! ‫@ة‬ ‫ﻣ‬ 6/‫ر‬ ‫وﺗ‬ Y ‫أداء‬ ‫م‬ J; ‫ﺗ‬ . ‫ث‬ Y / U A ‫ا‬ - " ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ W‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ." ‫ﺗ‬ #‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ - ‫روس‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ & / ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ / Y ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ھ‬ / Y‫ﺗ‬ # ‫ﺳ‬ . (h ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ة‬ eB ‫ا‬ ‫و‬m‫ا‬ 2 ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ه‬ 6‫ا_ﺗ‬ 2 ‫ء‬ # ‫ع‬ 8‫إ‬ ‫وط‬ (/ ‫ط‬ (8m‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫اف‬ ‫ھ‬m‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ B ‫وا‬ 6 ‫@اﺗ‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ @ T 2 K / /‫@ؤ‬# !@ )‫ﻣ‬ (A . R e / ‫ح‬ 6 ‫ا‬ ‫ًا‬‫ر‬‫ا‬ ً ‫@اط‬ /‫د‬ ً ً ‫ﻣ‬
  • 10. 10 5 6 ‫ب‬ Y ‫أ‬ Y O ‫ا‬ 2 ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ S B‫وﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ ; &‫ﻣ‬ 5 6 ‫ا‬ . ‫ﻣ‬ ‫@وري‬f ‫ا‬ ، ‫اﻣ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ، ‫أن‬ R 6 ‫ﺗ‬ 6 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ / ‫ل‬ OY ‫ا‬ - R e K - ‫ﻣ‬ 5 6 ‫ا‬ y ‫و‬ ‫@ض‬ ‫ﻣ‬ & z # ‫أو‬ SM‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ #] . & / (h ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ع‬ 8?‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫وز‬ 6 / ‫ت‬ b‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ / ‫ا‬ ‫وب‬ ‫وا‬ ‫@اط‬ / ‫ا‬ . ‫@د‬6 # / Y‫ﺗ‬ E8 ‫ا‬ 2‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ E b‫وو‬ - ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ (/ e ‫ا‬ ، / z eB ‫ا‬ @ T . R6/ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ن‬ & #‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ : - # ‫ت‬ - e ‫ا‬ 2 K / ‫ت‬ - # 5‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ - e ‫ا‬ ‫@ى‬+m‫ا‬ / Y ‫ت‬ !‫)@ا‬ ‫ا‬ & ‫ا‬ ، @/ e‫وﺗ‬ 5/‫ر‬ )‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ & ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ @ T ‫ا‬ ، ‫وا‬ ‫إ‬ " @ `" ‫ا‬ - 6 ‫ا‬ " #‫و‬ R 6‫ﺗ‬ O‫ﺗ‬ ‫وﺗ‬ @ T ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ا‬ 2 e ‫ا‬ ] ‫ا‬ ‫؛‬ - ‫ﻣ‬ J ‫ﻣ‬ ، # ‫]دوج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ -‫@ا‬ 5 8 ‫ت‬ ; &‫ﻣ‬ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ - e ‫وا‬ -@ ‫ا‬ B ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ e ‫ا‬ ، ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ @J ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ت‬ - ‫ا‬ (+‫دا‬ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ E 8 ‫وﺗ‬ & ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ) ‫ا‬ Y; ‫اف‬ ‫أھ‬ ‫ح‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫؛‬ - /]!@ ‫ا‬ /]!@‫ﻣ‬ ‫وا‬ ، ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + @/ e‫ﺗ‬ ze+ ( ‫ا‬ - ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ & ‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ - ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ z‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ) /]!@‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ e‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ / ‫أو‬ /]!@‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ( ;‫د‬m‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ) ‫ﺳ‬I ‫ا‬ (O ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ .( R6/ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗ‬ X #‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ !‫ر‬ ) ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫درة‬ A ‫اع‬ #?‫وا‬ - - 5 8 ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ت‬ / ‫ا‬ ، 5‫ﻣ‬ ]/] ‫ﺗ‬ ‫رﺗ‬ M - ‫ر‬ & #_‫ا‬ . ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ر‬ J ‫ا‬ ، ‫ن‬L2 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫ا‬ ‫اﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ A ‫ا‬ ‫‚داء‬ ، iYA ‫وا‬ - 6 ‫ا‬ ، ‫دل‬ A ‫وا‬ # ;‫@ا‬M‫أ‬ ‫د‬ 6/? ‫ل‬ (! ) ‫ا‬ 8‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ، / ‫وﺗ‬ ‫ق‬ +m‫ا‬ ‫]ام‬ _‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ]/] ‫ﺗ‬ e);m‫ا‬ # ‫ا‬ g A`‫أ‬ ;‫أ‬ ‫@ة‬ h‫ﻣ‬ / T ، _‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ A # - W@ ‫ا‬ @ T ‫وھ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ . ( # ، ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ا‬ @/ e ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ @ ‫ا‬ & / ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ت‬ 6 ‫وا‬ ?‫ا‬ ‫@ى‬+m‫ا‬ A ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ A e ‫ﻣ‬ ‫رة‬ ‫ا‬ - @ T ‫ا‬ !‫ر‬ ) ‫وا‬ ‫ط‬ ) # 2 @/ e‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ & #_‫ا‬ . . 5‫ﻣ‬ A‫ﺗ‬ #‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ( 6‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ & ‫ا‬ 8‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ / Y ‫ا‬ W@ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫ه‬ -‫أ‬ ، ‫ج‬ Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫دة‬ M @ T ‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ S ‫ﺳ‬ @/ e A ‫ا‬ : iYA ‫ا‬ . (f # ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ @ +m‫ا‬ ، E & / ‫ذ‬ B‫اﺗ‬ @h!‫أ‬ ‫رات‬ B ‫ا‬ T) ‫ا‬ 2 ، ‫ح‬ 6 ‫وا‬ 2 ‫ا‬ O B) ‫ا‬ A ‫وا‬ 2 (! @‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ( ‫ﻣ@ا‬ @/ e ‫ا‬ ، ‫ص‬ B ‫واﺳ‬ ‫دروس‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻣ‬ E ‫ﻣ‬ Y @ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ 5‫ﻣ‬ 5M ‫ﺗ‬ ‫@ات‬ T ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ 6‫دﻣ‬ . - ( A‫ﺳ‬ ،‫ل‬ h ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫رات‬ B ‫ا‬ J ‫ا‬ 6 ‫وا‬ ‫وا‬ J ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ( ‫ﺗ‬ (&)# (f2‫أ‬ 2 ‫ء‬ b ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ J ‫ا‬ E8 ‫وا‬ 6 ‫@اﺗ‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ره‬ +‫ا‬ ‫@؟‬ T 2 / ; ‫ى‬ ‫إ‬ ( ‫ﻣ@ا‬ - @ T ‫ا‬ ، ‫ﻣ‬ ‫روس‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ & / ‫أن‬ Y‫ﺗ‬ @ ‫ا‬ ‫؟‬ ‫ا‬ S ! & / ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫روس‬ ‫ا‬ (&)# @h!‫أ‬ ‫؟‬ - 2 ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ھ‬ 6‫ا_ﺗ‬ /‫ر‬ e ‫ا‬ @ T ‫ا‬ R6/ ‫؟‬ M ‫ﺗ‬ ‫إن‬ Z ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫راء‬‰# y ‫س‬ ‫أﺳ‬ - ( 6/ ‫دة‬ M @ T ‫ا‬ 2 / ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ ?‫ا‬ @ > J ‫ﻣ‬ . Z 2 ‫أن‬ 2@ ‫ا‬ ‫ام‬ B ‫وا_ﺳ‬ R‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ W iYA ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ /‫@ور‬b ‫ھ‬ # 8 (&)# R‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ - (h‫ﻣ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ھ‬ t‫ﺳ‬m‫ا‬ . - E8‫و‬ ‫ص‬ OB ‫ا‬ ، 2 X ‫ﺗ‬ ‫دة‬ @ T ‫ا‬ # ‫ﻣ‬ ‫رب‬ 6 ‫ا‬ # ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ 2 ) !_‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ Y ‫ا‬ @ ‫ا‬ ‫@اء‬8 ‫ا‬ ‫]ات‬ ‫و‬ - ‫ا‬ 2 (! @‫ﻣ‬ . ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ر‬ J ‫ا‬ ، / ‫إدراج‬ ‫ر‬ e ‫ا‬ ;‫]و‬ Y ‫ا‬ @ T ، ‫ي‬ ‫وا‬ X / ‫م‬ J Y # EW‫أدا‬ ‫@ار‬ ‫ﺳ‬ # ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫]ات‬ M ‫ﻣ‬ .
  • 11. 11 R6/ ‫أن‬ X / ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ر‬ e ‫ا‬ A ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬j‫ا‬ - ‫ت‬ ‫ھ‬ 6‫اﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ e‫ﺗ‬ J;‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ J ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ . 2 5M‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫ث‬ ‫ل‬ Y‫ﺗ‬ 2 ‫م‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻣ‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ t A ‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ ‫دي‬ O M_‫ا‬ - 8_‫وا‬ 2 h ‫وا‬ . (# ‫ﻣ‬ 2 ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ا‬ 5‫وﺳ‬m‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ، @ J/ ُ# @+‫آ‬ ًf/‫أ‬ : zA‫@ﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اﻣ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ # W ; ‫ا‬ . ;‫إ‬ # e‫ﻣ‬ ‫ة‬ # 2 " /@ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ " i ‫ﺗ‬ ‫رة‬ h ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ -?‫ا‬ 8 & ‫وا‬ ‫وا‬ ، ‫ا‬ gYA ‫أ‬ EAD W‫دا‬ ، ‫@ات‬ T‫ﺗ‬ ‫_ت‬ Y‫وﺗ‬ /@‫ﺳ‬ 8‫ر‬ ;‫أ‬ ( 6‫ﺗ‬ 2@ ‫ا‬ ‫رات‬ ‫وا‬ A & ‫ا‬ - - ‫]ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ -@ # . M‫و‬ gA` ‫أن‬ ‫ي‬ Y ‫ا‬ @h!‫أ‬ ً Y ‫إ‬ 5‫ﻣ‬ /‫ﺗ]ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ /‫]ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ 6 ‫ت‬ /‫د‬ O M‫وا‬ 2@ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ & #_‫وا‬ . Xf‫اﺗ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻣ‬ ‫اﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ @ h‫ﺗ‬ - (Mm‫ا‬ " ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ D : ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ،‫ة‬ Y ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ XA ‫أ‬ ،‫@ورة‬b fM‫و‬ #‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ !@ ) ‫ا‬ # ‫ت‬ - e ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ا‬ ، ‫وا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ - ‫إ‬ (‫ﻣ‬ &‫ﺗ‬ 5/‫ر‬ ) ‫ا‬ !@ ) ‫ا‬ # ‫ت‬ - e ‫ا‬ . ‫ن‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ن‬ " ‫ا‬ ‫@ان‬ h‫ﺗ‬ ‫ؤل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ & _‫ا‬ /‫د‬ !m‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ !_ 2@ ‫ا‬ . ;‫إ‬ ‫ن‬ b@ / - ‫@اء‬8‫إ‬ @ T ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ا‬ # ‫ء‬ ‫ت‬ 6‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ - 8 ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ة‬ / 8 ‫أو‬ ، ‫رة‬ A # ‫@ى‬+‫أ‬ ، J ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ء‬ ! ‫ا‬ ;‫و‬ ‫ا‬ 5 6 ‫ﻣ‬ (8‫أ‬ ‫@ص‬2 ‫ا‬ 2 5 8 ! ‫ﻣ‬m‫ا‬ 2‫و‬ 5 8 ‫ر‬ -m‫ا‬ ) ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ 5#‫@ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ .( ;‫إ‬ " ‫ﻣ‬ tA ‫ﺗ‬ / ‫وﺗ‬ - 6‫ﻣ‬ - ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫@ص‬2 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ S & ‫ﺗ‬ 5‫ﻣ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ 8 _‫ا‬ SM‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ، 5‫ﻣ‬ ‫أي‬ R e ‫ا‬ . ( )/ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ة‬ Y ‫ا‬ 5 8 e);‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ / ‫@اؤھ‬8‫إ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫ة‬ ‫@د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ # Y‫ﺗ‬ 2@ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫@د‬ ‫ا‬ E‫راﺗ‬ ‫وﻣ‬ E‫راﺗ‬ M‫و‬ ‫‚>@اض‬ OB) ‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ ; ‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ - 8_‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ا‬ . E;‫إ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ا‬ (+‫دا‬ ‫ﺳ@ة‬m‫ا‬ 5 6 ‫وا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ 2 ( ‫ا‬ ! ‫وأﻣ‬ E 2@ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ Y ‫وا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ 2 b? # ‫إ‬ 2@ ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ! ‫وا‬ A & ‫ا‬ @A- ‫ل‬ 8m‫ا‬ ، # ‫@ان‬Mm‫ا‬ ، ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫ا‬ ‫اﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫@ة‬AB ‫وا‬ ، - # ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫ت‬ 6 ‫ا‬ ، ‫ت‬ J ‫وا‬ / ‫ا‬ ، ‫ت‬ # ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ، (W ‫ووﺳ‬ ‫م‬ -?‫ا‬ ، ‫ت‬ &A) ‫وا‬ - 8_‫ا‬ ... ‫رك‬ )‫ﺗ‬ 5 8 ‫ت‬ / ‫ﻣ‬ 5 6 ‫ا‬ : ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫د‬ O M_‫وا‬ ، - 8_‫وا‬ ، 2 h ‫وا‬ ... #‫و‬ ‫ن‬L2 ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (A ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ 2 (! ‫ن‬ &‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ & ‫وﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ 5 6 ‫ر‬ -m‫ا‬ . ‫ف‬ ‫ﺳ‬ S)& ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + ‫ت‬ 6‫ﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫@ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ @ >‫و‬ ‫@ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ @ T J ‫ﻣ‬ Z !‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ + 5 8 ‫اع‬ ;‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ . ‫م‬ J; ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ 6 ‫وا‬ ، ‫ر‬ O + # m‫ا‬ /‫د‬ ! ، ‫ف‬ ‫ﺳ‬ 6‫ﻣ‬ / ‫إذا‬ e-‫أ‬ E ‫رة‬ ‫ا‬ - ; ‫ت‬ !‫@ا‬D ‫ﺗ‬ A‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ 5‫ﻣ‬ 5 8 ‫ت‬ - e ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ Y ‫ا‬ ‫ذات‬ O ‫ا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ 2 ‫ا‬ +‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ 8‫ر‬ B ‫وا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ R e . ‫درة‬ A # 5 6 ‫ا‬ . ‫إن‬ ‫دة‬ M @ T ‫ا‬ 2 ‫ا‬ Y; ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ (A ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ( / ( # 2 gM ‫ا‬ @b Y ‫ا‬ (&)/ ً/ Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫ًا‬ / 8 . E;‫إ‬ ‫@ض‬ / R T ‫ا‬ - ‫اع‬ ;m‫ا‬ ` h ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ Y‫ﺗ‬ ‫إﻣ‬ ‫ن‬m ‫راﺗ‬ + 6 ‫@اﺗ‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ K b‫أ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫أن‬ +"‫ﺗ‬ 2 ‫ر‬ A -_‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ A e ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ J ‫ا‬ !@ ) ‫وا‬ # ‫ت‬ - e ‫ا‬ ، ‫أو‬ ‫ن‬m ‫م‬ ‫ﻣ‬ @ T ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﺗ‬ # ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ . # ‫وزھ‬ 6 ، ‫ن‬L2 ‫ر‬ e ‫ا‬ A ‫ا‬ @ T 2 ‫ا‬ 6‫ﻣ‬ / 2 2 ‫وا‬ ‫آن‬ ‫راﺗ‬ J ;‫ا‬ ‫و‬ # ‫ﻣ‬ J ‫ا‬ #‫ر‬ . ‫ھ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫إ‬ W‫دا‬ -‫@ا‬/ 5 8 ‫ت‬ !@Y ‫ا‬ /‫و‬ K2‫و‬ ‫@ؤى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ /‫ور‬ ‫ا‬ W ;‫و‬ iYA ‫ا‬ 5‫ﻣ‬ ‫ء‬ e-‫إ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ !@Y 2 ‫ه‬ 6‫ا_ﺗ‬ 6 ‫@اﺗ‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ E6 ‫ا‬ Y; R e ‫ا‬ 2‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ 5 6 . ‫@د‬6 # ‫ده‬ -‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫وﺗ‬ ، E;L2 ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫أﺳ‬ J;‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ 2 b? # ‫إ‬ ‫ت‬ 6 ‫@اﺗ‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ ‫دة‬ Y ‫ا‬
  • 12. 12 eA‫@ﺗ‬ ‫ا‬ ( ‫@ا‬ # y B ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ Y ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ -‫أ‬ . ;‫إ‬ _ ( &‫ﺗ‬ ‫ًا‬ #‫أ‬ ‫ن‬m 2‫أ‬ Y ‫أداء‬ ‫م‬ J; ‫ا‬ _ @O E . ‫ﻣ‬ Xb‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أن‬ (! ‫دو‬ ‫ھ‬ A ‫ﺗ‬ K2‫و‬ R ‫أﺳ‬ ‫ت‬ - /‫وإ‬ ‫إدراك‬ eA‫ﻣ@ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ; &‫?ﻣ‬ # ‫ا‬ ‫@ھ‬2 / ‫ق‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ /‫ورؤ‬ (A . & A # 5 6 ، ‫ن‬L2 6 ‫@اﺗ‬ ‫ا_ﺳ‬ !@ ) ‫ا‬ & / ;‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫رة‬ h # ‫ﻣ‬ O ‫ا‬ W‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ .