What is Comparative Law ? The history of comparative Law The Macro-and the micro comparaison The comparative families The Utility of the Comparative Law Different Methods of Comparing

1. THE
COMPARATIVE
LAW
Yousra Chaaban-TA Faculty of Law-Ain Shams University-Doctorante à L'université Jean Moulin Lyon 3-Associée à
L'institut Édouard Lambert et l'IAO, ENS 01/05/2020 1

2. THE POINTS
DISCUSSED IN
THIS
PRESENTATION
(PLAN)
Yousra Chaaban-TA Faculty of Law-Ain Shams University-Doctorante à L'université Jean Moulin Lyon 3-Associée à
L'institut Édouard Lambert et l'IAO, ENS 01/05/2020 2
What is Comparative Law ?
The history of comparative Law
The Macro-and the micro
comparaison
The comparative families
The Utility of the Comparative Law
Different Methods of Comparing

3. WHAT IS THE
COMPARATIVE
LAW ?
Yousra Chaaban-TA Faculty of Law-Ain Shams University-Doctorante à L'université Jean Moulin Lyon 3-Associée à
L'institut Édouard Lambert et l'IAO, ENS 01/05/2020 3
The Comparative law is not a branch of the
positive law. Comparative law is therefore
limited to observing and presenting the
various institutions and rules of foreign law,
by establishing relationships of resemblance
and difference between the terms of knowledge
and by measuring their magnitudes.
The comparative law belongs rather to the
science or the knowledge of law and does not
consist of law in the strict sense of the term.

4. OTHER TERMS
CAN BE USED
FOR
COMPARATIVE
LAW
§This is the reason why
certain authors prefer
the expression
"comparative law
research or legal
comparison" to that
of comparative law.
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5. Yousra Chaaban-TA Faculty of Law-Ain Shams University-Doctorante à L'université Jean Moulin Lyon 3-Associée à
L'institut Édouard Lambert et l'IAO, ENS 01/05/2020 5
In Greece, In
political law, their
legislators and their
philosophers applied
the comparison for
the purpose of
constructing the law.

6. § For the legislators: Lycurgue, Dracon, Solon, Pisistratus.They traveled alot
and visited foreign countries (Crete, Egypt, Phenicia, Asia Minor, Persia),
and studied their mores and customs, their institutions and their Laws.
§ And for philosophers: Herodote, Aristote, Zénon de Citium (335-264) et
Chrysippe (281-204).
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7. THE HISTORY
OF THE
COMPARATIVE
LAW-FOLLOWING
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Two monuments of Roman law show
us a constructive practice of the
comparison of rights: the law of the
XII Tables (451 av. J-C); and the
body of ius gentium .
In the middle ages and at the time
of the renaissance, in France in
particular: experienced the
formation of national law by means of
customary comparatism ( Leibniz
(italien); Bacon (anglais).

8. THE HISTORY OF THE
COMPARATIVE LAW-
FOLLOWING
01/05/2020
§ Montesquieu:
The pioneer of comparative law, author
of the spirit of the laws. According to
him: the laws should no longer be
viewed as an abstraction but in the
light of history and the environment.
He thus studied the foundations of
foreign laws.
v. En droit anglais : (William Murray, 1st
Earl of Mansfield)
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Jean Moulin Lyon 3-Associée à L'institut Édouard Lambert et l'IAO, ENS 8

9. Yousra Chaaban-TA Faculty of Law-Ain Shams University-Doctorante à L'université Jean Moulin Lyon 3-Associée à
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Feuerbach (German) designed
a science for comparative law
from the 1800s
Eduard Gans (German)- (1797-
1839): has given a comparative
dimension to his work.
Carl Joseph Anton Mittermaier
in 1829: founds the first journal
of legal science and foreign
legislation where he publishes
articles on American and
English law.
In England: Burge published
in 1837 his important book
commentaries on colonial and
foreign law.
Later, L. Levi, to facilitate access
to the various rights of the
countries which traded with
England, wrote a book in which
he resembled the colonial laws
of dozens of states with the aim
of unifying them.

10. 01/05/2020
§Feuerbach
(German) designed
a science for
comparative law
from the 1800s
Yousra Chaaban-TA Faculty of Law-Ain Shams University-Doctorante à L'université
Jean Moulin Lyon 3-Associée à L'institut Édouard Lambert et l'IAO, ENS 10

11. 01/05/2020
§Eduard Gans (German)-
(1797-1839): has given a
comparative dimension to
his work.
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Jean Moulin Lyon 3-Associée à L'institut Édouard Lambert et l'IAO, ENS 11

12. §Carl Joseph Anton Mittermaier in
1829: founds the first journal of legal
science and foreign legislation where
he publishes articles on American
and English law.
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13. §In England: Burge published in 1837 his
important book commentaries on
colonial and foreign law.
01/05/2020
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14. §Later, L. Levi, to facilitate access to the
various rights of the countries which traded
with England, wrote a book in which he
resembled the colonial laws of dozens of
states with the aim of unifying them.
01/05/2020
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Lyon 3-Associée à L'institut Édouard Lambert et l'IAO, ENS
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15. COMPARATIVE LAW BY
INITIATIVES-IN FRANCE
1834
Foelix founded in 1834 the
foreign review of legislation
and political economy with the
aim of enlightening the reader
on foreign laws and improving
French law. It also helps to
emphasize the importance of
comparative law.
1849
In 1849: creation of the first
chair of comparative law at the
Faculty of Law of Paris
1869
In 1869: creation of the society
of comparative legislation.
Comparative law recognized as
a branch of legal science
01/05/2020
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16. Yousra Chaaban-TA Faculty of Law-Ain Shams University-Doctorante à L'université Jean Moulin Lyon 3-Associée à
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Challenge (critique) to legal nationalism
The desire to unify the law
Conclusion of the first international treaties in private
law
Raymond Saleilles and François Gény: work on legal
methodology
In 1900: (at the initiative of the legislative society of
comparative law): the first congress of comparative
law was held.

17. §Comparative law is
beginning to take on
another dimension not
only institutional
(creation of several
international
organizations of
comparative law) but
also substantial.
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18. COMPARATIVE
LAW IN THE
XXITH
CENTURY
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The political context for example,
characterized by the rapprochement of
states belonging to the same
geographical area as the European
Union.This, thus promotes the
harmonization and unification of Laws.
The political and economic context
favors the presence of comparative
law.

19. § Comparative law constitutes a
scientific discipline which
consists in the study of the
comparison of rights, that is to say
both legal traditions - we then
speak of "macro-comparison" -,
as well as legal institutions or
rules which fall within the
framework internal legal systems
of the States, this is called “micro-
comparison”.
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20. THE
COMPARATIVE
FAMILIES
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L'institut Édouard Lambert et l'IAO, ENS 01/05/2020 20
Why ? To facilitate
access to knowledge
of foreign legal
systems
Classification
depending on: the
characteristics of the
various legal systems
examined

21. RENÉ DAVID CLASSIFICATION
Taking into
account an
ideological and
technical criteria
3 families
The romano-
germanic family
The common law
family
The family of
socialist Law
(URSS)
01/05/2020
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22. § Approve the same three comparative families as René David, but taking in
consideration different criterias
The classification criteria on according to konrad zweigert consist in the style of the
legal system
which is determined by:
§ 1-The historical origin and evolution of a legal system
§ 2-The specific way of thinking of lawyers
§ 3-The institutions or concepts characteristic of a legal system
§ 4-Types of sources of law and their implementation
§ 5- The ideology of a right considered
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23. konrad zweigert
distinguishes within the
second compared family:
three types of legal
systems:
qRomanist legal systems.
qGermanic legal systems
qand Scandinavian legal
systems
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24. we're going to
focus mainly on
the two main
comparative
families
COMPARATIVE
FAMILIES
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25. THE CIVILIST LAW
FAMILY
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The civilist Law family has its roots in the corpus
juris civilis (the body of civil law of Justinian).
Geographically included are the rights of
continental Europe or the countries which are
historically influenced by Western rights.
This historical source gives this comparative
family a doctrinal character.
The civil law tradition is characterized by the
importance of university education, which has
greatly contributed to the rationalization and
intellectualization of law
This has resulted in the vast codification
movement

26. THE COMMON LAW
FAMILY
§ It originated in England
§ It can be defined as a customary system
§ Translation of commonly accepted ideas
and practices
§ It is characterized by the university
absence comparable to that existing in
the countries of continental Europe
§ The law is in the hands of judges and
practitioners
§ The judge has creative power
§ It’s a pragmatic and casuistic law
§ No Codes (absence of doctrine)
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27. Yousra Chaaban-TA Faculty of Law-Ain Shams University-Doctorante à L'université Jean Moulin Lyon 3-Associée à
L'institut Édouard Lambert et l'IAO, ENS 01/05/2020 27
Improve knowledge
and understanding
of different legal
systems
Improving national
law: making
progress and
helping to achieve
legislative reform
Enables
harmonization and
unification of the
law
Dialogue among
legal systems
(transplantation-
legal transplants)
Intrepretation of the
Law comparing to
the others legal
systems
Methodologically
compare

28. DIFFERENT
METHODS OF
COMPARING
Yousra Chaaban-TA Faculty of Law-Ain Shams University-Doctorante à L'université Jean Moulin Lyon 3-Associée à
L'institut Édouard Lambert et l'IAO, ENS 01/05/2020 28
NB:The choice of
comparison method
depends on the goal
sought.
Two main methods:
The functional
method; the
conceptual method.

29. Yousra Chaaban-TA Faculty of Law-Ain Shams University-Doctorante à L'université Jean Moulin Lyon 3-Associée à
L'institut Édouard Lambert et l'IAO, ENS 01/05/2020 29
Represented for the first time by Ernst Rabel in 1920 and 1930,
Reworked later by Max Rheinstein, Rudolf Schlesinger, Konrad
Zweigert, Hein Kotz.
The functional method: consists in comparing elements which
fulfill the same function in order to show that beyond the
difference of the technical processes, the solutions are
equivalent.
Overcome differences in rules and concepts and seek solutions
that can be found to a given practical question
To study the factual situations in which legal institutions are
called upon to regulate
A legal institution is thus studied with regard to the function it
fulfills within a specific legal order

30. §Consists in studying legal
institutions and concepts
rather than their functions
and their solutions
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31. POSTMODERNISM
IDEAS
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Instead of comparing foreign law with their own
law, they emphasized the work of discovering the
meanings, the objectives, the strategies
contained in the fundamental texts of legislation
and jurisprudence.We thus find references to
philosophies and literature which allow us to
construct a global cultural context of law.
In 1996, Günter Frankenberg and Marshall
Berman (americains) gave a new approach to
comparative law at a conference in Utah

32. Yousra Chaaban-TA Faculty of Law-Ain Shams University-Doctorante à L'université Jean Moulin Lyon 3-Associée à
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In France, it was Pierre Legrand who supported this new
approach; See also the works of Geoffrey Samuel
It is a hermeneutic method which consists in a vertical
analysis of the historical, socio-economic, political and
cultural elements on which the legal rules have their own
meanings.

33. Yousra Chaaban-TA Faculty of Law-Ain Shams University-Doctorante à L'université Jean Moulin Lyon 3-Associée à
L'institut Édouard Lambert et l'IAO, ENS 01/05/2020 33
See in this appoach also the works of Otto
Kahn-Freund (German) and Rodolfo
sacco (Italian):They criticize the
universalism of the functional method.
According to Sacco, the legal systems are
made up of contradictory elements, the
formants. Law must uncover hidden
contradictions and ways to soften this
ambiguity.

34. §
Comme l'exprime Thierry Rambaud: Au
début du nouveau millénaire, le
comparatiste, à qui incombe dans la
société des juristes, la tâche de
l'explorateur, parcourt la frontière qui
délimite le droit : sur cette frontière il
rencontre non seulement le philosophe,
l'historien, l'anthropologue mais aussi
l'éthologiste et le génétiste.
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35. § La connaissance matérielle des solutions
admises par les tribunaux ne suffit pas, il
faut connaître l’esprit et la raison d’être
des solutions
§ =The material knowledge of the
solutions accepted by the courts is not
enough, it is necessary to know the spirit
and the raison d'être of the solutions
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36. Yousra Chaaban-TA Faculty of Law-Ain Shams University-Doctorante à L'université Jean Moulin Lyon 3-Associée à
L'institut Édouard Lambert et l'IAO, ENS 01/05/2020 36
C’est à vous…..
Hint: the comparison is especially
clear when comparing systems of
civil law tendency with common
law tendency systems

37. Yousra Chaaban-TA Faculty of Law-Ain Shams University-Doctorante à L'université Jean Moulin Lyon 3-Associée à
L'institut Édouard Lambert et l'IAO, ENS 01/05/2020 37
AL-BADRAWI Abdel Moneim, Les origines du droit civil comparé, imprimerie
Dar Al-Ketab al Arabi, Égypte, 1959 (en arabe).
Arthur T.Von Mehren, international encyclopedia of comparative law, volume VII,
contracts in general, part 1 and 2, 2008.
CABRILLAC Rémy, Droit européen comparé des contrats, 2ème édition, Lextenso,
2016.
CUNIBERTI Gilles, Grands systèmes de droit contemporains : introduction au
droit comparé, 3ème édition, Paris, 2015.
HALEY John O., Comparative Contract Law, ed., Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017.
JANSEN Nils, ZIMMERMANN Reinhard, Commentaries on European contract
laws, Oxford university Press, 2018.
LAITHIERYves-Marie, Droit comparé, Cours Dalloz, Série de droit privé, Paris,
2009.
RAMBAUD Thierry, Introduction au droit comparé : les grandes traditions
juridiques dans le monde, Paris, PUF, 2014.
REIMANN Mathias, ZIMMERMANN Reinhard, The Oxford Handbook of
Comparative Law, Published online: Sep 2012.
ZWEIGERT Konrad, KÖTZ Hein, An introduction to comparative law, third edition,
Translated by Tony Weir, Clarendon Press, 1998, reprinted 2011.
1804-2004 : Le Code civil un passé un présent un avenir, (Français) Broché – 11
mars 2004, de Collectif Paris II (Auteur).

38. Yousra Chaaban-TA Faculty of Law-Ain Shams University-Doctorante à L'université Jean Moulin Lyon 3-Associée à
L'institut Édouard Lambert et l'IAO, ENS 01/05/2020 38
Legal transplant an approach
to comparative law
Comparative Law: Law, Reality
and Society
Alan WASTON

39. § Yousra CHAABAN Maître assistante à la Faculté de Droit-Ain Shams-Le Caire
§ Doctorante de droit privé et comparé à l'Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3
§ Membre associée à l'IAO (ENS de Lyon)
§ Membre de l'EDIEC et l'institut Édouard Lambert
§ https://iao.cnrs.fr/membres/doctorants/yousra-chaaban/
§ http://idcel.univ-lyon3.fr/de/forschung/wissenschatliches-team/
§ Contact:
y.chaaban@law.asu.edu.eg
yousra.chaaban@hotmail.com
01/05/2020
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