تجارب في الكيمياء العضوية

1.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬FFEE
‫א‬‫א‬
٢

2. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬:
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬
‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
١K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
٢K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
٣K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
٤K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
٥K‫א‬‫א‬K
٦K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
٧K‫א‬‫א‬K
٨K‫א‬K
٩K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
١٠K‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬W 
١٤K 
‫א‬‫א‬W 
١K‫א‬K
٢K‫א‬‫א‬K

3. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
١K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 

4. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
٢K‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬4‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
٣K‫א‬‫א‬F٥WE٪ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬(R-COOH)
FAr-OHEArK 
٤K‫א‬‫א‬F٥WE٪ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬FKE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
٥K‫א‬‫א‬F٥WE٪ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K 

5. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
٦K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬KE 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬E‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K 
٧.‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬:
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
١.‫א‬ 
٢. 
٣. 
٤. 
٥.‫א‬ 
٦.‫א‬W 
٧.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
٨.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

6. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
٩.‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬١K 
١٠.‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
١١.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
١٢.‫א‬K
١٣.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 

7. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 

8. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬:
‫ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ‬)١(:‫ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻜﺸﻑ‬
١K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F
KE 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 
 
١ J‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬E(C-C)
–‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Alkanes‫א‬‫א‬CnH2n+2W 
 

9. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WC2H6 
 
–‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
W 
 
C C
C
C
C
C
 
 
 JFE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CnH2n‫א‬W 
 
 

10. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WC6H12 
 
٢ J‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬KE
 J‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬AlkenesW
 

 J‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬AlkynesW
 
 
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 

11. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 JF J‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K 
‫א‬W 
–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 
 J‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬F
E
‫א‬K 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬–K 

12. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
٢K‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
١K
K 
٢K‫א‬‫א‬F–KE
٣K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
٤K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

13. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ‬)٢:(‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬‫ﺘﺸﺒﻊ‬
١K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬E،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
W 
 
 
 
 
 

14. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K 
 
٢.‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﲟﺤﻠﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ‬:
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬W
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K 
٣K‫א‬‫א‬W 
٣K‫א‬K
٤K‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬K
٥K‫א‬3‫א‬‫א‬FKE
٦K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

15. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
٤K‫א‬ 
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E1‫א‬3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 
٥K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬MnO2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 

16. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
C C + MnO4 CC
OH OH
+ MnO2
 
٦K‫א‬W 
‫א‬K
‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬3‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬KE
‫א‬،‫א‬K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 
٧K‫א‬W 
‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬
‫א‬3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K 
 
 
 
‫ﺑﲏ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺳﺐ‬

17. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ‬
١K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬K 
 
٢.‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ‬:
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 
٢K١( Lassaigne's test)W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
٢K٢‫א‬‫א‬W 
١K‫א‬، 
٢K، 
٣K، 
٤K، 
٥K، 
٦K،، 
٧K، 
٨KK

18. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
٢K٣‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
١.‫א‬–‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬K
٧K‫א‬F‫א‬٠{٢٠{٢‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
٨K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
٩K‫א‬‫א‬F١٥E
‫א‬K
١٠K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
١١K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬K 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W 

19. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
٣K‫א‬‫א‬W 
١K‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬K
٢K‫א‬‫א‬F٣٠KE٪
٣K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 
٤K‫א‬‫א‬W 
١K١‫א‬‫א‬K
٢K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
٣K‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 
٥K‫א‬‫א‬WI )-Cl-( X= Br 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 
١K‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬K
٢KK
٣K‫א‬‫א‬،١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
‫א‬‫א‬F٥KE٪
٤K‫א‬،K

20. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬E،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬EK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
FE،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

21. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﺩﻫﻴﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ‬‫ﺃﻟﻜﻴﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ‬)١:(‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﻴل‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺔ‬
١.‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪﺍﺕ‬‫ﺃﻟﻜﻴﺘﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫א‬FC=OE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬FRE‫א‬FE
‫א‬‫א‬FE،‫א‬
‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬
FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫ﻟﻸﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬
CR H
O‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬‫ﻥ‬R‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﻴﺘﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
CR
O
R
C H
O
H
‫ﻓﻮﺭﻣﺎﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ‬
Formaldehyde
C
O
H3CC 3H
‫ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻮﻥ‬
Acetone
C H
O
HC 3
‫ﺃﺳﻴﺘﺎﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ‬
Acetaldehyde
C
O
H3C
‫ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻮﻓﻴﻨﻮﻥ‬
Acetophenone

22. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
C H
O
‫ﺑﱰﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ‬
Benzaldehyde
C
O
‫ﺑﱰﻭﻓﻴﻨﻮﻥ‬
Benzophenone
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K 
٢.‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ‬‫ﺃﻟﻜﻴﺘﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬:
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬2,4-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K 
‫א‬‫א‬2.4 J‫א‬W 

23. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬F––KE 
٣K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
١.‫א‬ 
٢. 
٣. 
١٢K 
٤K‫א‬W
١.‫א‬K 
١٣K‫א‬‫א‬K
١٤K‫א‬2-3‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬W‫א‬0.5‫א‬2,4 J‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬0.5‫א‬‫א‬10
‫א‬،‫א‬K 
 
٢.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
٣.‫א‬٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬F––E‫א‬

24. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
٥K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 
٥K١W 
‫א‬‫א‬SO2‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬SO2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
١.‫א‬ 
٢. 
٣. 
 
‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
١.‫א‬K 
١٥K1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
١٦K‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 
٥K٢W

25. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 
+ +
O
HCR 2Ag(NH3)OH RCO2NH4 2Ag 3NH3 H2O++
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
١.‫א‬ 
٢. 
٣. 
٤. 
٥. 
 
‫א‬‫א‬W 
١.‫א‬2‫א‬K 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬2-3‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 
 
٢.2-3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
٣.‫א‬K 

26. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
٥K٣W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬FAE‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬FBE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬1:1A
B1A1B‫א‬.
R C H
O
+ 2Cu++ 5HO- RCOO- Cu2O 3H2O+++
‫א‬‫א‬W 
١.‫א‬ 
٢. 
٣. 
٤. 
٥. 
٦. 
 
‫א‬‫א‬W 
١.1‫א‬K

27. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
١٧K1‫א‬NaHCO3K
١٨K‫א‬AK
١٩K‫א‬‫א‬BK
٢٠K‫א‬K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
W‫א‬‫א‬

28. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
١K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F-COOHREFRE
‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
 
C
O
OH 
 
H COOH 
 
‫א‬ 
C(OH)COOH
CH2 COOH
CH2 COOH
 
‫א‬ 
CH3 COOHCH
OH
 
‫א‬ 
CH COOH
COOHCH
HO
HO 
‫א‬ 
CH2
COOH
COOH 
‫א‬ 
COOHCH2
CH2 COOH 
‫א‬ 
CH=CHCOOH

‫א‬  
COOH
 
‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E،

29. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 
٢.‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ‬:
٢K١‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pHF‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬pH
F٧ J١E‫א‬‫א‬F١ J١٤E
‫א‬‫א‬pHK 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬W 
١.‫א‬، 
٢.، 
٣.،‫א‬، 
٤.‫א‬pHK 
 
‫א‬W 
١ J‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K 
٢ J‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
٣ J‫א‬‫א‬K

30. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
•‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
•‫א‬‫א‬FpHEF١ J٦E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K 
٢K٢‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
)CO2(‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 
R-COOH + NaHCO3 R-COO
-
Na
+
+CO2 H2O+ 
K‫א‬‫א‬W 
١.‫א‬ 
٢. 
٣. 
٤. 
K‫א‬W 
١K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K 
٢K‫א‬K 
 

31. ‫א‬ ١٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬ 
•‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
•‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬K 
 
٣K‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 
 
٢K٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(III)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
K‫א‬‫א‬W 
١K‫א‬، 
٢K، 
٣K، 
٤KK
 
K‫א‬W 
١K‫א‬‫א‬K 
٢K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
٣K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
٤K‫א‬‫א‬K