Photosystem II captures and transfers energy. – chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight – energized electrons enter electron transport chain – water molecules are split – oxygen is released as waste – hydrogen ions are transported across thylakoid membrane 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP • Photosystem I captures energy and produces energycarrying molecules. – chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight – energized electrons are used to make NADPH – NADPH is transferred to light-independent reactions 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP • The light-dependent reactions produce ATP. – hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the thylakoid membrane – ATP synthase attached to the channel makes ATP 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP • Light-independent reactions occur in the stroma and use CO2 molecules. The second stage of photosynthesis uses energy from the first stage to make sugars. 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP • A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight. – carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin scrdeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeePhotosystem II captures and transfers energy. – chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight – energized electrons enter electron transport chain – water molecules are split – oxygen is released as waste – hydrogen ions are transported across thylakoid membrane 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP • Photosystem I captures energy and produces energycarrying molecules. – chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight – energized electrons are used to make NADPH – NADPH is transferred to light-independent reactions 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP • The light-dependent reactions produce ATP. – hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the thylakoid membrane – ATP synthase attached to the channel makes ATP 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP • Light-independent reactions occur in the stroma and use CO2 molecules. The second stage of photosynthesis uses energy from the first stage to make sugars. 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP • A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight. – carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin Photosystem II captures and transfers energy. – chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight – energized electrons enter electron transport chain – water molecules are split – oxygen is released as waste – hydrogen ions are transported across thylakoid membrane 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP • Photosystem I captures energy and produces energycarrying molecules. – chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight – energized electrons are used to make NADPH – NADPH is transferred to light-independent reactions 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP • The light-dependent reactions produce ATP. – hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the thylakoid membrane – ATP synthase attached to the channel makes ATP

1. Chapter 8:
Shapes and
symmetry
By: Eng./Teacher Wael
Shnoudi

2. 8.1 Quadrilaterals
and polygons

3. Objectives
01
02
03
04
Identify the
symmetry of
regular polygons
Identify Rotational
Symmetry of
polygons
Identify and
describe the
hierarchy of
quadrilaterals.
Know the
different types of
polygons

4. Lines of
Symmetry
• A line that can be drawn through a shape so
that what can be see on either side is a mirror
image.
• It is sometimes called a Mirror Line

5. These shapes have one
line of symmetry

6. These shapes
have two lines
of symmetry

7. Some shapes have more than 2 lines of
symmetry
Square Equilateral Triangle Circle

8. Rotational Symmetry
A square has a rotational symmetry of order 4

9. Rotational
Symmetry
• Rotational Symmetry is how
many times a shape can be
rotated and fit within itself
• Rotational Symmetry is how
many times a shape can be
rotated and look the same

10. Equilateral Triangle
An equilateral
triangle has a
rotational symmetry
of order 3

11. What is the rotational
symmetry of this shape?
It has to be rotated one complete turn before it
fits into itself
Order 1

12. Shapes and Symmetry

13. Refer to book

14. These figures are not polygons These figures are polygons
Definition:A closed figure formed by a finite number of coplanar
segments so that each segment intersects exactly two
others, but only at their endpoints.
Polygons

15. Classifications of a Polygon
Regular: A polygon in which all angles are congruent and all sides
are congruent
That’s an equiangular equilateral polygon.
Irregular: A polygon that is not regular

17. What is a Quadrilateral?
• A quadrilateral is a
two-dimensional figure
with four sides and
four angles.
• The word part “quad”
means 4 and “lateral”
means sides.

18. Quadrilaterals in
the real world

19. Types of
Quadrilaterals
Square
Rectangle
Trapezoid
Rhombus
Paralellogram

20. A SQUARE
• A square is a
quadrilateral with 4
equal sides and 4 right
angles.

21. A RECTANGLE
• A rectangle is a
quadrilateral with 4
right angles.
• Its opposite sides are
equal and parallel.

22. Is a square a rectangle?
REMEMBER:
• A rectangle is a quadrilateral with 4 right angles.
Its opposite sides are equal and parallel.
• A square is a quadrilateral with 4 equal sides and 4
right angles.
Rectangle?

23. Is a rectangle a
square?
REMEMBER:
• A rectangle is a quadrilateral with 4 right angles. Its
opposite sides are equal and parallel.
• A square is a quadrilateral with 4 equal sides and 4
right angles.
Square?

24. Determination…..
• A square can also be called a
rectangle because it has four
right angles and its opposite
sides are equal and parallel.
A rectangle is NOT a square because it does
not have equal sides.

25. A TRAPEZOID
• A trapezoid is a
quadrilateral that has
exactly 1 pair of parallel
sides.

26. IS THIS A TRAPEZOID?
◦ Yes, it has one set of parallel sides.

27. A RHOMBUS • A rhombus is a quadrilateral that has 4 equal
sides. Its opposite sides are parallel.

28. A PARALLELOGRAM
• A parallelogram is a quadrilateral that
has opposite sides that are equal and
parallel.
• Which of the quadrilaterals we have
seen are parallelograms?

29. Have 4 sides and 4 angles
Has opposite sides that
are equal and parallel.
Has 1 pair of
parallel sides.
Has 4 right angles.
Opposite sides are
equal and parallel.
Has 4 equal sides.
Opposite sides
are parallel.
Has 4 equal sides and
4 right angles.
What conclusions can we draw from the
graphic?

30. A square can also be called a rhombus, a
rectangle, a parallelogram,
and a quadrilateral.
A rectangle can also be called a parallelogram
and a quadrilateral.
A rhombus can also be called a parallelogram
and a quadrilateral.
A parallelogram can also be called a
quadrilateral.
A trapezoid is a
quadrilateral.
Have 4 sides and 4 angles
Has opposite sides that
are equal and parallel.
Has 1 pair of
parallel sides.
Has 4 right angles.
Opposite sides are
equal and parallel.
Has 4 equal sides.
Opposite sides
are parallel.
Has 4 equal sides and
4 right angles.

31. Book

32. Book

33. Book

34. Book

35. Book

36. HW Workbook p.96-97

37. Book

38. Book

39. Book

40. Book

41. Book

42. Book

43. HW Workbook p.100-101

44. ANY QUESTIONS?