Content-based Image Retrieval

1. ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺟﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺯﺍﺩ‬
،‫ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮑﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬
jamzad@sharif.edu
‫ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺯﻫﺮﺍ‬
،‫ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮑﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬
z_mansoori@ce.sharif.edu
‫ﭼﮑﻴﺪﻩ‬
:
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺣ‬
‫ﺠ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭ‬ ‫ﻢ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺮ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺠ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺯﻣ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺘـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺮ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘ‬ ،
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤ‬ ،
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺰﺷﮑ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬
.
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻕ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺮ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺲ‬
‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.
‫ﺑﺮﺍ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺪﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺮ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺩ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻫ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺲ‬
‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﮐﻨﻨـﺪ‬
.
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻳـ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻌ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺪ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﮐﻠ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺷ‬
‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﮑﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺋ‬
‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻪ‬
.
‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬
:
‫ﺑﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺎﺑ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺼـﻮ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨـ‬ ‫ﺮ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘـﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮ‬
،‫ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ‬ ،‫ﺭﻧـﮓ‬ ،
‫ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺲ‬
‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬
١
-
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺼـﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﻴﻨـﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳـﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﺧﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﺣﺠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺼـﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳـﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
.
‫ﺍﻳﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺍﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
٧٠
‫ﺷﺪﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ‬
١
‫ﻣﻔـﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﮐـﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ؛‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻮ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
.
‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳـﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃـﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼـﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‬
.
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
.
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻫ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺸـﮑﻼ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﮐﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻧـﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟـﻪ‬
:
‫ﺍﻳﻨﮑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺴـﺖ‬
‫ﺣ‬
‫ﺎﺷﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﮎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
.
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺷـﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﮑﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬
‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻕ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺱ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻧﺪ؛‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺱ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻣـﻞ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻳﺎ‬
.
‫ﺩﻫﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
٩٠
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺼـﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺠـﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺸـﮑﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﺒـﻪ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﮑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
1
Annotation
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺘﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍ‬
٢
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬
CBIR
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ‬ ،‫ﺭﻧـﮓ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻳـﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﮏ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺡ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬
٣
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻬﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
]
١
,
٢
[
.
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﺭﺩﻩ‬
‫ﭼﻨـﺪ‬ ‫ﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﻳـﮏ‬ ‫ﮐـﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
،‫ﮐﻨـﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺲ‬
.
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﭘﻴ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ،‫ﺗﺮ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬
.
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ،‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺗﻮﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺁﺗـﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻣﮑـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺧـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﭘـﺬﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻨﺪ‬
.
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴـﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ،‫ﺷـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺫﮐـﺮ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
-
‫ﺗﺼ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ‬
‫ﮐﻨـﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬
،
‫ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺧـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
.
‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺟﺴـﺘﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬ ،‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
]
٣
,
٤
[
.
‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺗـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻲ‬
‫ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺗـﺎﮐﻨﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﮐـﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﻫـﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‬
.
‫ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬
:
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ‬
‫ﮐﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻫـﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿـﻴﺤﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺫﮐـﺮ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺲ‬ ،‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺫﮐﺮ‬ ‫ﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‬
.
٢
-
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
)
١
(
‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻴ‬
‫ﺴ‬
‫ﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬
.
‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳـﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
2
Content-based Image Retrieval
3
Layout

2. ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
.
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻـﻴﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﻧـﮏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﺗـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻇﻒ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
،
‫ﺗﺼـﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗـﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﻨـﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﮏ‬
‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬
.
،‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﮏ‬
‫ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﮐـﻪ‬ ‫ﺷـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﮔـﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺟﺴـﺘﺠﻮ‬
‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﮑﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
.
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺧـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬
‫ﮐﻼﺳ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬
.
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎ‬
‫ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﮑﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬
‫ﺷـﻮ‬
‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺪ‬
:
١
.
‫ﺑﺨـﺶ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬
‫ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺳـﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬
‫؛‬
٢
.
‫ﭘﺮﺱ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺟﻮ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬
-
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬
.
‫ﺷﮑﻞ‬
)
١
(
‫ﺳﻴ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺴ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
)
‫ﺍﻗ‬
‫ﺘ‬
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺱ‬
]
٤
,
١٠
[
(
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺯ‬
QBIC
]
٥
[
،
VisualSEEK
]
٦
[
،
EFF٢
]
٧
[
‫ﻭ‬
PicToSeek
]
٨
[
‫ﻭ‬
Viper
]
٩
[
‫ﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ‬
.
‫ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ‬
QBIC
‫ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘـﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﮑـﻲ‬
‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺍ‬ ،‫ﺭﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬
.
‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺁﺗ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ،
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﮏ‬
‫ﺳ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺎﺑ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻣﺤﺘ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﻌﻨ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺲ‬
‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺼ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿ‬ ‫ﻞ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺢ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬
.
٣
-
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬
،
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﮏ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔـﻲ‬
‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ،‫ﺗﺼـﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﭘﻴﮑﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻩ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
-
‫ﺗﺼﻮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺩﻫ‬
‫ﻨ‬
‫ﺪ‬
‫ﮐـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴـﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬
»
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬
«
‫ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‬
.
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﮑﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﮐﻪ‬ ،‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
»
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻼﺱ‬
«
‫ﻳﺎ‬
»
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬
‫ﮔﺮ‬
«
‫ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬
)
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺴـﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺎﻧﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬
.(
‫ﮐـﻼﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔـﻲ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
،‫ﺁﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬
»
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬
«
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
]
٣
,
٧
,
١١
[
.
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳـﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﮐﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬
:
١
.
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ؛‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
٢
.
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬
٤
‫؛‬
٣
.
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺺ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
.
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺳـﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘ‬
‫ﻣﻔـﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺷـﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬
.
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬
‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎ‬
.
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
٥
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﮑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﮐﻨﻨـﺪ‬
.
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭼﻬﺮﻩ‬
]
١٢
[
.
٣
-
١
‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬
‫ﻧﮓ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﮑﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ؛‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬
٦
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻏﺘﺸﺎﺵ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
]
٧
[
.
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﮑﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ،‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
:
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳـﺒﺰ‬ ،‫ﻗﺮﻣﺰ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﻲ؛‬
٧
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺳـﺎﺯﻧﺪ‬
.
‫ﻳـﮏ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳـﻒ‬ ‫ﻃﺒـﻖ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ‬ ،‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﮑﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺸﮑﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﺑﺘـﺪﺍ‬ ،
‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻤـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬
.
‫ﺭﻧﮕـﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻀـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ‬ ‫ﺷـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺿﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‬
:
١
.
‫ﺳـﺨﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﺭ‬
.
٢
.
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺩﺭﺍﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﮑﻨﻮﺍﺧﺘﻲ‬
٨
‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺭﻧـﮓ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺭﺍﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎ‬
.
٣
.
‫ﺩﺭﮎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
]
٢
[
.
4
Semantic
5
Segmentation
6
Perspective
7
Color Space
8
Perceptual Uniformity
‫ﭘﺮﺱ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺟﻮ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬
٢
.
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺲ‬
‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬

3. ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮕ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺫﮐﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
.
‫ﻓﻀﺎ‬
‫ﻱ‬
RGB
‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳـﺨﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺸـﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴـﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﮎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺩﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻓـﺰ‬
‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻃـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ‫؛‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﮑﻨﻮﺍﺧﺘ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺩﺭﺍﮐ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﻧ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺴﺖ‬
.
‫ﻓﻀﺎ‬
‫ﻱ‬
HSV
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺭﺍﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
]
٧
[
.
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔـﻪ‬ ‫ﺳـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
I
‫ﻣﻌـﺮﻑ‬
،‫ﻧﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬
S
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﻈﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻔﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ‬
H
‫ﻃـﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻌـﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺝ‬
)
‫ﺁﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺰ‬ ،‫ﻗﺮﻣﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
(
‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬
.
H
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧـﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳـﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
.
‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
H
‫ﺷﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺱ‬
.
‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻱ‬
L*
a*
b*
‫ﻳﮑﻨﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺭﺍﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺘﻲ‬
.
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺧـﻮﺍﺹ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬ ‫ﮐﻤﺘـﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮕـﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﻠﻴﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬
.
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺸﮑ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺷـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻞ‬
L*
‫ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻲ‬
،‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴـﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻔﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
a*
‫ﮐـﻪ‬
‫ﻗﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻣﺰ‬
-
‫ﺳﺒﺰ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬
b*
‫ﺳﺒﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬
-
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﻲ‬
.
a*
‫ﻭ‬
b*
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬
‫ﺷـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻟﺴـﺎﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻀـﺎﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺧـﻮﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
.
‫ﺭﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﮑﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻲ‬
.
]
١
,
٤
,
٧
[
.
‫ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻧـﮓ‬ ‫ﻓﻀـﺎﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺗﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻳـﮏ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮐـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،
‫ﺷـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
.
‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ،‫ﮐﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻀ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﮐـﻪ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﮐﻮﺍﻧﺘﻴﺰﻩ‬
]
٧
[
‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻟﺖ‬ ،‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬
-
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
.
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
Viper
]
٩
[
‫ﺭﻧـﮓ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
١٦٦
‫ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗـﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﮐﻮﺍﻧﺘﻴﺰﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
HSV
‫ﺑﻪ‬
١٨
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬
H
،
٣
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬
S
‫ﻭ‬
٣
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬
V
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬
.
‫ﺑﺮﺧ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺫﮐﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
.
‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﮑﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﺍﺝ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
.
‫ﻣﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ،‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻫ‬
‫ﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﻳﺎﻧﺲ‬ ،‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬
٩
]
١٣
[
،
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺁﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺩﻫ‬
‫ﻨ‬
‫ﺪ‬
.
‫ﻣﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
-
‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
HSV
‫ﻭ‬
L*
a*
b*
‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬
L*
a*
b*
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺟﺤﻴﺖ‬
.
‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬
.
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻦ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﮋﮔ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻮﻻ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﮐﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
9
Skewness
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
]
١
[
.
‫ﺩﺭ‬
]
٧
[
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺘﺮﻭﭘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ‬
.
QBIC
‫ﻓﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
RGB
،
YIQ
‫ﻭ‬
CIE Lab
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
]
٥
[
.
‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬
١٠
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻧﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬
‫ﭘﻴﮑﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬
.
‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
،‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ،‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻏﺘﺸﺎﺵ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬
]
٢
,
٧
[
.
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺲ‬
‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
.
‫ﻫﻤ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺰﻭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬
.
‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﮑﻞ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺥ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ‬ ،‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬
١١
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬
.
‫ﺩﺭ‬
]
١
,
٢
[
‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺸﮑﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ‬
.
Gevers
‫ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺩﺭ‬
]
١٤
[
‫ﺭﺍﻩ‬
‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﺣﺬﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
.
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬
QBIC
‫ﺍﺯ‬
٢٥٦
‫ﺑﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
RGB
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
]
٥
[
.
‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬
١٢
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻔﮑﻴﮏ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ،‫ﺩﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ‬
.
‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﮑﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺲ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
.
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬
)
‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬
(
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،
)
‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ‬
(
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﮑﻴﻞ‬
.
Li
‫ﺩﺭ‬
]
١١
[
‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
،
‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻱ‬
HSV
‫ﺳﻴﺰﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺰﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬
.
‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ‬
.
‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﻞ‬
»
‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﮑﻞ‬
١٣
«
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺋﺰ‬
.
10
Joint Distribution
11
Histogram Saturation
12
Color Label Histogram
13
Dimensionality Curse

4. ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬
١٤
‫ﭘﻴﮑﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬
.
‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻔﻒ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
CCV
‫ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ،‫ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﮑﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﭘﻴﮑﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻳﮑﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ،
‫ﭘﻴﮑﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
.
‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬
αi
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻑ‬
‫ﭘﻴﮑﺴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
i
‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻡ‬
)
‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬
i
‫ﺍﻡ‬
(
‫ﻭ‬
βi
،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﮑﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻨﺼﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
CCV
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
< (∝١, β١), (∝٢, β٢), … , (∝ , β ) >
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
.
‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
<∝١+ β١, ∝٢+ β٢, … , ∝ + β >
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬
.
،‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬
CCV
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ‬
.
‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ،‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬
HSV
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬
L*
a*
b*
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬
]
١
[
.
‫ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺎﺭ‬
١٥
‫ﭘﻴﮑﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺒﺴـﺘﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﮑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﮑﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
.
‫ﻌﺪ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻌﺪ‬‫ﺑ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻌﺪ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﮑﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬
.
‫ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺟﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻧـﮓ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺲ‬
‫ﮐـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬
k
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻣـﻴﻦ‬
)
i, j
(
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﮑﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬
j
‫ﻓﺎﺻـﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻡ‬
k
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﮑﺴـﻞ‬ ‫ﻳـﮏ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬
i
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
.
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
CCV
‫ﺳﻴﺴ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﻻﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬
]
٢
[
.
٣
-
٢
‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﮑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﺩﻳـﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈـﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺼـﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻬـﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﮐـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﮑﻨـﻮﺍﺧﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ‬ ‫ﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻧـﮓ‬ ‫ﻳـﮏ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑـﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺣﻀـﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﮐﺴﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺁﻳﺪ‬
]
١
[
.
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
:
١
.
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ؛‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
٢
.
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺁﻣـﺎﺭﻱ؛‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
٣
.
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻝ؛‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
٤
.
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
.
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳــ‬ ‫ﺍﭘﺮﺍﺗــﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫــﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮏ‬
١٦
‫ﮔــﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺠﻮﺍﺭﻱ‬
١٧
‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋـﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻴﮑﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺰﺑﺎﻓـﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻫـﺎ‬
14
Color Coherence Vector
15
Color Correlogram
16
Morphological Operator
17
Adjacency Graph
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﮐﻨ‬
‫ﻨ‬
‫ﺪ‬
.
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺘﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻨﮑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺩﻫ‬
‫ﻨ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻃﻠﺒ‬
‫ﻨ‬
‫ﺪ‬
.
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ‬
‫ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧـﺪﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
]
١
,
١٣
[
.
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒـﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻳـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬
‫ﭘﻴﮑﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﮐﺴﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻮ‬
‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺪ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
.
Li
‫ﺩﺭ‬
]
١١
[
‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺷﻲ‬
‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
،
‫ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬
.
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
Co-occurrence
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻮ‬
‫ﺩ‬
.
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺑـﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨـﻲ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸـﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻧﺪ‬
١٨
‫ﻳـﺎ‬
AR
‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺭﮐﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ،
RMF
‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
Gibbs RMF
‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺪ‬
.
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
Tamura
‫ﺗﺠﺰﻳـﻪ‬ ،
Wold
١٩
،
‫ﻮﺟﮏ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬
٢٠
‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺼـﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷ‬
‫ﻨ‬
‫ﺪ‬
.
‫ﺫﻳﻼ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
.
‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ‬
Co-occurrence
‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬
]
١٣
[
‫ﻳﺎ‬
GLCM
٢١
]
١٥
[
‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﭘﻴﮑ‬ ‫ﺟﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬
‫ﺴ‬
‫ﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
.
GLCM
‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻑ‬
‫ﭘﻴﮑﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﻀﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
.
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﮕﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺁﻧﺘﺮﻭﭘﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷ‬
‫ﻨ‬
‫ﺪ‬
]
١٥
[
.
Arvis
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
]
١٦
[
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬
.
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
Tamura
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺷﺘﻲ‬
٢٢
‫ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ‬ ،
٢٣
‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ،
‫ﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬
٢٤
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻲ‬ ،
٢٥
‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ،
٢٦
‫ﺯﺑﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
٢٧
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺭﺍﮎ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺍﻧﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬
.
‫ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺁﻳﺪ‬
.
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻪ‬
18
Auto-Regressive
19
Wold Decomposition
20
Wavelet
21
Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrices
22
Coarseness,
23
Contrast
24
Directionality
25
Line-likeness
26
Regularity
27
Roughness

5. ‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
QBIC
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬
]
١
,
٥
,
١٥
[
.
‫ﮔﺎﺑﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﮑﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﺑﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.
‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﺑﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﮐﻨﺶ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
.
‫ﻣﮑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬
.
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﮑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﺑﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻀﺮﺏ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺁﻳﺪ‬
.
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺎﺳﺦ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
-
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬
]
١
[
.
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻀﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬
HSV
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
]
١٧
[
.
Andrysiak
‫ﺩﺭ‬
]
١٨
[
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺷﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﺑﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬
.
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬
-
‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻤﻢ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.
‫ﻮﺟﮏ‬
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﮏ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬
DWT
٢٨
‫ﮔﺴﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬ ،
( )
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬
( )
‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ‬
ψ(x)
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬
.
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬
)
١
(
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻑ‬
.
)
١
(
( ) = , ,
∈
( ) + , ,
,
( )
‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬
,
‫ﻭ‬
,
‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
)
٢
(
‫ﻭ‬
)
٣
(
‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺁﻳﻨﺪ‬
.
)
٢
(
, ( ) = ٢٢ (٢ − ١)
)
٣
(
, ( ) = ٢٢ (٢ − ١)
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬
( )
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﮏ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﮏ‬
.
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﮏ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬
)
‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ‬
(
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،
‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﮏ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺁﻳﺪ‬
]
١
[
.
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﮏ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ‬
٢٩
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ؛‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ،‫ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻥ‬ ،‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﺪ‬ ،‫ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﮏ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻣﻼ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﮐﻼﺳﻴﮏ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.
‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﮏ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪﺩﻗﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
٣٠
‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﮏ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﺴ‬ ‫ﮐﻼﺳﻴﮏ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﮏ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬
.
‫ﻣﻮﺟﮏ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺪﻩ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬
‫ﮐﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﮏ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻼﺳﻴﮏ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
،‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﺘﻲ‬
.
‫ﻣﻮﺟﮏ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
-
28
Discrete Wavelet Transform
29
Compact Suppor
30
Multiresolution
‫ﻣﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ،‫ﭼﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ‬
.
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﮏ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ‬
‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬
.
DWT
‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻴﻒ‬
.
‫ﻣﻮﺟﮏ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
.
‫ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﮏ‬
Coiflet
،
Morlet
،
Mexican-
Hat
،
Haar
‫ﻭ‬
Daubechies
.
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬
،
‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ‬
Haar
‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
]
١٩
[
.
٤
-
‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
.
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺱ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺭﺍﮎ‬
٣١
]
١٩
[
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ‬
.
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﮐﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
PicToSeek
]
٨
[
،
EFF٢
]
٧
[
،
QBIC
]
٥
[
،
VisualSEEk
]
٦
[
‫ﻭ‬
Viper
]
٩
[
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
.
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺰﺩﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
٣٢
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
Chiueh
‫ﺩﺭ‬
]
١٩
[
،
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺱ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﮐﻤﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬
.
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺩﺳ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺖ‬
‫ﺷﻴﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﮐﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬
.
‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬
k
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺩﻳﮑﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
٣٣
‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬
‫ﮐﻪ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
k
‫ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬
.
‫ﺩﺭ‬
VisualSEEK
]
١٩
[
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
٣٤
.
Einarsson
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
Eff٢
]
٧
[
‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺸﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺳﺮ‬
‫ﻫﻢ‬
٣٥
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬
.
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺱ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻲ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﮑﻞ‬
.
31
Seed
32
Nearest-neighbor Search
33
K-nearest Neighbor
34
Give me more Query
35
Sequential

6. ٤
-
١
‫ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺲ‬
‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ،‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺫﮐﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻲ‬
.
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‬
.
‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬
.
‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻲ‬
٣٦
‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬
]
٢
[
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ‬
.
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
،‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﮐﻼﺱ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺍ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰﺍ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
١
.
‫ﮐﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺰﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺁﻳﺪ؛‬
٢
.
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺸﮑﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ،‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
]
٢٠
[
.
‫ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺐ‬ ،‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺘ‬
‫ﻨﺎﻇﺮ‬
،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮐﻤﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ‬
.
‫ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻼﺳﺒﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﮑﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ‬
.
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺲ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﮐﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺧﺘﻲ‬
‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬
.
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
R*
-tree
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬
QBIC
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬
]
٥
[
‫ﻳﺎ‬
SS-Tree
.
Gevers
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
PicToSeek
]
٨
[
‫ﺩﺭﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺫﮐﺮ‬
،‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
SR-tree
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
.
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬
SR-tree
‫ﺍﺯ‬
R*
-tree
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
.
Chiueh
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
]
٢١
[
‫ﺍﺯ‬
VP-tree
‫ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﮐﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬
.
‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
.
‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﮑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻘ‬
‫ﻄﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
٣٧
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺛﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﮐﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬
.
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮐﻼﺳﺘﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬
)
k-means
‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
SOM
(
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
.
‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺮ‬
‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﮐﻼﺳﺘﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﮐﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ،‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﮔﻴ‬
‫ﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﮐﻼﺳﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬
‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﮐﺰ‬
‫ﮐﻤﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺷﻮ‬
‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺪ‬
.
‫ﺳ‬
‫ﭙ‬
‫ﺗﺼ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺲ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺷﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺪ‬
.
36
Offline
37
Vantage Point
٤
-
٢
‫ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ‬ ،‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
N
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺱ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺩﻳﮏ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺟﻮ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬
.
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺱ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ‬
k
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
.
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
.
‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺻﻌﻮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻨﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻲ‬
]
٢٢
[
‫ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬
.
‫ﻣﻌﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ‬
‫ﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ‬
.
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺐ‬
)
٤
(
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺖ‬
‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻨﮑﻮﻓﺴﮑﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
٣٨
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ‬
]
٤
[
.
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻑ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺱ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬
̅
‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻑ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻋﺒﻮﺭﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬
.
)
٤
(
, ̅ = ( | − |
١
)١/
‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
٣٩
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
]
١١
,
٢٢
[
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
= ١
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
)
٤
(
‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺁﻳﺪ‬
.
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺑﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‬
٤٠
‫ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻼﺡ‬
]
٢٢
[
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
.
‫ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
٤١
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﻠﻴﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬
= ٢
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
)
٤
(
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺁﻳﺪ‬
.
‫ﮐﻼﺱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
-
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺍ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﮑﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻼﺱ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻧﺪ‬
]
١١
[
.
‫ﮐﺴﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
٤٢
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬
)
٥
(
،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﺴﻴﻨﻮﺱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺩﻫﺪ‬
.
)
٥
(
, ̅ = ١ −
)
٦
(
=
. ̅
̅
38
Minkowski-form
39
L1-Distance
40
False Negative
41
L2-Distance
42
Cosine Distance

7. ‫ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
θ
‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻭ‬
̅
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬
.
‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
)
٥
(
‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬
.
Θ
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻭ‬
̅
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
)
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬
)
٦
.((
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
]
٤
[
.
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻭ‬
̅
‫ﺑﺎ‬
n
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬
)
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬
)
٧
.((
‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
،
‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻟﺴﺎﺯﻱ‬
.
]
٤
[
.
)
٧
(
, ̅ = ١ −
∑ ( , )
١
∑ ١
٤
-
٣
‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺩﻫﻲ‬
Li
‫ﺩﺭ‬
]
٢
,
١١
[
‫ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺩﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
.
‫ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬
‫ﻘ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻟﺴﺎﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺎﺩﻳﺮ‬
.
‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
)
٨
(
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬
.
)
٨
(
, ̅ =
, ̅
∈[١, ] , ̅
+
, ̅
∈[١, ] , ̅
‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﮐﻼﺱ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬
.
‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬
Li
‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬
)
٨
(
،
d
‫ﺗﺼ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺎﻭﻳﺮﻱ‬
‫ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬
.
‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻣﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﻱ‬
)
‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺷﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
(
‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
wavelet
‫ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬ ،‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬
.
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
/
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
.
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺍﮐﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
.
‫ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ،‫ﺩﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬
k
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.
٥
-
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﭘ‬ ،‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
.
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ،‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﺭﻱ‬
.
•
‫ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬
Corel
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﮑﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺸﮑﻠﻪ‬
.
‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬
٣٠٠٠٠
‫ﺗﺎ‬
٢٠٠٠٠٠
‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬
.
•
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬
IRMA
‫ﺍﺯ‬
٣٨٧٩
‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﮑﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺗﮏ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
-
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭﻩ‬
-
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
.
•
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬
UW
‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
١١٠٩
‫ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺷﻨﮕﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺖ‬
.
•
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬
ZuBuD
‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
١٠٠٥
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
٢٠١
‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﮑﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬
٥
‫ﻋﮑﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬
.
٦
-
‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻳـ‬
‫ﺎﺑ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺫﮐﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬
.
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻳـ‬
‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﮏ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺴـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺎﺑ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﮐﻠ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬
-
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.
‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬
،
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻧـﮓ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.
‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ،‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬
‫ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕـﻮﺭﻳﺘﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳـﺖ؛‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬
‫ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬
‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺲ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ‬
.
‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺳ‬
‫ﻴﺴـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳـﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺫﮐﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬
.
‫ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺎﺑ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨ‬ ‫ﺮ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘـﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﮐﻨﻮﻧ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺍﺋ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ،
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺯﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺯﻣ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻘ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻘﺎﺗ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻈ‬
‫ﻴـ‬
‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻓـﺰﺍ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ‬ ‫ﺶ‬
‫ﻳـ‬
‫ﺎﺑ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﭘﺎ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻳ‬
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8. ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬
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