SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 10
www.aleidavillaespinosa.com
www.aleidavillaespinosa.com
www.aleidavillaespinosa.com
www.aleidavillaespinosa.com
www.aleidavillaespinosa.com
www.aleidavillaespinosa.com
www.aleidavillaespinosa.com
However, its importance in sheep and goats is still unclear. Increasing evidence suggests a role in these species,
although, scarce serological studies have been made in small ruminants in reproductive problems. The present work
shows an important seroprevalence of N. caninum in cases of abortion in sheep and goats in Spain. However, the
presence of antibodies does not necessary prove that the infection caused the abortion. The high title of antibodies in
some animals might suggest a relationship with the abortion.
www.aleidavillaespinosa.com
seroprevalence depends on cutoff values of the serologic tests, and it seems that in all cases they are presumptive as
none has been validated based on the recovery of the viable parasite in any host. In our case cutoff value was used
according to the manufactured and has shown that nine negative samples were very close to it, suggesting that
seroprevalence might vary, probably being increased.
www.aleidavillaespinosa.com
The immune system of the fetus becomes increasingly competent as gestation progresses. During the first trimester of
pregnancy the fetus is vulnerable to infection and can only mount primitive immune responses.
Infection occurring earlier in gestation is more likely to have severe consequences to the fetus.
Serological studies may contribute to the understanding of the disease in small ruminants.
www.aleidavillaespinosa.com
The immune system of the fetus becomes increasingly competent as gestation progresses. During the first trimester of
pregnancy the fetus is vulnerable to infection and can only mount primitive immune responses.
Infection occurring earlier in gestation is more likely to have severe consequences to the fetus.
Serological studies may contribute to the understanding of the disease in small ruminants.

More Related Content

More from Aleida Villa Espinosa

Development and validation of a ZEN GelMix Real Time PCR for the diagnosis o...
Development and validation of a ZEN GelMix Real Time PCR for the diagnosis  o...Development and validation of a ZEN GelMix Real Time PCR for the diagnosis  o...
Development and validation of a ZEN GelMix Real Time PCR for the diagnosis o...Aleida Villa Espinosa
 
DIAGNOSTICO MOLECULAR DE LOS PRINCIPALES HEMOPARASITOS DEL GANADO BOVINO
DIAGNOSTICO MOLECULAR  DE LOS PRINCIPALES  HEMOPARASITOS DEL GANADO BOVINODIAGNOSTICO MOLECULAR  DE LOS PRINCIPALES  HEMOPARASITOS DEL GANADO BOVINO
DIAGNOSTICO MOLECULAR DE LOS PRINCIPALES HEMOPARASITOS DEL GANADO BOVINOAleida Villa Espinosa
 
Leptospirosis. Diagnóstico mediante PCR en tiempo Real y aislamiento microb...
Leptospirosis.  Diagnóstico mediante PCR en tiempo Real  y aislamiento microb...Leptospirosis.  Diagnóstico mediante PCR en tiempo Real  y aislamiento microb...
Leptospirosis. Diagnóstico mediante PCR en tiempo Real y aislamiento microb...Aleida Villa Espinosa
 
Aborto bovino por Coxiella burnetii. Diagnóstico mediante PCR en Tiempo Real ...
Aborto bovino por Coxiella burnetii. Diagnóstico mediante PCR en Tiempo Real ...Aborto bovino por Coxiella burnetii. Diagnóstico mediante PCR en Tiempo Real ...
Aborto bovino por Coxiella burnetii. Diagnóstico mediante PCR en Tiempo Real ...Aleida Villa Espinosa
 
Brachyspiras. Antibiotic susceptibility of porcine Brachyspiras isolated in S...
Brachyspiras. Antibiotic susceptibility of porcine Brachyspiras isolated in S...Brachyspiras. Antibiotic susceptibility of porcine Brachyspiras isolated in S...
Brachyspiras. Antibiotic susceptibility of porcine Brachyspiras isolated in S...Aleida Villa Espinosa
 
Toxoplasmosis gestacional y congénita en los animales de producción. Una mira...
Toxoplasmosis gestacional y congénita en los animales de producción. Una mira...Toxoplasmosis gestacional y congénita en los animales de producción. Una mira...
Toxoplasmosis gestacional y congénita en los animales de producción. Una mira...Aleida Villa Espinosa
 
Aislamiento e identificación de mycoplasmas sp
Aislamiento e identificación de mycoplasmas spAislamiento e identificación de mycoplasmas sp
Aislamiento e identificación de mycoplasmas spAleida Villa Espinosa
 
Orina y Lesiones Anatomopatológicas
Orina y Lesiones AnatomopatológicasOrina y Lesiones Anatomopatológicas
Orina y Lesiones AnatomopatológicasAleida Villa Espinosa
 
Reconocimientos y premios. Dra. Aleida Villa Espinosa. Vanguardia Nacional.
Reconocimientos y premios. Dra. Aleida Villa Espinosa. Vanguardia Nacional.Reconocimientos y premios. Dra. Aleida Villa Espinosa. Vanguardia Nacional.
Reconocimientos y premios. Dra. Aleida Villa Espinosa. Vanguardia Nacional.Aleida Villa Espinosa
 
Examen General de la Orina. Examen Físico Químico.
Examen General de la Orina. Examen Físico Químico.Examen General de la Orina. Examen Físico Químico.
Examen General de la Orina. Examen Físico Químico.Aleida Villa Espinosa
 
BB 82 nueva linea de cultivo celular para estudio de virus
BB 82 nueva linea de cultivo celular para estudio de virusBB 82 nueva linea de cultivo celular para estudio de virus
BB 82 nueva linea de cultivo celular para estudio de virusAleida Villa Espinosa
 

More from Aleida Villa Espinosa (20)

Development and validation of a ZEN GelMix Real Time PCR for the diagnosis o...
Development and validation of a ZEN GelMix Real Time PCR for the diagnosis  o...Development and validation of a ZEN GelMix Real Time PCR for the diagnosis  o...
Development and validation of a ZEN GelMix Real Time PCR for the diagnosis o...
 
Microbiología
MicrobiologíaMicrobiología
Microbiología
 
DIAGNOSTICO MOLECULAR DE LOS PRINCIPALES HEMOPARASITOS DEL GANADO BOVINO
DIAGNOSTICO MOLECULAR  DE LOS PRINCIPALES  HEMOPARASITOS DEL GANADO BOVINODIAGNOSTICO MOLECULAR  DE LOS PRINCIPALES  HEMOPARASITOS DEL GANADO BOVINO
DIAGNOSTICO MOLECULAR DE LOS PRINCIPALES HEMOPARASITOS DEL GANADO BOVINO
 
PCR Cuantitativa
PCR CuantitativaPCR Cuantitativa
PCR Cuantitativa
 
Pili Cell Lline
Pili Cell LlinePili Cell Lline
Pili Cell Lline
 
Experiencia en Cultivos Celulares
Experiencia en Cultivos CelularesExperiencia en Cultivos Celulares
Experiencia en Cultivos Celulares
 
Coe cell line
Coe cell lineCoe cell line
Coe cell line
 
Leptospirosis. Diagnóstico mediante PCR en tiempo Real y aislamiento microb...
Leptospirosis.  Diagnóstico mediante PCR en tiempo Real  y aislamiento microb...Leptospirosis.  Diagnóstico mediante PCR en tiempo Real  y aislamiento microb...
Leptospirosis. Diagnóstico mediante PCR en tiempo Real y aislamiento microb...
 
Aborto bovino por Coxiella burnetii. Diagnóstico mediante PCR en Tiempo Real ...
Aborto bovino por Coxiella burnetii. Diagnóstico mediante PCR en Tiempo Real ...Aborto bovino por Coxiella burnetii. Diagnóstico mediante PCR en Tiempo Real ...
Aborto bovino por Coxiella burnetii. Diagnóstico mediante PCR en Tiempo Real ...
 
Brachyspiras. Antibiotic susceptibility of porcine Brachyspiras isolated in S...
Brachyspiras. Antibiotic susceptibility of porcine Brachyspiras isolated in S...Brachyspiras. Antibiotic susceptibility of porcine Brachyspiras isolated in S...
Brachyspiras. Antibiotic susceptibility of porcine Brachyspiras isolated in S...
 
Gamma interferon and prrs virus
Gamma interferon and prrs virusGamma interferon and prrs virus
Gamma interferon and prrs virus
 
Toxoplasmosis gestacional y congénita en los animales de producción. Una mira...
Toxoplasmosis gestacional y congénita en los animales de producción. Una mira...Toxoplasmosis gestacional y congénita en los animales de producción. Una mira...
Toxoplasmosis gestacional y congénita en los animales de producción. Una mira...
 
Aislamiento e identificación de mycoplasmas sp
Aislamiento e identificación de mycoplasmas spAislamiento e identificación de mycoplasmas sp
Aislamiento e identificación de mycoplasmas sp
 
Orina y Lesiones Anatomopatológicas
Orina y Lesiones AnatomopatológicasOrina y Lesiones Anatomopatológicas
Orina y Lesiones Anatomopatológicas
 
Inmunocitoquímica
InmunocitoquímicaInmunocitoquímica
Inmunocitoquímica
 
Reconocimientos y premios. Dra. Aleida Villa Espinosa. Vanguardia Nacional.
Reconocimientos y premios. Dra. Aleida Villa Espinosa. Vanguardia Nacional.Reconocimientos y premios. Dra. Aleida Villa Espinosa. Vanguardia Nacional.
Reconocimientos y premios. Dra. Aleida Villa Espinosa. Vanguardia Nacional.
 
Examen General de la Orina. Examen Físico Químico.
Examen General de la Orina. Examen Físico Químico.Examen General de la Orina. Examen Físico Químico.
Examen General de la Orina. Examen Físico Químico.
 
Examen General Orina. Urocultivo
Examen General Orina. UrocultivoExamen General Orina. Urocultivo
Examen General Orina. Urocultivo
 
BB 82 nueva linea de cultivo celular para estudio de virus
BB 82 nueva linea de cultivo celular para estudio de virusBB 82 nueva linea de cultivo celular para estudio de virus
BB 82 nueva linea de cultivo celular para estudio de virus
 
Serologia Inmunologia
Serologia InmunologiaSerologia Inmunologia
Serologia Inmunologia
 

Recently uploaded

Hi,Fi Call Girl In Mysore Road - 7001305949 | 24x7 Service Available Near Me
Hi,Fi Call Girl In Mysore Road - 7001305949 | 24x7 Service Available Near MeHi,Fi Call Girl In Mysore Road - 7001305949 | 24x7 Service Available Near Me
Hi,Fi Call Girl In Mysore Road - 7001305949 | 24x7 Service Available Near Menarwatsonia7
 
Call Girl Indore Vrinda 9907093804 Independent Escort Service Indore
Call Girl Indore Vrinda 9907093804 Independent Escort Service IndoreCall Girl Indore Vrinda 9907093804 Independent Escort Service Indore
Call Girl Indore Vrinda 9907093804 Independent Escort Service IndoreRiya Pathan
 
Call Girls Jp Nagar Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Jp Nagar Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Jp Nagar Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Jp Nagar Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Availablenarwatsonia7
 
Ahmedabad Call Girls CG Road 🔝9907093804 Short 1500 💋 Night 6000
Ahmedabad Call Girls CG Road 🔝9907093804  Short 1500  💋 Night 6000Ahmedabad Call Girls CG Road 🔝9907093804  Short 1500  💋 Night 6000
Ahmedabad Call Girls CG Road 🔝9907093804 Short 1500 💋 Night 6000aliya bhat
 
Call Girls ITPL Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls ITPL Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls ITPL Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls ITPL Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Availablenarwatsonia7
 
Kolkata Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call Now
Kolkata Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call NowKolkata Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call Now
Kolkata Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call NowNehru place Escorts
 
Asthma Review - GINA guidelines summary 2024
Asthma Review - GINA guidelines summary 2024Asthma Review - GINA guidelines summary 2024
Asthma Review - GINA guidelines summary 2024Gabriel Guevara MD
 
Call Girl Lucknow Mallika 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Lucknow
Call Girl Lucknow Mallika 7001305949 Independent Escort Service LucknowCall Girl Lucknow Mallika 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Lucknow
Call Girl Lucknow Mallika 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Lucknownarwatsonia7
 
Call Girl Coimbatore Prisha☎️ 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Coimbatore
Call Girl Coimbatore Prisha☎️  8250192130 Independent Escort Service CoimbatoreCall Girl Coimbatore Prisha☎️  8250192130 Independent Escort Service Coimbatore
Call Girl Coimbatore Prisha☎️ 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Coimbatorenarwatsonia7
 
Call Girls Frazer Town Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
Call Girls Frazer Town Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...Call Girls Frazer Town Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
Call Girls Frazer Town Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...narwatsonia7
 
Bangalore Call Girls Majestic 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
Bangalore Call Girls Majestic 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% SafeBangalore Call Girls Majestic 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
Bangalore Call Girls Majestic 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safenarwatsonia7
 
Russian Call Girls in Pune Riya 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call gi...
Russian Call Girls in Pune Riya 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call gi...Russian Call Girls in Pune Riya 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call gi...
Russian Call Girls in Pune Riya 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call gi...Miss joya
 
Kesar Bagh Call Girl Price 9548273370 , Lucknow Call Girls Service
Kesar Bagh Call Girl Price 9548273370 , Lucknow Call Girls ServiceKesar Bagh Call Girl Price 9548273370 , Lucknow Call Girls Service
Kesar Bagh Call Girl Price 9548273370 , Lucknow Call Girls Servicemakika9823
 
Bangalore Call Girls Marathahalli 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
Bangalore Call Girls Marathahalli 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% SafeBangalore Call Girls Marathahalli 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
Bangalore Call Girls Marathahalli 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safenarwatsonia7
 
Call Girls Service in Bommanahalli - 7001305949 with real photos and phone nu...
Call Girls Service in Bommanahalli - 7001305949 with real photos and phone nu...Call Girls Service in Bommanahalli - 7001305949 with real photos and phone nu...
Call Girls Service in Bommanahalli - 7001305949 with real photos and phone nu...narwatsonia7
 
Sonagachi Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call Now
Sonagachi Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call NowSonagachi Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call Now
Sonagachi Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call NowRiya Pathan
 
College Call Girls Pune Mira 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call girls...
College Call Girls Pune Mira 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call girls...College Call Girls Pune Mira 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call girls...
College Call Girls Pune Mira 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call girls...Miss joya
 
Call Girls Whitefield Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Whitefield Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Whitefield Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Whitefield Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Availablenarwatsonia7
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Hi,Fi Call Girl In Mysore Road - 7001305949 | 24x7 Service Available Near Me
Hi,Fi Call Girl In Mysore Road - 7001305949 | 24x7 Service Available Near MeHi,Fi Call Girl In Mysore Road - 7001305949 | 24x7 Service Available Near Me
Hi,Fi Call Girl In Mysore Road - 7001305949 | 24x7 Service Available Near Me
 
Call Girl Indore Vrinda 9907093804 Independent Escort Service Indore
Call Girl Indore Vrinda 9907093804 Independent Escort Service IndoreCall Girl Indore Vrinda 9907093804 Independent Escort Service Indore
Call Girl Indore Vrinda 9907093804 Independent Escort Service Indore
 
Call Girls Jp Nagar Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Jp Nagar Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Jp Nagar Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Jp Nagar Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Ahmedabad Call Girls CG Road 🔝9907093804 Short 1500 💋 Night 6000
Ahmedabad Call Girls CG Road 🔝9907093804  Short 1500  💋 Night 6000Ahmedabad Call Girls CG Road 🔝9907093804  Short 1500  💋 Night 6000
Ahmedabad Call Girls CG Road 🔝9907093804 Short 1500 💋 Night 6000
 
Call Girls ITPL Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls ITPL Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls ITPL Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls ITPL Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Kolkata Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call Now
Kolkata Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call NowKolkata Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call Now
Kolkata Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call Now
 
sauth delhi call girls in Bhajanpura 🔝 9953056974 🔝 escort Service
sauth delhi call girls in Bhajanpura 🔝 9953056974 🔝 escort Servicesauth delhi call girls in Bhajanpura 🔝 9953056974 🔝 escort Service
sauth delhi call girls in Bhajanpura 🔝 9953056974 🔝 escort Service
 
Asthma Review - GINA guidelines summary 2024
Asthma Review - GINA guidelines summary 2024Asthma Review - GINA guidelines summary 2024
Asthma Review - GINA guidelines summary 2024
 
Call Girl Lucknow Mallika 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Lucknow
Call Girl Lucknow Mallika 7001305949 Independent Escort Service LucknowCall Girl Lucknow Mallika 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Lucknow
Call Girl Lucknow Mallika 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Lucknow
 
Call Girl Coimbatore Prisha☎️ 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Coimbatore
Call Girl Coimbatore Prisha☎️  8250192130 Independent Escort Service CoimbatoreCall Girl Coimbatore Prisha☎️  8250192130 Independent Escort Service Coimbatore
Call Girl Coimbatore Prisha☎️ 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Coimbatore
 
Russian Call Girls in Delhi Tanvi ➡️ 9711199012 💋📞 Independent Escort Service...
Russian Call Girls in Delhi Tanvi ➡️ 9711199012 💋📞 Independent Escort Service...Russian Call Girls in Delhi Tanvi ➡️ 9711199012 💋📞 Independent Escort Service...
Russian Call Girls in Delhi Tanvi ➡️ 9711199012 💋📞 Independent Escort Service...
 
Call Girls Frazer Town Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
Call Girls Frazer Town Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...Call Girls Frazer Town Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
Call Girls Frazer Town Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
 
Bangalore Call Girls Majestic 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
Bangalore Call Girls Majestic 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% SafeBangalore Call Girls Majestic 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
Bangalore Call Girls Majestic 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
 
Russian Call Girls in Pune Riya 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call gi...
Russian Call Girls in Pune Riya 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call gi...Russian Call Girls in Pune Riya 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call gi...
Russian Call Girls in Pune Riya 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call gi...
 
Kesar Bagh Call Girl Price 9548273370 , Lucknow Call Girls Service
Kesar Bagh Call Girl Price 9548273370 , Lucknow Call Girls ServiceKesar Bagh Call Girl Price 9548273370 , Lucknow Call Girls Service
Kesar Bagh Call Girl Price 9548273370 , Lucknow Call Girls Service
 
Bangalore Call Girls Marathahalli 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
Bangalore Call Girls Marathahalli 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% SafeBangalore Call Girls Marathahalli 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
Bangalore Call Girls Marathahalli 📞 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
 
Call Girls Service in Bommanahalli - 7001305949 with real photos and phone nu...
Call Girls Service in Bommanahalli - 7001305949 with real photos and phone nu...Call Girls Service in Bommanahalli - 7001305949 with real photos and phone nu...
Call Girls Service in Bommanahalli - 7001305949 with real photos and phone nu...
 
Sonagachi Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call Now
Sonagachi Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call NowSonagachi Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call Now
Sonagachi Call Girls Services 9907093804 @24x7 High Class Babes Here Call Now
 
College Call Girls Pune Mira 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call girls...
College Call Girls Pune Mira 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call girls...College Call Girls Pune Mira 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call girls...
College Call Girls Pune Mira 9907093804 Short 1500 Night 6000 Best call girls...
 
Call Girls Whitefield Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Whitefield Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Whitefield Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Whitefield Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 

Neospora caninum involvement in ovine and caprine abortion in Spain and Portugal

  • 7. www.aleidavillaespinosa.com However, its importance in sheep and goats is still unclear. Increasing evidence suggests a role in these species, although, scarce serological studies have been made in small ruminants in reproductive problems. The present work shows an important seroprevalence of N. caninum in cases of abortion in sheep and goats in Spain. However, the presence of antibodies does not necessary prove that the infection caused the abortion. The high title of antibodies in some animals might suggest a relationship with the abortion.
  • 8. www.aleidavillaespinosa.com seroprevalence depends on cutoff values of the serologic tests, and it seems that in all cases they are presumptive as none has been validated based on the recovery of the viable parasite in any host. In our case cutoff value was used according to the manufactured and has shown that nine negative samples were very close to it, suggesting that seroprevalence might vary, probably being increased.
  • 9. www.aleidavillaespinosa.com The immune system of the fetus becomes increasingly competent as gestation progresses. During the first trimester of pregnancy the fetus is vulnerable to infection and can only mount primitive immune responses. Infection occurring earlier in gestation is more likely to have severe consequences to the fetus. Serological studies may contribute to the understanding of the disease in small ruminants.
  • 10. www.aleidavillaespinosa.com The immune system of the fetus becomes increasingly competent as gestation progresses. During the first trimester of pregnancy the fetus is vulnerable to infection and can only mount primitive immune responses. Infection occurring earlier in gestation is more likely to have severe consequences to the fetus. Serological studies may contribute to the understanding of the disease in small ruminants.