5. MICROTEACHING
• Teacher training technique for learning teaching skills
• 3 phases :
Knowledge acquisition phase
Skill acquisition phase
Transfer phase
6. COMMUNICATION:
Two way process of exchanging or shaping ideas, feelings and information
• Goal
• Cognitive
• Affective
• Psychomotor
• Communication skills
9. SENDER:
-Effective communicator should know-
• His objectives
• Interests and needs of audience
• Message
• Channels of communication
• Professional abilities and limitations
10. MESSAGE:
-Must be
1. In line with objective
2. Meaningful
3. Clear and understandable
4. Specific and accurate
5. Timely and adequate
6. Interesting
7. Culturally and socially appropriate
11. CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION
Media systems:
1. Interpersonal communication
2. Mass media
3. Folk media
PROPER SELECTION OF CHANNEL SUCCESFUL COMMUNICATION
12. RECEIVER
• CONTROLLED AUDIENCE-
Homogenous group held together by common interest
• UNCONTROLLED AUDIENCE-
Gathered together from motives of curiosity
MORE HOMOGENEOUS MORE EFFECTIVE
AUDIENCE COMMUNICATION
13. FEEDBACK
• Flow of information from audience to sender
• Opportunity to sender to modify his message and render it acceptable
14. METHODS OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION
• Individual approach
• Group approach
• Mass approach
18. LECTURE- Chalk and talk
• Carefully prepared oral presentation of facts, organized thoughts and ideas by
qualified person
• Ideal for lecture:
Time not to exceed 15 to 20 minutes
• Made more effective by AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
20. FLIPCHARTS
• Series of charts(posters) , 25-30cms or more , with an illustration
• Message to be brief and to the point
21. FLANNELGRAPH
• Piece of rough flannel or khadi fixed over a wooden board
• Provides excellent background for displaying cut-out pictures, graphs and
drawings and other illustrations.
24. Disadvantage of lecture :
• Students involved to a minimum extent
• Learning is passive
• Do not stimulate thinking or problem solving capacity
• Comprehension of lecture varies with the student
• Health behavior of listener not necessarily affected
25. DEMONSTRATIONS
• Carefully prepared presentation to show how to perform a skill or procedure
• Audience to be involved in discussion
• “Learning by doing” principle
26. GROUP DISCUSSION
• Group : Aggregation of people interacting in a face- to –face situation
• Learn by free exchange of knowledge, ideas and opinions
EFFECTIVE GROUP : not less than 6
not more than 12 members
• Members- Participants
Group leader
Recorder
29. PANEL DISCUSSION
• 4 TO 8 persons qualified to talk about the topic sit and discuss a given problem,
in front of a large group or audience
• PANEL : Moderator , 4-8 speakers
• Audience invited to take part after main aspects of subject are explored by
speakers
30. SYMPOSIUM
• Series of speeches on a selected subject
• No discussion among members
• Audience can raise questions in the end
• Chairman makes summary in the end of session
31. WORKSHOP
•Series of meeting, 4 or more , with emphasis on individual work , within the
group ,with the help of consultants and resource personal.
•Divided into small groups , each group with chairman and recorder
•Learning under expert guidance
32. ROLE PLAYING or SOCIO-DRAMA
• Based on principle that communication is more effective if situation is
dramatized by the group
• Size of the group: 25
33. CONFERENCES AND SEMINARS
• Commercialized continuing education
• Regional / state/ national level
• Duration
34. PPT PRESENTATION……
• Keep it simple
• Limit bullet points & text , Limit animations
• Preferred font : TIMES NEW ROMAN
• Font size : Title- 36 to 44
Subheadings – 24
No of sentences- 4-6
41. Evaluating Articles:
• Identity of writer & publisher
• Amount of citations received
• Objectivity of text & References used
42. Peer Reviews
• Carried out by experts
• Guarantees that researchers uphold certain codes of conduct , prevent false
interpretations
• Problems
• Methods
45. Main medical journal indexes
• Index Medicus
• Thomson ISI’s Journal Citation Reports
• Thomson Reuter’s Biological Abstracts
• Elsevier’s Embace
• Medline
• PubMed Central
• Google Scholar
46. How does it works……??
Journal
Indexing by database
Accessible to wide audience
Good reputation
47. IMPACT FACTOR
• Measures the importance of a journal by calculating the number of times
selected articles are cited within the last few years
• Impact factor & Ranking
• Journal Citation Reports(JCR) tracks impact factors
• IF- 0 to 10
48. LIMITATIONS:
• IF should not be only considered for quality
• Not all journals are tracked in JCR database
• New journals should wait for inclusion
• Not related to scientific worth
49. Factors biasing calculation of IF
• Coverage and language preference of database
• Procedures used to collect citations
• Algorithm used to calculate IF
• Citation distribution of journals
• Online availability of journals
• Negative citations
• Preference of journal publishers for articles of certain type
50. …….
Publication lag
Citing behavior across subjects
Possibility of exertion of influence from journal editors
IF is not available for all indexed journals….
51. PATHOLOGY JOURNALS:
• The Journal of Pathology
• Journal of Clinical Pathology
• Indian Journal of Pathology & Microbiology
• The American Journal of Pathology
• Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
• International Journal of Surgical Pathology
• Journal of Oncopathology & Clinical Research
52. ARTICLE TYPES :
Research article
Review article
Case report/ Case study
Short communication
53. RESEARCH ARTICLE :
Detailed account of Research activity written by the scientists who did the
research
REVIEW ARTICLE :
Surveys and summarizes previously published studies
CASE REPORT :
Detailed report of the symptoms , signs , diagnosis , treatment and follow-up of
an individual patient
SHORT COMMUNICATION :
Communication of the new discovery in the field of literature
58. CONCLUSION :
• Microteaching is an efficient learning technique for effective teaching
• Approaches such as Demonstration , Roleplays , Films & Charts etc is found
to be more effective than Lecture method.
• Pedagogical knowledge and changing nature of the teaching have helped to
convey knowledge more effectively.
59. REFERENCES:
1. K. Park. Park’s Textbook of Preventive & Social Medicine. 24th edition
2. Ambili Ramesh. Microteaching , an efficient technique for learning effective teaching. Journal
of Research in Medical Sciences. Feb 2013; 158-163
3. Pegagogical knowledge and changing nature of the Teaching Profession- Sonia Guerriero
4. Edwin G R . The Effectiveness of Microteaching : Five Years’ Findings. International Journal of
Humanities Social Sciences and Education. Vol 1,Issue 7: 2014 ; 17-28
5. Sharon D, Lisa B,Kristy K. Transforming Pedagogy: Changing Perspectives from Teacher-
Centered to Learner- Centered. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem- Based Learning.Vol 10: Issue
1; 1538-41.
6. Evaluation based on scientific publishing : Evaluating journals- Oulun Ylipiston
Word pedagogy is derived from greek work paidagogia meaning To lead a child…..Esp as an academic subject or theoretical concept…..liberal-general development of human potential…vocational-imparting n acquisition of skills…..piaget – father of pedagogy
Critical- teacher holds authority,pblm solving…DIALOGIC-BASED ON ARGUMENTS…STUDENT CENTERED-autonomy and independence of learning in students hands
Implementation of pedagogy….Knowledge acqisi – pre active preparatory phase
Goal-bring change in desired direc of person who receives commu…cogni-increase knowledge…affect-changing existing patterns of behavior n attitudes…..psychomotor-acquiring new skills
Our ability to influence ppl-commu skills-speaking,writing,listening,reading n reasoning
Originator of message
PHYSICAL BRIDGES OR MEDIA OF COMMU BETWEEN SENDER N RECEIVER
GRP NOT MORE THAN 30
Meant to be shown one after the other…….each chart displayed b4 a grp as talk is being given. designed to hold attention of audience
Very easy , maintains contuinity , easy to transport,promotes thought n critism
Eg. Lumbar puncture.. increase interest
Wider interaction,….participants in a circle..so that each person is visible to each other……….group leader- initiates subject, helps discussion in proper manner, prevents side conversations, encourages everyone to participate, sums up discussion in the end. Recorder- prepares report on issues discussed n conclusions reached
Some shy or dominate…unequal partici n devia from topic..
Chairman-opens meeting ,welcomes, introduces speakers and tel abt topic briefly…no proper order of speech…effective method if properly planned and guided.
Individuals work..solve a part of the pblm through their personal effort with help of consultants , contribute to grp work n grp discussion and leave workshop with plan of action on the pblm….improves effectiveness as a professional worker
Audience to be active, can take part under request of leader..it is followed by discussion
1 half day to 1 week ..may cover single topic in depth or be broadly comprehensive
Speak more,more empty space in slide preferred…….best ppt slide virtually meaningless without narration…..slides r nly meant to support the speaker
Animation-wipe left to right
Common dimensions-42x42,42x48 or 42x52…title to be readable from 15-20 feet..should have a logical sequence for the material to be presented.
Poster should not rely upon verbal explanation to link together various portions.
Editorial content- invlo editors..who decide basic content of journal…Citation analysis-how often a publication is cited…reveals popularity rather than quality n positive n neg attention received….Altmetrics- non traditional bibilometrics ,focusses on social media eg – discussions in blogs, research networks lyk Research Gate , tweets in twitter, amount of downloads, Mentions in google scholar( bibilometrics-statistical analysis)
Problems- slow publishing process, plagiarism , subjective evaluation….methods- old( only reviewer knows author) , new- double blind, open
