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संगोष्ठी पत्र
प्रश्नपत्र:- DBMS
विषय:- Normalization (सामान्यीकरण)
मागगदर्गक
डॉ.पीयूष प्रताप ससंह
सहायक प्रोफे सर
प्रस्तुतकताग
अंजना ककर्नपुरी
एम. आई. एल. ई.
दूसरी छमाही
अध्ययन सत्र-2016-17
कं प्यूटेर्नल भाषाविज्ञान विभाग
महात्मा गांधी अंतरराष्रीय हहंदी विश्िविद्यालय, िधाग
 Normalization का मूलभूत लक्ष्य redundency को remove
करना है ।
 इसका अर्थ है information ससर्थ एक बार store होनी चासहए ।
क्योंसक information को कई बार store करने से storage
space की बबाथदी होती है और store सकए डाटा का कुल आकार
भी बढ़ जाता है ।
 Normalization सिसंगसत पूर्थ relations को सिघसटत कर छोटे
,सुगंसित relations सनसमथत करने की प्रसिया है ।
Roll no. Name Age Br_id Br_name HOD_na
me
HOD_ph
one No.
1 A 20 101 CS xyz 1234
2 B 19 101 CS xyz 1234
3 C 21 101 CS xyz 1234
 Student  Branch
Roll no. Name Age Br_id
1 A 20 101
2 B 19 101
3 C 21 101
Br_id Br_nam
e
HOD_n
ame
HOD_p
hone
no.
101 CS xyz 1234
 िे Theoretical Rules सजनका सकसी भी relational
database design के compatible होना जरुरी होता है ,
Normal form कहलाते हैं ।
 प्रत्येक normal form कुछ strict rules का समूह होता है ।
theoretically database सजतने higher form में होता है ,
relations के बीच का design उतना ही अच्छा होता है ।
 1NF में repeating group को remove करने का कायथ सकया जाता है ।
 इसमें values atomic होनी चासहए ।
 1NF में horizontal redundancy हटाने पर focus सकया जाता है ।
अर्ाथत् DBMS table में
• कोई भी दो column’s एक जैसी information hold नहीं कर सकते ।
• प्रत्येक single column में एक ही value /idea होना चासहए ।
• प्रत्येक Row unique होनी चासहए ।
 2 NF में partial functional dependency को remove करने
का कायथ सकया जाता है ।
 एक आंसिक functional dependency एक ऐसी functional
dependency होती है ,सजसमें एक या असिक non key
attribute कायथकीय रूप से primary key के एक आंसिक
(लेसकन संपूर्थ नहीं ) भाग पर सनभथर होते हैं ।
 Table
R (A B C D) (AB)+ =ABCD
B -> C (Partial dependency)
• (AB) – Candidate key
• A B – key attributes
• C D – non key attribute
 Attributes की value null नहीं होनी चासहए ।
जैसे :- A B
- 1
2 -
- -
3 4
 Normalized in 2 NF - There is no partial dependency
R1 ( A B D ) R2 ( B C )
 3 NF में Transitive dependency को remove करने का कायथ
सकया जाता है ।
 Transitive dependency अर्ाथत् एक non key attribute
दूसरे non key attribute पर dependent होता है ।
 Table
R ( A B C D ) (AB)+ =ABCD
AB - Candidate key
AB – key attribute
CD – non key attribute
• AB -> C
• C -> D (Transitive dependency)
• Normalized in 3 NF
R1 ( A B C ) R2 ( C D) C – key attribute
 कोई भी DBMS system BCNF में लेने के सलए उसका 1 NF
, 2 NF , 3 NF में होना जरुरी है तर्ा इस relation में प्रत्येक
deteminant एक candidate key होना चासहए ।
 यह 3 NF का बहुत ही refined form है तर्ा यह achieved हो
जाये तो हमारा database बहुत ही strong हो जाता है और
database की life भी बढ़ जाती है ।
 4 NF में multivalued dependency को remove करने का
कायथ सकया जाता है ।
 Multivalued dependency अर्ाथत् जब relation में कम से
कम 3 attributes हो (जैसे A ,B एिं C) एिं A की प्रत्येक
value के सलए ,B और C के पररभासित values set हों ।हालांसक
B values का set , C के set से स्ितंत्र हो और इसी प्रकार C की
values का set B पर सनभथर ना हो ।
 Teacher  Text
Course Instructor
Management White
Management Green
Management Black
Finance Gray
Course Textbook
Management Drucker
Management Peters
Finance Jones
Finance Chang
 5 NF में join dependency को remove करने का कायथ सकया
जाता है ।
 उदाहरर् :- R (table)
supply parts projects
s1 p1 r1
s1 p2 r2
s2 p1 r1
s2 p1 r2
supply parts
s1 p1
s1 p2
s2 p1
supply project
s1 r1
s1 r2
s2 r1
s2 r2
parts project
p1 r1
p1 r2
p2 r2
supply parts project
s1 p1 r1
s1 p1 r2
s1 p2 r2
 http://www.mahipalreddy.com/images/Normalization.gif
 https://www.google.co.in/search?q=1nf+2nf+3nf+normalizatio
n+examples&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi
vuufI0-
TTAhVKqI8KHYa1BqQQ_AUICigB&biw=1366&bih=651#sp
f=1
 https://www.bccfalna.com/what-is-normalization-in-dbms/
 Mr. Ameet laad - Database Management System , fourth
Edition : 2010.

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Normalization

  • 1. संगोष्ठी पत्र प्रश्नपत्र:- DBMS विषय:- Normalization (सामान्यीकरण) मागगदर्गक डॉ.पीयूष प्रताप ससंह सहायक प्रोफे सर प्रस्तुतकताग अंजना ककर्नपुरी एम. आई. एल. ई. दूसरी छमाही अध्ययन सत्र-2016-17 कं प्यूटेर्नल भाषाविज्ञान विभाग महात्मा गांधी अंतरराष्रीय हहंदी विश्िविद्यालय, िधाग
  • 2.  Normalization का मूलभूत लक्ष्य redundency को remove करना है ।  इसका अर्थ है information ससर्थ एक बार store होनी चासहए । क्योंसक information को कई बार store करने से storage space की बबाथदी होती है और store सकए डाटा का कुल आकार भी बढ़ जाता है ।  Normalization सिसंगसत पूर्थ relations को सिघसटत कर छोटे ,सुगंसित relations सनसमथत करने की प्रसिया है ।
  • 3. Roll no. Name Age Br_id Br_name HOD_na me HOD_ph one No. 1 A 20 101 CS xyz 1234 2 B 19 101 CS xyz 1234 3 C 21 101 CS xyz 1234
  • 4.  Student  Branch Roll no. Name Age Br_id 1 A 20 101 2 B 19 101 3 C 21 101 Br_id Br_nam e HOD_n ame HOD_p hone no. 101 CS xyz 1234
  • 5.  िे Theoretical Rules सजनका सकसी भी relational database design के compatible होना जरुरी होता है , Normal form कहलाते हैं ।  प्रत्येक normal form कुछ strict rules का समूह होता है । theoretically database सजतने higher form में होता है , relations के बीच का design उतना ही अच्छा होता है ।
  • 6.
  • 7.  1NF में repeating group को remove करने का कायथ सकया जाता है ।  इसमें values atomic होनी चासहए ।  1NF में horizontal redundancy हटाने पर focus सकया जाता है । अर्ाथत् DBMS table में • कोई भी दो column’s एक जैसी information hold नहीं कर सकते । • प्रत्येक single column में एक ही value /idea होना चासहए । • प्रत्येक Row unique होनी चासहए ।
  • 8.
  • 9.  2 NF में partial functional dependency को remove करने का कायथ सकया जाता है ।  एक आंसिक functional dependency एक ऐसी functional dependency होती है ,सजसमें एक या असिक non key attribute कायथकीय रूप से primary key के एक आंसिक (लेसकन संपूर्थ नहीं ) भाग पर सनभथर होते हैं ।
  • 10.  Table R (A B C D) (AB)+ =ABCD B -> C (Partial dependency) • (AB) – Candidate key • A B – key attributes • C D – non key attribute
  • 11.  Attributes की value null नहीं होनी चासहए । जैसे :- A B - 1 2 - - - 3 4  Normalized in 2 NF - There is no partial dependency R1 ( A B D ) R2 ( B C )
  • 12.  3 NF में Transitive dependency को remove करने का कायथ सकया जाता है ।  Transitive dependency अर्ाथत् एक non key attribute दूसरे non key attribute पर dependent होता है ।
  • 13.  Table R ( A B C D ) (AB)+ =ABCD AB - Candidate key AB – key attribute CD – non key attribute • AB -> C • C -> D (Transitive dependency) • Normalized in 3 NF R1 ( A B C ) R2 ( C D) C – key attribute
  • 14.  कोई भी DBMS system BCNF में लेने के सलए उसका 1 NF , 2 NF , 3 NF में होना जरुरी है तर्ा इस relation में प्रत्येक deteminant एक candidate key होना चासहए ।  यह 3 NF का बहुत ही refined form है तर्ा यह achieved हो जाये तो हमारा database बहुत ही strong हो जाता है और database की life भी बढ़ जाती है ।
  • 15.  4 NF में multivalued dependency को remove करने का कायथ सकया जाता है ।  Multivalued dependency अर्ाथत् जब relation में कम से कम 3 attributes हो (जैसे A ,B एिं C) एिं A की प्रत्येक value के सलए ,B और C के पररभासित values set हों ।हालांसक B values का set , C के set से स्ितंत्र हो और इसी प्रकार C की values का set B पर सनभथर ना हो ।
  • 16.  Teacher  Text Course Instructor Management White Management Green Management Black Finance Gray Course Textbook Management Drucker Management Peters Finance Jones Finance Chang
  • 17.  5 NF में join dependency को remove करने का कायथ सकया जाता है ।  उदाहरर् :- R (table) supply parts projects s1 p1 r1 s1 p2 r2 s2 p1 r1 s2 p1 r2
  • 18. supply parts s1 p1 s1 p2 s2 p1 supply project s1 r1 s1 r2 s2 r1 s2 r2 parts project p1 r1 p1 r2 p2 r2 supply parts project s1 p1 r1 s1 p1 r2 s1 p2 r2