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NAFTA at 20 Years: Towards GGrreeaatteerr EEccoonnoommiicc 
IInntteeggrraattiioonn aatt tthhee BBoorrddeerr 
AAlleejjaannddrroo DDííaazz--BBaauuttiissttaa,, PPhh..DD.. 
Professor of International Economics at Colef 
and 
Distinguished Researcher 
National Council of Science and Technology 
adiazbau@gmail.com 
Presentation for the 16 Annual Mexico Economic Review and Political 
Outlook 2013“, organized by the US-Mexico Chamber of Commerce, 
Los Angeles, CA, October 1, 2014.
NAFTA at 20 Years: TToowwaarrddss GGrreeaatteerr EEccoonnoommiicc 
IInntteeggrraattiioonn aatt tthhee BBoorrddeerr 
 TThhee NNoorrtthh AAmmeerriiccaann FFrreeee TTrraaddee AAggrreeeemmeenntt 
mmaarrkkeedd aa ffuunnddaammeennttaall cchhaannggee iinn tthhee 
rreeggiioonnaall aanndd gglloobbaall ttrraaddee sscchheemmee.. 
 NNAAFFTTAA iiss aann eexxaammppllee iinn eeccoonnoommiicc 
iinntteeggrraattiioonn,, aanndd iitt hheellppeedd tthhee NNoorrtthh 
AAmmeerriiccaann rreeggiioonn ggrrooww llaarrggeerr aanndd ttooggeetthheerr 
ffoorr 2200 yyeeaarrss.. 
 TTrraaddee wwiitthhiinn tthhee tthhrreeee NNAAFFTTAA ccoouunnttrriieess 
hhaass qquuaaddrruupplleedd,, wwiitthh aa ccoommbbiinneedd GGDDPP ooff 
$1188 ttrriilllliioonn ddoollllaarrss..
NAFTA at 20 Years: TToowwaarrddss GGrreeaatteerr EEccoonnoommiicc 
IInntteeggrraattiioonn aatt tthhee BBoorrddeerr
NAFTA at 20 Years: TToowwaarrddss GGrreeaatteerr EEccoonnoommiicc 
IInntteeggrraattiioonn aatt tthhee BBoorrddeerr
NAFTA at 20 Years: TToowwaarrddss GGrreeaatteerr EEccoonnoommiicc 
IInntteeggrraattiioonn aatt tthhee BBoorrddeerr
United States - Mexico Border States 
10 border states along the border. 
• Nearly 2,000-mile (3,169 km or 1,969 
miles) of international border. 
•The four U.S. border states (California, 
Arizona, New Mexico, Texas) include 23 
counties that touch the border 
•The six Mexican border states (Baja 
California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, 
Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas) include 39 
municipalities that touch the border.
United States - Mexico Border States 
The U.S.-Mexico border region is one of 
the most important trade corridors for 
North American businesses, representing 
a $461 billion economic relationship 
between the two countries in 2012. 
The border region, defined as the 10 U.S. 
and Mexican border states, represents a 
combined population of nearly 100 million 
people and as the world’s fourth largest 
economy.
NAFTA at 20 Years: TToowwaarrddss GGrreeaatteerr EEccoonnoommiicc 
IInntteeggrraattiioonn aatt tthhee BBoorrddeerr
NAFTA at 20 Years: TToowwaarrddss GGrreeaatteerr EEccoonnoommiicc 
IInntteeggrraattiioonn aatt tthhee BBoorrddeerr 
 DDuurriinngg tthhee NNAAFFTTAA eerraa,, FFDDII iinn NNoorrtthh AAmmeerriiccaa hhaass 
rriisseenn ffrroomm $$111100 bbiilllliioonn ppeerr yyeeaarr iinn 11999922 ttoo $$665500 
bbiilllliioonn ppeerr aannnnuumm iinn 22001100.. 
 SSttrroonngg mmaaccrrooeeccoonnoommiicc ppoolliicciieess hhaavvee ccoonnttrriibbuutteedd 
ccoonnffiiddeennccee ttoo ffuurrtthheerr iinnvveessttmmeenntt iinn MMeexxiiccoo,, aass 
wweellll aass MMeexxiiccaann iinnvveessttmmeennttss iinn tthhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess 
aanndd CCaannaaddaa.. 
 MMeexxiiccoo aattttrraacctteedd aa rreeccoorrdd $$3355..22 bbiilllliioonn iinn ffoorreeiiggnn 
ddiirreecctt iinnvveessttmmeenntt ((FFDDII)) dduurriinngg 22001133,, aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo 
tthhee SSeeccrreettaarriiaatt ooff EEccoonnoommyy,, nneeaarrllyy ddoouubbllee tthhee 
lleevveell sseeeenn iinn 22001122..
NAFTA at 20 Years: TToowwaarrddss GGrreeaatteerr EEccoonnoommiicc 
IInntteeggrraattiioonn aatt tthhee BBoorrddeerr 
 WWhhiillee NNAAFFTTAA cchhaannggeedd MMeexxiiccoo iinn ssoommee eeccoonnoommiicc ffuunnddaammeennttaall 
wwaayyss,, tthhee ttrreeaattyy nneevveerr mmeett mmaannyy ooff iittss sswweeeeppiinngg pprroommiisseess ttoo 
cclloossee MMeexxiiccoo''ss wwaaggee ggaapp wwiitthh tthhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess,, bboooosstt jjoobb ggrroowwtthh 
aanndd ffiigghhtt ppoovveerrttyy.. 
 MMeexxiiccoo ttooookk aaddvvaannttaaggee ooff tthhee NNAAFFTTAA aaggrreeeemmeenntt wwiitthh tthhee UUnniitteedd 
SSttaatteess aanndd CCaannaaddaa iinn ssoommee aarreeaass.. TThhee aauuttoo,, eelleeccttrroonniiccss aanndd 
aaggrriiccuullttuurree sseeccttoorrss ggrreeww,, aanndd ffoorreeiiggnn bbaannkkss mmoovveedd iinn,, iinnccrreeaassiinngg 
aacccceessss ttoo ccrreeddiitt,, bbuutt aa mmaajjoorriittyy ooff MMeexxiiccaannss ssaaww lliittttllee bbeenneeffiitt iinn 
iinnccoommee.. 
 WWhhiillee tthheerree iiss uunnddoouubbtteeddllyy aa llaarrggeerr mmiiddddllee ccllaassss ttooddaayy,, MMeexxiiccoo iiss 
tthhee oonnllyy mmaajjoorr LLaattiinn AAmmeerriiccaann ccoouunnttrryy wwhheerree ppoovveerrttyy aallssoo hhaass 
ggrroowwnn iinn rreecceenntt yyeeaarrss.. AAccccoorrddiinngg tthhee EEccoonnoommiicc CCoommmmiissssiioonn ffoorr 
LLaattiinn AAmmeerriiccaa,, ppoovveerrttyy ffeellll ffrroomm 488..4 ppeerrcceenntt iinn 11999900 ttoo 2277..99 
ppeerrcceenntt iinn 22001133 ffoorr aallll ooff LLaattiinn AAmmeerriiccaa.. 
 IInn MMeexxiiccoo,, tthhee ppoovveerrttyy rraattee wwaass 5522..4 ppeerrcceenntt iinn 1199994,, iitt ddrrooppppeedd 
ttoo 422..77 ppeerrcceenntt iinn 22000066;; bbuutt bbyy 22001122,, iitt hhaadd rriisseenn aaggaaiinn ttoo 5511..33 
ppeerrcceenntt..
NAFTA at 20 Years: TToowwaarrddss GGrreeaatteerr EEccoonnoommiicc 
IInntteeggrraattiioonn aatt tthhee BBoorrddeerr 
 TThhee tthhrreeee NNoorrtthh AAmmeerriiccaann ccoouunnttrriieess aarree ppuusshhiinngg ttoo bbeeccoommee eevveenn 
mmoorree eeccoonnoommiiccaallllyy iinntteeggrraatteedd.. WWiitthh MMeexxiiccoo''ss nneewwllyy ppaasssseedd 
ssttrruuccttuurraall rreeffoorrmmss aalllloowwiinngg pprriivvaattee iinnvveessttmmeenntt iinn tthhee eenneerrggyy 
sseeccttoorr,, tthheeyy aaiimm ttoo mmaakkee tthhee ccoonnttiinneenntt eenneerrggyy iinnddeeppeennddeenntt aass 
wweellll.. 
 TThhee llaatteesstt ffrreeee--ttrraaddee eeffffoorrtt iiss tthhee TTrraannss--PPaacciiffiicc PPaarrttnneerrsshhiipp,, aa 
nneeggoottiiaattiioonn aammoonngg 1122 ccoouunnttrriieess,, iinncclluuddiinngg NNAAFFTTAA''ss tthhrreeee,, ttoo ooppeenn 
ttrraaddee bbeettwweeeenn AAssiiaa aanndd tthhee AAmmeerriiccaass.. 
 TThhee TTrraannss--PPaacciiffiicc PPaarrttnneerrsshhiipp ((TTPPPP)) iiss aann aammbbiittiioouuss 2211sstt cceennttuurryy 
ttrraaddee aaggrreeeemmeenntt tthhaatt tthhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess iiss nneeggoottiiaattiinngg wwiitthh 1111 
ootthheerr ccoouunnttrriieess tthhrroouugghhoouutt tthhee AAssiiaa--PPaacciiffiicc rreeggiioonn ((AAuussttrraalliiaa,, 
BBrruunneeii DDaarruussssaallaamm,, CCaannaaddaa,, CChhiillee,, JJaappaann,, MMaallaayyssiiaa,, MMeexxiiccoo,, NNeeww 
ZZeeaallaanndd,, PPeerruu,, SSiinnggaappoorree,, aanndd VViieettnnaamm))..
NAFTA at 20 Years: TToowwaarrddss GGrreeaatteerr EEccoonnoommiicc 
IInntteeggrraattiioonn aatt tthhee BBoorrddeerr 
 CCoonncclluussiioonnss 
 IInnttrraarreeggiioonnaall ttrraaddee fflloowwss hhaavvee iinnccrreeaasseedd ssiiggnniiffiiccaannttllyy oovveerr tthhee 
ttrreeaattyy''ss ffiirrsstt ttwwoo ddeeccaaddeess,, ffrroomm rroouugghhllyy $$229900 bbiilllliioonn iinn 11999933 ttoo 
mmoorree tthhaann $$11..11 ttrriilllliioonn iinn 22001122.. 
 CCrroossss--bboorrddeerr iinnvveessttmmeenntt ssuurrggeedd wwiitthh NNAAFFTTAA.. 
 TThhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess ttrraaddeess mmoorree iinn ggooooddss aanndd sseerrvviicceess wwiitthh MMeexxiiccoo 
aanndd CCaannaaddaa tthhaann iitt ddooeess wwiitthh JJaappaann,, SSoouutthh KKoorreeaa,, BBrraazziill,, RRuussssiiaa,, 
IInnddiiaa,, aanndd CChhiinnaa ccoommbbiinneedd.. MMuucchh ooff tthhiiss ggrroowwtthh hhaass bbeeeenn dduuee ttoo 
iinnccrreeaasseedd ttrraaddee bbeettwweeeenn tthhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess aanndd MMeexxiiccoo.. 
 NNAAFFTTAA wwaass ddeessiiggnneedd ttoo pprroommoottee eeccoonnoommiicc ggrroowwtthh bbyy iinnccrreeaassiinngg 
ccoommppeettiittiioonn iinn ddoommeessttiicc mmaarrkkeettss aanndd pprroommoottiinngg iinnvveessttmmeenntt ffrroomm 
bbootthh ddoommeessttiicc aanndd ffoorreeiiggnn ssoouurrcceess..
NAFTA at 20 Years: Towards GGrreeaatteerr EEccoonnoommiicc 
IInntteeggrraattiioonn aatt tthhee BBoorrddeerr 
AAlleejjaannddrroo DDííaazz--BBaauuttiissttaa,, PPhh..DD.. 
Professor of International Economics at Colef 
and 
Distinguished Researcher 
National Council of Science and Technology 
adiazbau@gmail.com 
Presentation for the 16 Annual Mexico Economic Review and Political 
Outlook 2013“, organized by the US-Mexico Chamber of Commerce, 
Los Angeles, CA, October 1, 2014.

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Professor Alejandro Diaz-Bautista Presentation Los Angeles October 2014.

  • 1. NAFTA at 20 Years: Towards GGrreeaatteerr EEccoonnoommiicc IInntteeggrraattiioonn aatt tthhee BBoorrddeerr AAlleejjaannddrroo DDííaazz--BBaauuttiissttaa,, PPhh..DD.. Professor of International Economics at Colef and Distinguished Researcher National Council of Science and Technology adiazbau@gmail.com Presentation for the 16 Annual Mexico Economic Review and Political Outlook 2013“, organized by the US-Mexico Chamber of Commerce, Los Angeles, CA, October 1, 2014.
  • 2. NAFTA at 20 Years: TToowwaarrddss GGrreeaatteerr EEccoonnoommiicc IInntteeggrraattiioonn aatt tthhee BBoorrddeerr  TThhee NNoorrtthh AAmmeerriiccaann FFrreeee TTrraaddee AAggrreeeemmeenntt mmaarrkkeedd aa ffuunnddaammeennttaall cchhaannggee iinn tthhee rreeggiioonnaall aanndd gglloobbaall ttrraaddee sscchheemmee..  NNAAFFTTAA iiss aann eexxaammppllee iinn eeccoonnoommiicc iinntteeggrraattiioonn,, aanndd iitt hheellppeedd tthhee NNoorrtthh AAmmeerriiccaann rreeggiioonn ggrrooww llaarrggeerr aanndd ttooggeetthheerr ffoorr 2200 yyeeaarrss..  TTrraaddee wwiitthhiinn tthhee tthhrreeee NNAAFFTTAA ccoouunnttrriieess hhaass qquuaaddrruupplleedd,, wwiitthh aa ccoommbbiinneedd GGDDPP ooff $1188 ttrriilllliioonn ddoollllaarrss..
  • 3. NAFTA at 20 Years: TToowwaarrddss GGrreeaatteerr EEccoonnoommiicc IInntteeggrraattiioonn aatt tthhee BBoorrddeerr
  • 4. NAFTA at 20 Years: TToowwaarrddss GGrreeaatteerr EEccoonnoommiicc IInntteeggrraattiioonn aatt tthhee BBoorrddeerr
  • 5. NAFTA at 20 Years: TToowwaarrddss GGrreeaatteerr EEccoonnoommiicc IInntteeggrraattiioonn aatt tthhee BBoorrddeerr
  • 6. United States - Mexico Border States 10 border states along the border. • Nearly 2,000-mile (3,169 km or 1,969 miles) of international border. •The four U.S. border states (California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas) include 23 counties that touch the border •The six Mexican border states (Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas) include 39 municipalities that touch the border.
  • 7. United States - Mexico Border States The U.S.-Mexico border region is one of the most important trade corridors for North American businesses, representing a $461 billion economic relationship between the two countries in 2012. The border region, defined as the 10 U.S. and Mexican border states, represents a combined population of nearly 100 million people and as the world’s fourth largest economy.
  • 8. NAFTA at 20 Years: TToowwaarrddss GGrreeaatteerr EEccoonnoommiicc IInntteeggrraattiioonn aatt tthhee BBoorrddeerr
  • 9. NAFTA at 20 Years: TToowwaarrddss GGrreeaatteerr EEccoonnoommiicc IInntteeggrraattiioonn aatt tthhee BBoorrddeerr  DDuurriinngg tthhee NNAAFFTTAA eerraa,, FFDDII iinn NNoorrtthh AAmmeerriiccaa hhaass rriisseenn ffrroomm $$111100 bbiilllliioonn ppeerr yyeeaarr iinn 11999922 ttoo $$665500 bbiilllliioonn ppeerr aannnnuumm iinn 22001100..  SSttrroonngg mmaaccrrooeeccoonnoommiicc ppoolliicciieess hhaavvee ccoonnttrriibbuutteedd ccoonnffiiddeennccee ttoo ffuurrtthheerr iinnvveessttmmeenntt iinn MMeexxiiccoo,, aass wweellll aass MMeexxiiccaann iinnvveessttmmeennttss iinn tthhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess aanndd CCaannaaddaa..  MMeexxiiccoo aattttrraacctteedd aa rreeccoorrdd $$3355..22 bbiilllliioonn iinn ffoorreeiiggnn ddiirreecctt iinnvveessttmmeenntt ((FFDDII)) dduurriinngg 22001133,, aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo tthhee SSeeccrreettaarriiaatt ooff EEccoonnoommyy,, nneeaarrllyy ddoouubbllee tthhee lleevveell sseeeenn iinn 22001122..
  • 10. NAFTA at 20 Years: TToowwaarrddss GGrreeaatteerr EEccoonnoommiicc IInntteeggrraattiioonn aatt tthhee BBoorrddeerr  WWhhiillee NNAAFFTTAA cchhaannggeedd MMeexxiiccoo iinn ssoommee eeccoonnoommiicc ffuunnddaammeennttaall wwaayyss,, tthhee ttrreeaattyy nneevveerr mmeett mmaannyy ooff iittss sswweeeeppiinngg pprroommiisseess ttoo cclloossee MMeexxiiccoo''ss wwaaggee ggaapp wwiitthh tthhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess,, bboooosstt jjoobb ggrroowwtthh aanndd ffiigghhtt ppoovveerrttyy..  MMeexxiiccoo ttooookk aaddvvaannttaaggee ooff tthhee NNAAFFTTAA aaggrreeeemmeenntt wwiitthh tthhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess aanndd CCaannaaddaa iinn ssoommee aarreeaass.. TThhee aauuttoo,, eelleeccttrroonniiccss aanndd aaggrriiccuullttuurree sseeccttoorrss ggrreeww,, aanndd ffoorreeiiggnn bbaannkkss mmoovveedd iinn,, iinnccrreeaassiinngg aacccceessss ttoo ccrreeddiitt,, bbuutt aa mmaajjoorriittyy ooff MMeexxiiccaannss ssaaww lliittttllee bbeenneeffiitt iinn iinnccoommee..  WWhhiillee tthheerree iiss uunnddoouubbtteeddllyy aa llaarrggeerr mmiiddddllee ccllaassss ttooddaayy,, MMeexxiiccoo iiss tthhee oonnllyy mmaajjoorr LLaattiinn AAmmeerriiccaann ccoouunnttrryy wwhheerree ppoovveerrttyy aallssoo hhaass ggrroowwnn iinn rreecceenntt yyeeaarrss.. AAccccoorrddiinngg tthhee EEccoonnoommiicc CCoommmmiissssiioonn ffoorr LLaattiinn AAmmeerriiccaa,, ppoovveerrttyy ffeellll ffrroomm 488..4 ppeerrcceenntt iinn 11999900 ttoo 2277..99 ppeerrcceenntt iinn 22001133 ffoorr aallll ooff LLaattiinn AAmmeerriiccaa..  IInn MMeexxiiccoo,, tthhee ppoovveerrttyy rraattee wwaass 5522..4 ppeerrcceenntt iinn 1199994,, iitt ddrrooppppeedd ttoo 422..77 ppeerrcceenntt iinn 22000066;; bbuutt bbyy 22001122,, iitt hhaadd rriisseenn aaggaaiinn ttoo 5511..33 ppeerrcceenntt..
  • 11. NAFTA at 20 Years: TToowwaarrddss GGrreeaatteerr EEccoonnoommiicc IInntteeggrraattiioonn aatt tthhee BBoorrddeerr  TThhee tthhrreeee NNoorrtthh AAmmeerriiccaann ccoouunnttrriieess aarree ppuusshhiinngg ttoo bbeeccoommee eevveenn mmoorree eeccoonnoommiiccaallllyy iinntteeggrraatteedd.. WWiitthh MMeexxiiccoo''ss nneewwllyy ppaasssseedd ssttrruuccttuurraall rreeffoorrmmss aalllloowwiinngg pprriivvaattee iinnvveessttmmeenntt iinn tthhee eenneerrggyy sseeccttoorr,, tthheeyy aaiimm ttoo mmaakkee tthhee ccoonnttiinneenntt eenneerrggyy iinnddeeppeennddeenntt aass wweellll..  TThhee llaatteesstt ffrreeee--ttrraaddee eeffffoorrtt iiss tthhee TTrraannss--PPaacciiffiicc PPaarrttnneerrsshhiipp,, aa nneeggoottiiaattiioonn aammoonngg 1122 ccoouunnttrriieess,, iinncclluuddiinngg NNAAFFTTAA''ss tthhrreeee,, ttoo ooppeenn ttrraaddee bbeettwweeeenn AAssiiaa aanndd tthhee AAmmeerriiccaass..  TThhee TTrraannss--PPaacciiffiicc PPaarrttnneerrsshhiipp ((TTPPPP)) iiss aann aammbbiittiioouuss 2211sstt cceennttuurryy ttrraaddee aaggrreeeemmeenntt tthhaatt tthhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess iiss nneeggoottiiaattiinngg wwiitthh 1111 ootthheerr ccoouunnttrriieess tthhrroouugghhoouutt tthhee AAssiiaa--PPaacciiffiicc rreeggiioonn ((AAuussttrraalliiaa,, BBrruunneeii DDaarruussssaallaamm,, CCaannaaddaa,, CChhiillee,, JJaappaann,, MMaallaayyssiiaa,, MMeexxiiccoo,, NNeeww ZZeeaallaanndd,, PPeerruu,, SSiinnggaappoorree,, aanndd VViieettnnaamm))..
  • 12. NAFTA at 20 Years: TToowwaarrddss GGrreeaatteerr EEccoonnoommiicc IInntteeggrraattiioonn aatt tthhee BBoorrddeerr  CCoonncclluussiioonnss  IInnttrraarreeggiioonnaall ttrraaddee fflloowwss hhaavvee iinnccrreeaasseedd ssiiggnniiffiiccaannttllyy oovveerr tthhee ttrreeaattyy''ss ffiirrsstt ttwwoo ddeeccaaddeess,, ffrroomm rroouugghhllyy $$229900 bbiilllliioonn iinn 11999933 ttoo mmoorree tthhaann $$11..11 ttrriilllliioonn iinn 22001122..  CCrroossss--bboorrddeerr iinnvveessttmmeenntt ssuurrggeedd wwiitthh NNAAFFTTAA..  TThhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess ttrraaddeess mmoorree iinn ggooooddss aanndd sseerrvviicceess wwiitthh MMeexxiiccoo aanndd CCaannaaddaa tthhaann iitt ddooeess wwiitthh JJaappaann,, SSoouutthh KKoorreeaa,, BBrraazziill,, RRuussssiiaa,, IInnddiiaa,, aanndd CChhiinnaa ccoommbbiinneedd.. MMuucchh ooff tthhiiss ggrroowwtthh hhaass bbeeeenn dduuee ttoo iinnccrreeaasseedd ttrraaddee bbeettwweeeenn tthhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess aanndd MMeexxiiccoo..  NNAAFFTTAA wwaass ddeessiiggnneedd ttoo pprroommoottee eeccoonnoommiicc ggrroowwtthh bbyy iinnccrreeaassiinngg ccoommppeettiittiioonn iinn ddoommeessttiicc mmaarrkkeettss aanndd pprroommoottiinngg iinnvveessttmmeenntt ffrroomm bbootthh ddoommeessttiicc aanndd ffoorreeiiggnn ssoouurrcceess..
  • 13. NAFTA at 20 Years: Towards GGrreeaatteerr EEccoonnoommiicc IInntteeggrraattiioonn aatt tthhee BBoorrddeerr AAlleejjaannddrroo DDííaazz--BBaauuttiissttaa,, PPhh..DD.. Professor of International Economics at Colef and Distinguished Researcher National Council of Science and Technology adiazbau@gmail.com Presentation for the 16 Annual Mexico Economic Review and Political Outlook 2013“, organized by the US-Mexico Chamber of Commerce, Los Angeles, CA, October 1, 2014.