summarized the finding of the Risk Assessment (RA) project covering targeted communities which includes all of significant natural hazard, vulnerabilities, capacities and risk data and information required for the development of a comprehensive DRR Project Proposal.

1. 1
Organization of Social Development (OSD)
‫اجتماعی‬ ‫انکشاف‬ ‫سازمان‬
Community Based Risk AssessmentProjectReport
October, 2019

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1. GENERAL INFORMATION
Name of Organization Organization of Social Development (OSD)
Title of the Project
Report
Community Based Risk Assessment
Location(s) of the
project (Village,
Municipality, District,
Province)
Eshaq Soliman, Nowabad, Noqra, Shakofan,
Kamarkalaq villages of Enjel District of Herat Prvince
and Saidabad and Mehal Hazrat Abulfazzl belong to
Districts 12 and 13 (Municipality)
Objective of the Risk
Assessment Report
To summarize the finding of the Risk Assessment (RA)
project covering targeted communities which includes all
of significant natural hazard, vulnerabilities, capacities
and risk data and information required for the
development of a comprehensive DRR Project Proposal.
Executive summary
(Provide a summary
of: project purpose,
risk assessment
methodology, results
and conclusions)
Methodology is community based : by actively involving
all of significant project stackholders which are include:
DRR related inestitutions,CDCs and community
members from the very beginning of the process. It also
attempt has been raised the level of disaster risk
awareness in target communities,
The targeted areas are disaster-prone, affeceted by
flood disaster, defined a project area that is composed
of different regions in which idintifyed various types of
hazard and vulnerablities occurred. Plan is to be taken
integreted actions before upcomming disaster.
Expected Impacts on
the target
groups/beneficiaries
The expected impact are:
 Hazard identifyied and analysed
 Vulnerability analysed
 Various risk analysed
Identification of measures for protection through
construction of small scale mitigation structures and
preparedness is in place to be taken action by
designing comperensive DRR project by sound
financial support of respective international donors.
Definition and number
of direct and indirect
beneficiaries
The report would be advocated for around 6217 HH
affected/exposed flood and other natural disaster.
List of main results
1 - Assessment team formed and planning conducted to
carry out Risk Assessment at target area
2- Field Risk Assessment Data Collected & Maps
Produced at village level

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3- The Risk Assessment data analysed and final Risk
Map and Risk Assessment Report Produced.
List of main activities
 Assessment tools provided
 Secondary and primary data collected
 Cordination conducted with project stackholders
 A contextual risk assessment conducted in target
area
 Hazard analysis
 Vulnerability analysis
 Mapping
 Risk analysis
Total duration of the
project/s
2 Months
Total cost of the
project (EUR/National
Currency)
200000 AFN
Contact details for the purpose of this project
Postal address: District 3, Baghcha-e-Gulha area, opposite Natioanal
security office, Herat-Afghanistan
Telephone number:
Country code + city
code + number
0093794459276
Contact person for
this project:
Dr. Mohammad Arif Herawi
2. Political and Economic situation
2.1 Political Situation :
Afghanistan has entered a pivotal but highly uncertain time. As all parties including
Government, Taliban, political parties and candidates for critical presidential election
as the same as 2014 election, recognize that a military solution is not achievable,
increased war fatigue has shifted Afghan and international attention toward a possible
political settlement to the ongoing 18-year war. Zalmay Khalilzad as the special
representative for Afghanistan reconciliation in September 2018, and a series of
negotiations between U.S. and Taliban representatives, have heightened anticipation
that a breakthrough could be at hand, though vital negotiations among Afghans on
ending the war and mapping the country’s political future have not yet begun. Concern
is also spreading about what sacrifices peace might entail.
The security situation has worsened in recent years, with rates of civilian casualties
reaching record highs in 2018. A flawed and contested parliamentary election in
October 2018 and uncertainty around the presidential election in September 2019 have

4. 4
furthered political instability. The humanitarian situation also remains dire, as the
possibility of a prolonged drought and other resource scarcity issues threaten greater
levels of displacement and human suffering.
Afghanistan faces numerous political challenges as it fights the insurgency. Presidential
elections are conducted in September 2019.
The ongoing direct peace talks between the United States and Taliban has increased
hope for an intra-Afghan peace negotiations and peaceful settlement of the 40 years
long war, but it has also added uncertainty and concerns among the Afghan people.
The process gained some momentum after the Kabul Conference in February 2018 in
which President Mohammad Ashraf Ghani made an unconditional offer for negotiations
with Taliban, followed by a brief first-ever ceasefire in June. The Government of
Afghanistan is hosting a Consultative Loya Jirga in late April 2019 to renew the road
map of peace.
Although the foreign minister of United states had a visit in Afghanistan during month of
September when vital negotiations among Taliban and US representative were
ongoing and they declared that our first priority is bringing peace to propel of
Afghanistan, however the negotiations cancelled by a twit made by Donald Trump
president of United states by the reason Taliban why didn’t stop their terrorist attacks in
Afghanistan. The people of Afghanistan have passed four decades of levy war impacted
sacrifices and a huge number of victims. So they really tired from continuing fighting
Afghans vs. Afghans for the others gains and they welcome those who willing to bring
peace in Afghanistan ending human suffering. Furthermore as media news the
representative of United States, Zalmay Khalizad has been restarted the negotiations
with Taliban in Pakistan and people of Afghanistan hope so for a positive result toward
peace and stability in Afghanistan.
Source: World Bank (Edited)
2.2 Economic Situation:
Economic recovery is slow as continued insecurity is curtailing private investment and
consumer demand. Agricultural growth has been constrained by unfavourable weather
conditions in the past years. The fiscal position has remained strong, driven by
improvements in revenue performance, although the government remains heavily reliant
on donor grants. Poverty has increased amid slow growth, security disruptions to
services, and poor agricultural performance due to severe drought.
The security situation has worsened. Civilian casualties are at their highest since 2002,
with an unprecedented level of conflict-induced displacement. Since 2007, the number
of injuries and deaths has increased five-fold, and in 2016 and 2017, more than 1.1
million Afghans were internally displaced due to conflict. Between January – December
2018, the United Nations Assistance Mission for Afghanistan (UNAMA) recorded 3,804
civilian. UNAMA attributed 37 percent of civilian casualties to Taliban, 20 percent to
Daesh, while unidentified anti-government elements have been called responsible for
six percent of the civilian casualties. The return of almost 1.7 million documented and
undocumented Afghan refugees, primarily from Pakistan and Iran during 2016-2017

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remains a huge pressure on the country’s economy and institutions. Internal
displacement and large-scale return within a difficult economic and security context
poses risks to welfare, not only for the displaced, but also for host communities and the
population at large, putting pressure on service delivery systems and increasing
competition for already scarce public services and economic opportunities.
In Afghanistan output growth has slowed to an estimated 1.0 percent in 2018, down
from 2.7 percent in the previous year. The decline was because of: a severe drought
that affected wheat production and livestock pasture and, heightened political
uncertainty and election-related violence, which dampened business confidence.
Despite the lower agriculture output, inflation remained moderate at 0.6 percent on
average in 2018, due to lower regional food prices and appreciation of exchange rate
against major trading partners.
Poverty is estimated to have increased and deepened. The severe drought resulted in
lower income for rural households and large internal displacement in the country. The
rate of economic growth lagging population growth, leading to declining per capita
incomes. The drought negatively impacted livelihoods of many of the 82 percent of the
poor living in rural areas.
2.3. Gender Specific Situation Analysis in the Target Area
Women and girls are conservative due to religion, cultural and ethics in the target
communities, all the decisions on household and community level made by men. Girls
allowed go to school and study up to 12 class but the main problem is poverty prevent
majority of the families avoiding send their girls and boys go to school. Child marriages
is a common concern among the villagers living in target communities as it has an
economic and religion reasons, most of the men and women in the target area live
stressful because of poverty and lack of job opportunity and critical situation which is
on-going in Afghanistan.
2.4. Safety & Security Situation in the Target Area
Safety and security situation is overly good but it should be kept in mind, robbers
are available in most parts of the target area. However by coordination and cooperation
of the community elders and Shuras members we able to move anywhere of the project
sites as well as according to plan. INSO is a security managerial organization provides
security facilities and news to organization working in the area and we regularly receive
the INSO news by email and mobiles help us keep our flexibility in case of any field
visits.
3. RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY/
3.1. Summary of Risk Assessment Methodology/
Methodology is community based : by actively involving all of significant project
stackholders which are include: DRR related inestitutions,CDCs and community

6. 6
members from the very beginning of the process. It also attempt that has been raised
the level of disaster risk awareness in target communities,
The targeted areas are disaster-pron, affeceted by flood disaster, defined a project
area that is composed of different regions in which idintifyed various types of hazard
and vulnerablities has alraady occurred and they are still exposed. The following
methodoligy taken into considration:
 A review of the technical characteristics of hazards; location, Magnitude and
frequency
 Ensure participation and involvement of as many community leaders and
members as possible, both male and female and vulnerable groups.
 Formation a risk assessment committee in each community level to be involved
and actively participate in the process, the formed committees committed
community members from different sub communities in the target area in order to
ensure full representation.
 Collection and review of secondary data
 Focus group discussion (FGD)
 Hazard timeline
 Seasonal calendar
 Hazard prioritization
 Community resource mapping
 Hazard Mapping( By the area)
 Transect walk and diagram
 Community Vulnerability form and formula and scoring
 The analyses of vulnerability including the physical, social, economic and
environmental dimensions and
 The evaluation of the effectiveness of coping capacities in respect to likely risk
scenarios
The methodologies and entire process identities means of preparedness, mitigation and
prevention the assessment has to be:
Transparent: everybody should see the result have been achieved
Systematic: the same approach applied in the entire area of intervention
Reasonable (Logic) common sense should guide the methodological approach used)
Objective: everybody doing a risk assessment in the area concerned should come to a
similar result
3.2. Materials/resources used within Project period
3.2.1 Personal:
1) Dr. Arif Herawi (DRR Specialist)
2) Mr. Abdul Wahid Rasikh (DRR technical Engineer)
3) Mr. Ahsan Karimi (Agronomist)
4) Mr. Ahmad Khalid(male community mobilizer)

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5) Mrs. Abida Sadat (Female community Mobilizer)
3.2.2 Transportation:
One vehicle with Driver
2.2.3 Equipment’s:
 Stationaries
 Risk Assessment Tools
 GPS
 Metter
4. VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS FINDINGS /
4.1 Exposer to Hazards
In this section provided a summary of the community’s level of Exposure to major
hazard, fragility within the target area and lack of resilience within the target area. It
should be kept in mind that the Risk Assessment has been conducted on community
level not household level prioritised 3 hazards as flood is the first priority hazard in total
target villages whereas Soil Erosion and drought is the second and third prioritized
hazards within the area, affect target communities in different ranking analysed
accordingly.
4.2 Exposure to Major Hazard:
4.2.1 Flood: Score for Eshaq Soliman village, Nowabad, Shakofan Siadabad,
Kamarkalaq. Mahal Hazrat Abulfazl and Koshkbadsaba villages are 3 in high category
of vulnerability as more than two thirds of community exposed to flood. Whereas score
for Noqra village is 2, in medium category between one thirds of community exposed.
As according to our Risk assessment findings the main vulnerability of the target
communities are; their share resources irrigation sustem, school, culverts, their houses
and agriculture lands are exposed to floods
4.2.2 Soil Erosion: The second priority hazard in the target villages are Soil Erosion
which scores for Shakofan, Kamarkalaq. Mahal Hazrat Abulfazl, Noqra and
Koshkbadsaba villages are 3 in high category of vulnerability thus more than two thirds
of community exposed to Soil Erosions, whereas score for Siadabad, Nowabad and
Eshaq Soliman is 2, in medium category of vulnerability thus two thirds of community
exposed to Soil Erosions. As RA findings; Soil Erosions is cause of heavy wind impact
of soil degradation and air pollution as impact of destroy harvesting stacks and human
suffering.
4.2.3 Drought: The third priority hazard in the target villages is Drought which score for
Eshaq Soliman, Nowabad, Shakofan, Kamarkalaq, Mehal Hazrat Abulfazl and Koshk
bad saba village is 2 in medium category and thus between one third and two thirds of
community are exposed to drought whereas score for Noqra and Saidabad village is 1,
low category means of less of one third of community exposed to drought affection.
Lose their rain feed crops, underground water level decreasing, decreasing of job

8. 8
opportunities, displacement and immigration ultimately joining community people with
terrorist groups for negative activities and make security problem for the community
people.
4.3 Fragility within the Target Area:
As a part of vulnerability assessment, fragility of households within the target area was
assessed to know the tenderness of villages due to which these villages are affected
more in case of disaster. The vulnerability assessment among 8 communities and 4
sub-communities level was indicated in 8 sub indicators based on context which are
includes; access to clean water, food security, health assistance, community support
structure, housing, education, basic income and environment natural resources as
analyses one by one bellow:
4.3.1Access to clean water: score for all entire target villages are one in low category
means of clean water always available locally.
4.3.2 Food security: as vulnerability assessment form fulfilled in villages level, score
for Nowabad, Eshaq Soliman, Shakofan, Siadabad, Kamarkalaq, Mahal Hazart Abulfazl
and KoshkBad Saba villages are three means of food security is in high category means
of hand to mouth survival practice in the communities. While score for Noqra village is
two, in medium category means of some reserves of essential items kept.
4.3.3 Health Assistance: score for Eshaq Soliman village, Nowabad, Kamar Kalaq and
Mehal Hazrat Abulfazl villages are 3 they are in high category, No lady Health worker
(LHW) and no locally accessible health assistance (within two hours travel) it while
score for Noqra and shakofan village are two, in medium category limited health
assistance for communities (i.e. LHW) and clinic available. Score for Saidabad and
Koshk badsaba villages are 1, vulnerability is in low category, basic health facilities
available locally (i.e. BHW).
4.3.4 Communities Support Structures: as vulnerability forms indicators, score for
Eshaq Soliman village, Saidabad, Mehal Hzrat Abulfzl and Kamarkalaq villages are 3,
vulnerability is in high category. No system providing required support as per need
whereas Score for Nowabad village, Noqra, Shakofan and Koshk Bad saba villages are
2 in high category of vulnerability thus System able to provide partial support. Seeds
bank and saving banks are available in these villages partially provide support for needy
HH as per need. As vulnerability indicators analyses, there is no any village for score 1,
in low category that strong system able to provide required support.
4.3.5 Housing: score for Nowabad village, Shakofan and Koshkbadsaba villages are 3
in high category of vulnerability. Houses poorly constructed and made only from
traditional local materials whereas score for Eshaq Soliman village, Shakofan and
Koshk Bad saba villages are 3, in medium category of vulnerability as basic block
houses while no any village in low category of vulnerability thus brick and mortar of
concrete housing. Furthermore it should be kept that about 10 % of houses are
constructed from brick and mortar of concrete housing in each villages and 90 % of
houses are non-resilience houses and vulnerable against disaster.

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4.3.6 Education: Score for Shakofan village, Siadabad, Kamarkalaq and Mehal Hazrat
Abulfzl villages are 2 as vulnerability is in mdeuim category thus primary education
facilities available locally whereas score for Eshaq Soliman, Nowabad, Noqra and
Koshkbad Saba is 1 in low category of vulnerability thus primary and secondary
education facilities available and should be consider the secondary school is a little far
from some communities.
4.3.7 Basic Income: score for Eshaq Soliman village, Nowabad, Shakofan, Saidabad,
Kamarkalaq, and Mehal Hazart Abulfazl are 3 as they are in high category of
vulnerability thus regular means of income from one source of income agriculture and
labouring whereas score for Noqra and Koshkbad Saba villages are 1 they are in low
category of vulnerability thus regular means of income from different sources such as
agriculture, animal husbandry, horticulture and labouring.
4.3.8 Environment/ Natural resources: Score for Nowabad village, Noqra, Shakofan,
Siadabad, Mehal Hazarat Abulfazl and Koshkbad Saba villages are 2 that they are in
medium category thus limited local availability of required natural resources whereas
score for kamarkalaq village is 1 in low category of vulnerability thus local availability of
required natural resources.
4.4 Lack of Resilience within the Target Area:
Lack of resilience is the third part of vulnerability assessment form indicated in seven
indicators as, as the same value is three, High, medium and low, score three is for
high category, score two is for medium and score one is for low categories as one by
one analyses as the following;
4.4.1 Access to Clean Water: Score for Eshaq Soliman village, Nowabad, Shakofan,
Kamarkalaq and Koshkbad Saba villages are 2 in high category of vulnerability thus
some required skills and materials available to make repair(Basic WASH O&M)
whereas score for the villages, Noqra, Saidabad and Mehal Hazrat Abulfazl are 1 in low
category of vulnerability thus required skills and materials available to make
repairs(WASH O&M)
4.4.2 Food Security/Assets: score for Saidabad village is 3 in high category of
vulnerability thus assets uncommon in this community whereas score for Nowabad
village, Shakofan, Kamarkalaq and Koshkbad Saba is two in medium category thus
assets available in the community (i.e. livestock’s but limited to some small number of
HH) whereas Score for Eshaq Solinan village, Noqra and Mahal Hazrat Abulfazl villages
are 1 saving schemes utilized (Banks, community saving schemes etc).
4.4.3 Health Assistance: Score for Eshaq Soliman village is 3 in high category of
vulnerability thus community lacks skills and knowledge for treating common
diseases/health problem whereas score for Nowabad, Nogra, Shakofan, Saidabad,
Kamarkalaq and Koshkbad Saba are two in medium category thus effective community
skills and knowledge for treating common diseases/health problem whereas score for
Mehal Abulfazl is 1 in low category of vulnerability thus effective community skills and
knowledge for treating common diseases and health problem.

10. 10
4.4.4 Community support structures/preparedness: Score for Eshaq Soliman
village, Nowabad, Noqra, Shakofan, Saidabad, Kamarkalaq and Koshkbad Saba
villages are 3 in high category of vulnerability thus no community support system
dependent on outside system whereas score for Mehal Hazrat Abulfazl village is 1 in
low category thus community has own mechanisms for responding and providing
support. Furthermore as risk assessment findings most of the HH in the target
communities instead support their youths go to school send them needful to IRAN for
labouring but the HH those who lack of male youths are identified as most vulnerable
families’ and lack of outside support themselves on the target villages.
4.4.5 Education: Score for Eshaq Soliman village, Nowabad, Noqra and Saidabad
village are 3 in high category of vulnerability thus available education facilities are
unsafe whereas score for Shakofan, kamarkalaq and koshkbad Saba village is two in
medium category of vulnerability thus education facilities in safe locations whereas
score for Mehal Abulfazal is 1 in low category of vulnerability thus available education
facilities in safe locations with safe construction.
4.4.6 Basic Income: Score for Saidabad and Koshkbad Saba villages are 3 in high
category of vulnerability thus no/very low education and vocational skills within
community whereas core for Eshaq Soliman village, Nowabad, Noqra, Shakofan and
Kamarkalaq villages are two in medium category of vulnerability thus low education and
vocational skills within community whereas score for Mehal Abulfazl village is one in low
category of vulnerability thus education and vocational skills common within
community.
4.4.7 Environment/Natural Resources: score of Shakofan, Saidabad and Kamarkalaq
villages are 3 in high category of vulnerability thus natural resources not managed
whereas score for Eshaq Soliman, Nowabad, Noqra and Koshkbad Saba are two in
medium category of vulnerability thus some protection/management of some natural
resources whereas score for Mehal Hazarat Abulfazl is one in low category of
vulnerability thus all essential natural resources protected.
Figure 1. Vulnerability matrix
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Exposure
fragility
lack of resilience
Total vulnerablity
Max Vulnerablity

11. 11
Figure: 2. Hazard Indicator matrix
5. RISK ANALYSIS FINDINGS
To collect secondary data we have had coordination meetings with DRR
stakeholders as a result we could provide related data’s help us during primary data
collection and technical stages. As we received information’s from ANDMA-Herat, 99
villages in 12 different districts and several areas in urban and outskirt of Herat belong
to municipality affected by seasonal flood in this year, according to historical timeline
these areas accrued flood during the rainfall seasons every year. Secondary data has
shown a population of 39916 HH are exposed to flood. The problem is ANDMA and
other humanitarian organization working in the area do action just during disaster by a
HAZARD Ranking
MAGNITUDE
Ranking Definition
Ranking
FREQUENCY
Ranking
Definition
Soil Erosion
3 = HIGH
Rate of Soil Erosion is
more than 50m peryear
on average
3 = HIGH
continuous
2 = MEDIUM
Rate of Soil Erosion isless
between1mand50m per
yearon average
2 = MEDIUM
seasonal
1= LOW
Rate of Soil Erosion isless
than 1m per yearon
average
1= LOW
occasional
Flood
3 = HIGH Floodover5 feet 3 = HIGH
continuous
throughoutthe
year
2 = MEDIUM
Magnitude
Flood 3-5 Feet=2 2 = MEDIUM occur everyrainy
season
1= LOW Floodbelow 3Feet=1 1= LOW
occasional
Drought
3 = HIGH
Up to 80 % of crop or
livestockloss
3 = HIGH
every1-4 years
2 = MEDIUM 50 of crop or livestockloss 2 = MEDIUM
every2-5 years
1= LOW
Lessthan 20 % of crop or
livestockloss
1= LOW
more than 10 years

12. 12
wide range of relief interventions and no one willing to work on all steps of disaster
which are include; none disaster (Development) before disaster preparedness and
prevention and after disaster which is rehabilitation/reconstruction through small/big
scale mitigation structure preventing upcoming disaster. As media reflection, the Code
91 which is allocated for emergency interventions unfortunately used for some
personal expenses of officials by direct order of president of Afghanistan (Ashraf
Ghani) and this is really sad news reflected via Medias as result irate Afghans
citizens all over the country. Primary and secondary data has shown that our target
area 12 village in hand and 87 villages in other district of Herat province are still
exposed to flood hazard, further a share culvert damaged in Siadabad village increased
human suffering and need off quick response to be avoided the risk of flood on coming
winter and spring season on next solar year.
The risk assessment which was conducted in eight communities and four sub-
communities in Enjil district and outskirt of Herat Municipality has shown that villages
confronted with multiple Hazard including 100 years floods, 20 years of heavy droughts
and even Soil Erosions which is famous to 120 days winds in Herat province.
The priority hazards contextually are; first flood, second drought and the third one is Soil
Erosion in the region of with the negative impacted annually farmers those who rely with
rain-feed agriculture lose their crops, lose water resources, irrigation system and
residential houses. Soil Erosion has a negative impact on soil degradation; land removal
and air pollution even affect communities. as according to primary and secondary data
collection, and different methodology used during technical surveys, at least average of
50 % of rain feed and irrigated lands loses by drought due to shortage of water and
rainfalls and up to 50 % of underground water table decreased not only in target areas
while throughout western region. As secondary data information’s has been provided by
DRR stakeholders and target communities, people don’t have clear memories of the
extent of damages, according to the elderly people by groups and individual interviews,
human lives and livestock suffered. The most followed by year period 1963-2019. The
frequency for drought is 20 years starting from 1998 right now, further they declared that
previously they had experienced drought in their areas but the frequency and magnitude
of draught was in low categories.
Figure. 3. Multi Hazard calculation:
# Community Flood Drought Soil
Erosion
Hazard
Scoring
Total Hazard
Score
1 Eshaq Soliman 3 2 2 3+2+2 7
2 Nowabad 3 2 2 3+2+2 7
3 Noqra 2 1 3 2+3+1 6
4 Shakofan 3 2 3 3+2+3 8
5 kanarkalaq 3 2 3 3+2+3 8
6 Saidabad 3 1 2 3+1+2 5
7 Mehal Hazrat 3 2 3 3+2+3 8

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Abulfazl
8 Koshk Badsaba 3 3 2 3+3+2 8
Figure. 4. Hazard Score calculation
Hazard
frequency
1=low
2=Medium
3= High
Magnitude
1=low
2=Medium
3= High
Hazard Score
(F+M/2)
Major Floods 3 3 3+3=6/2=3
Seasonal floods 3 3 3+3=6/2=3
20- Years Floods 3 3 3+3=6/2=3
Soil erosion 3 2 3+2+5/2=2.5
Drought 3 2 3+2+5/2=2.5
6. COPING MECHANISMS, RESOURCES & CAPACITIES ANALYSIS
6.1. Community Capacities and Coping Mechanisms
The frequency and magnitude of the flood is high in the target areas as majority of the
target villages located at flood wash way. During winter seasons upon rainfall starts,
water affects target communities due to lack of canalisation in the flood paths.
Community resources which are schools, irrigation system and their houses exposed to
flood. Secondary or social impacts of the creeping effects of drought also take a
sustained toll in large parts of the target commnites, with a prolonged 20 year drought.
Extreme winter is another phenomenon having a large scale impact. The ability of
communities to cope with the impact of such hazards would have been problematic at
best in most circumstances, but the events of the last forty years on Afghanistan has left
the population with extremely low coping capacities and skills. The prolonged war has
not only left the nation with direct casualties, but it has also destroyed the coping
capacity of the communities. Direct and secondary effects of disasters include loss of
life and injuries, destruction or damage to property and crops, disruption of production
and loss of livelihood, disruption of essential community services, damage to national
infrastructure, national economic loss, sociological and psychological after-effects and
importantly, delays in reconstruction and diversion of scarce national development
funds to emergencies. Communities will continue to remain vulnerable, and the
effectiveness and sustainability of development aid programs. About four decades of
war or Man-made disaster count a sustainable problem in Afghanistan which is more
important to be paid than natural disaster.
Social problems specifically are presented flowingly:
- Frail traditional local governance structures in village level;
- Lack or low sense of collective action and self-help efforts;

14. 14
- Lack of inclusive community level structures that could be supported by the
communities and who work for common interest in the villages;
- Low capacity profile of rural communities to voice out their problems and claim
for their rights and to take their development process in hand;
- Neglecting communities by government institutions or some of the aid agencies,
who tried to just implement sectorial projects, without taking into consideration
the community needs and priorities or their involvement throughout project cycle.
- Livelihoods problems/needs: In this context, both the female and male
community members came out with shortage of job opportunities in the target
villages as the top priority needs.
Figure 5. Vulnerable groups and General demographical data’s
# Community # HH Disable Widows Orphans # 0f
Drug
affected
jobless returnees IDPS
1 Eshaq
Soliman
700 20 70 250 20 300 0 0
2 Nowabad 180 18 25 100 5 30 20 30
3 Noqra
570 48 42 82 2 0 0
40
HH
4 Shakofan 195 18 32 65 6 120 0 12
5 kanarkalaq 122 14 12 40 8 60 0 14
6 Saidabad 3000 30 150 300 15 2000 1500 1500
7 Mehal Hazrat
Abulfazl
750 250 500 1500 120 500 140 750
8 Koshk
Badsaba
700 20 80 240 20 300 0 0
Total 6217 418 911 2577 196 3310 1660 2346
7. Conclusion:
Rural communities are characterized by limited opportunities which is Most of
the populations of these areas are busy with agriculture livestock’s keeping and
labouring. Majority of households have a weak livelihoods basis that is easily affected
by seasons, natural disasters (Flood, drought, Soil Erosion and harshest cold weather),
the food production shortfall has had a dual negative impact on the affected population,
Women lack enterprise to perform other economic activities and therefore will contribute
more effectively to the household income and economy.

15. 15
Due to four decades of war and on gong corruption in the country, technical knowledge
weakness, lack of access to most insecure communities by government institutions,
they lack of timely response for development of comprehensive DRR project as well as
according to each community needs.
As secondary data’s, collected from departments of refuges and retunes, Herat host
around 1000000 IDPs those who stalled in Herat comes from Herat districts due
drought and conflict, also come from western region provinces and other parts of
Afghanistan as the same reasons. However as mentioned in figure 2, we have a wide
range of IDPS in our targeted communities as they stand need off assistance and priory
should be given for IDPs as they are most vulnerable than host HHs while data has
shown majority of the host communities are living below poverty.
Risk assessment data has being shown the 12 targeted villages are disaster prone-
communities and should be cover at least 5 the most vulnerable out of 12 at first
session of intervention, we have contact with community elders of the target community
as they even make contact with us saying please do action before upcoming winter to
be avoided the risk of flood, construction of a culvert is very essential during winter
season otherwise increasing human suffering. In fact they are in worry and stress due
last year disaster impact. Furthermore risk assessment should be conducted to 87
community as already identified as disaster prone communities by ANDMA for the
development of DRR Comprehensive project programs. Organization of Social
Development (OSD) has an experienced DRR team actively involved in DRR sector in
western region by new updated strategies; we expected that the international donors
donate our target community people by their humanitarian sound financial support and
the funds priority for implementation of sectorial projects/programs good to be given to
local organizations.
7.1 Interventions to be recommended:
Upon international donors those who have strategy work in DRR sector, give us call for
concept or proposal we have the ability to produce quality comprehensive proposal and
accurate implementation plan into consideration either strategies. Based on risk
assessment findings and technical survey. Further it should be kept in mind that our
inter activities are based on Global sustainable development goals as the following
interventions are recommended:
7.1.1 for Flood Hazard:
 Small scale mitigation structure such as; (Culvert, Reconstruction culvert, flood
wash way canals, protection walls and soil dams)
7.1.2 Drought and Soil Erosions:
 Establishment of CBDRM (Sub) committees
 familiarize community to quarantine of bushes and avoid polling out buses
 Cultivation of busies and distribution of fruitful and non-fruitful trees among
farmers
 To conduct DRR dedicated training for CBDRM members
 Conduction DRR and environment awareness dedicated trainings for boys and
girls of existing target schools in target areas.

16. 16
 Publishing DRR manual (Magazine) distribute among the CBDRM members and
boys and girls of existing school within the target communities
 Women enterprise(income generation and vocational trainings)
 Conduction of two days DRR conference on provincial level inventing DRR
stakeholders, finding out, seek way an accurate solution, in the objective of
performing advocacy for the disaster prone communities those who neglected by
the government.
8. Lessons Learnt & Recommendations for Future Assessments
For the first time, we have conducted a risk assessment in 10 different villages of
Karukh and Enjel Districts of Herat province during month of Ramadan by sound
financial support of DKH. We had enough budget allocations for risk assessment
conduction as well as we recruited staffs, and they got different role and responsibilities
doing tasks.
In this risk assessment, we could use from volunteer staff by small help-salaries as it
should be consider most of the fresh graduated engineers, Agronomists are jobless and
they prefer to work as volunteer to earn experience and we hope to recruit them in the
project/programs in hand supposed to be designed and approved by our respective
donors working in the area, in DRR sector.
We had plan to conduct risk assessment in Herat municipality/ localities, before we start
risk assessment we have needed contact numbers of each localities representatives
and CDCs, regarding this requirement we sent a formal letter requested Herat
municipality office to provide us the requirement list as a negative result we still stand
waiting for their response while 2 months have already passed. So we learnt that we
can rely to some departments in regards of their integration cooperation’s and we
should do everything ourselves.
For next Risk assessment conduction we have expected to attract donor sound financial
funds.
Thanks & Regards
Report Written By: Dr. Mohammad Arif Herawi
Designation: Country Program Director of Organization of Social Development (OSD)
Cell: 0093794459176
Email: dr.herawi@gmail.com