EVENTS IN NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE 1.Pre-Pathogenesis phase •This period is preliminary to the onset of disease. •Disease agent not entered man but factor which favour its interaction with the human host are always existing in the environment. 2.Pathogenesis phase •This period begins with the entry of disease agent in the susceptible human host. FACTORS OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRAID 1.Agent Factor: - •First link in the chain of disease transmission. •Agent defined as substances living or non-living or a force the excessive presence or relative lack of which may initiate or perpetuate a disease process. •A disease may have single agent a number or a complex of two or more agent. •Disease agents are: - a)Biological agent: •These are living agent of disease. •This agent exhibits certain “host” related biological properties such as, i.Infectivity – oability of infectious agent to invade and multiply. ii.Pathogenicity – ability to induce clinically aperantt illness. iii.Virulence – opreparation of clinical cases resulting in severe clinical manifestation b)Nutrient agent: •These are proteins, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins, minerals and water. •Any excess or deficiency results in nutritional disorder. c)Physical agent: •Exposure to excessive heat, cold, humidity, pressure, radiation, electricity, sound may result in illness d)Chemical agent: i.Endogenous – Chemical produced in the body due to derangement of function serum bilirubin. ii. Exogenous – arising outside of human host. E.g.- allergen, metals, dust, etc e)Mechanical agent: •Exposure to chronic friction and other mechanical forces may result in crushing, tearing, sprains, dislocation or even death. f)Absence or insufficiency or excess of a factor necessary to health: •Chemical factor - hormones. E.g. – insulin •Nutrient factor •Lack of structure e.g.- thymus •Lack of parts of structure e.g. – cardiac defect •Chromosomal factor e.g. – magnolia •Immunological factor g)Social agent: •These are poverty, smoking, abuse of drugs and alcohol 2.Host Factor (Intrinsic): - •It plays a major role in determining the outcome of an individual’s exposure to infection. e.g. – tuberculosis •Human host is referred to soil to the disease. •Host factors are – i.Demographic characteristics – age, sex, ethnicity ii.Biological characteristics – genetic factors, biochemical levels of blood. iii.Social and economic characteristics – socio-economic status, education, occupation, stress, housing, etc iv.Lifestyle factor – personality traits, living habits, nutrition, physical exercise 3.Environmental Factor (Extrinsic): - •Environment is the reservoir for the agents of disease. •It helps in transmission of agents to host bringing about their contact and interaction. •The environment of man is of two types: - External Environment – oIt is all that which is external to the individual human host. Macro-environment is another term used to denote external environment. Micro-environment is the term used to denote one’