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Foreword and Acknowledgments
This project was a collaboration of 5 students from Western Michigan University in the
Public Relations development program. This class is an exercise of implementing key
concepts found within Public Relations with a real client. We first would like to thank our
client, Restore Ministries for providing us the information necessary to create an effective
Public Relations campaign. We can also thank Dr. Anna Popkova for guiding us and
challenging us to pay close attention to detail and to always think of our publics throughout
the process.
We cannot move forward unless we acknowledge the hard work each group member put
into the completion of this campaign book. Without strong contributions of each group
member, we would have not been able to put together an effective campaign.
Account Executive: Kara Barber-Madsen
Assistant Account Executive: Will Michaels
Budget: Charles Tringali
Creative Designer: Car
oline Rose
Social Media/Website Designer: Mallory Williams
This plan was developed as a result of a teaching exercise and simulation and not done
directly for the client, but as a practical application of teaching methods. The client is
welcome to use the information and plan enclosed, but the implementation of the plan is up to
the sole discretion of the client.
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Table of Contents
Executive Summary: Page 4
Client Background: Page 6
Organization History/Structure: Page 6
Organization Mission: Page 6
Program Services: Page 7
Budget and Resources: Page 7
Socio/Economic Implications: Page 8
Current Communication Channels to Publics: Page 9
Political/Government Input: Page 9
Information Not Found from Restorative Justice: Page 10
Analysis of Problem/Situational Analysis & SWOT: Page 10
Strengths: Page 11
Weaknesses: Page 11
Opportunities: Page 12
Threats: Page 12
Problem Statement: Page 13
Profile of Target Publics: Page 13
Key Public: Religious Organizations: Page 13
Key Public: Participants of Restorative Justice Program: Page 14
Key Public: Western Michigan University Page 16
Key Public: Private/Individual Donors: Page 17
Key Public: Grant Agencies: Page 17
Campaign Design: Page 18
The Planning Process: Page 18
Campaign Implementation: Page 18
Key Public: Churches/Religious Organizations: Page 19
Key Public: Clients of Organization: Page 21
Key Public: WMU Faculty, Volunteer Organizations, & Students: Page 22
Key Public: Private Donors: Page 24
Key Public: Grant Agencies: Page 25
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Executive Summary
During the course of the semester our campaign group League of Justice was tasked to
work as a team and create a public relations campaign for the organization Restorative
Justice. Restorative Justice is a non-profit organization located in Kalamazoo, Michigan and
is a program designed to assist in citizens who are returning from incarceration back into
society by giving them the proper tools to do so. While this organization had many internal
strengths, it needed a great deal of assistance in creating an identity, communicating with
the public, and increasing the amount of resources both monetary and other from various
sources in the area. Thus, in our campaign we focused our efforts on helping the
organization to create and identity and then communicate this identity and increase
awareness of the organization to various target publics.
To do this, we first identified a need to separate the program into its own entity a part from
Restore Ministries and rename it Restorative Justice of Kalamazoo since there is also a
trademark issue with the name Restorative Justice. Then, we looked at the different target
publics that were going to be directly involved and impacted by the decisions that the
organization makes. The publics that ended up as the main ones ended up being:
churches/religious organizations, grant agencies, private donors, Western Michigan
University Students (volunteer/interns), and the clients of organization. We needed to
make sure that we had targeted each one to the specific needs they had in order to make
the organization to be successful as possible. In targeting these different groups, we were
able to see what areas needed to be improved in order for each one specifically.
We targeted our publics with much research. First, we wanted to get an understanding of
the severity of incarceration rates in the United States, we found many statistics that we
used to define the problem that exists in the criminal justice system. For religious
organizations, we identified the top 8 commonly found churches in the Kalamazoo area and
their affiliations. Individuals in the program brought us into the Friendship House on a field
report. We interacted with a few of the individuals in the program and discussed concerns
they had over the criminal justice system as a whole. From there, we surveyed each
individual to acquire basic demographic information such as: age, time spent in prison,
crime committed, etc. Information that is quantifiable and gives us an understanding of
who we could possibly target.
Key results show the publics selected were all interrelated. Each part of this campaign can
have a direct and positive influence in the Kalamazoo community. Without this important
research, the campaign would not be able to continue as we would not be able to identify
the most effective key publics.
Furthermore, it is important to note that going about this task we were hoping that in the
end we could assist Restorative Justice in becoming well known throughout the community
thus helping it to garner more grants from agencies and collect more donations from the
general public. We also wanted to set out to communicate to the community exactly how
well the Restorative Justice program has been and will continue to work in the future. We
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needed to make sure that we addressed the fact that the program is so far 100% successful
in growing its members after it their time served.
Thus, conclusively the key results we hope to see when the project outlined below is
implemented is that Restorative Justice separate itself a-part from Restore Ministries in
order to entice new donors while keeping strong relationships with those who have
donated in the past along with forming a strong partnership with Western Michigan
University.
Restorative Justice Background Research Information
*Note: The following pages under this section include research regarding the background of
the client and the various factors impacting the organization currently and potentially for the
future. *
Organization History & Structure:
The origins of Restorative Justice can be found within the history of its original program
known as Restore Ministries. The Restore Ministries program began in the 1980s with Rev.
Don De Young and the goal of the organization was to work “in harmony with the
restorative work of God, and seek to become an instrument of grace through a ministry of
healing and growth for individuals as they face the transition from incarceration back to
community life”. During these years, Restore Ministries provided services to
approximately 200 individuals. The program consisted primarily of letter writing, advocacy
work, and matching individuals with mentors and needed services when possible.
In 1989, The Friendship House was incorporated alongside Restore Ministries. The
Friendship House’s mission was to provide a working structure apart from the church that
could effectively attract the persons in the neighborhood seeking assistance. Since 2000,
Restore Ministries has operated out of the Heersma-Schrock Friendship House on the
campus of Bethany Reformed Church. To that end the Friendship House opened its doors
to other ministries including Loaves and Fishes and the Christian Resource Center.
In 2009, Restore Ministries received ownership of a house to use as transitional housing for
clients of the program. This housing option has provided participants of the program the
stability factor needed to increase their chances of success upon returning to the
community. In March 2014, the Friendship House Board of Directors looked to Felix
Brooks (a current instructor at Western Michigan University, program director of the
Kalamazoo County Youth and Transition Program, and former youth probation officer) and
Marcus Collins (Program Manager) to “re-design” the Restore Ministries program. From
this, a different type of partnership was created between the Friendship House, Bethany
Reformed Church, and Restore Ministries which ultimately created an entity and new name
for the program that transitions incarcerated individuals back into society, currently
known as Restorative Justice.
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Currently, the organization operates daily with Marcus Collins as the Director; Carol
Cramer Brooks as the part-time Program Assistant; and various Western Michigan
University interns from the Criminal Justice Department and School of Social Work who
provide services and counseling to the clients. In addition to this, the program has an
advisory board known as the “Sub-Committee”, which provides administrative guidance to
the program and consists of individuals with various expertise that is considered beneficial
to the program, i.e. housing, fundraising, re-entry services, education, etc. The members of
this are Sharon Jackson (Chair), Chuck Culver, Stephanie Hoffman, Gordon Jackson, and Dr.
Zoann Snyder. Besides this, the other leaders involved are Reverend Steven Harthorn, the
Bethany Reformed Church senior pastor, and Karrie Ogilvie, the Friendship House Board
President.
Together, all of these individuals are seeking to improve the program and thus have
requested help from the School of Communication Department professor Anna Popkova
and her students in COM 4500 with current public relations problems. The hope is that the
students will create plans that will help improve the program’s identity and assist them in
continuing to grow as an organization as well as build community partnerships and spread
awareness of the program’s mission and goals.
Organization Mission:
Currently, the mission of the non-profit organization Restorative Justice is to give citizens
returning home from incarceration the central tools needed to become functioning,
accountable, productive, and responsible people in the community and society (this has
been improved/edited from original but is essentially the same with better
format/wording). With crime and arrest rates in the United States at an all-time high in
2016, there is a need for services that can reintroduce people from jail/prison back into
society.
Although the people in this program have paid their dues in time spent in jail/prison, they
are still being scrutinized by society due to the stigma associated with being a former
criminal. The clients often have a hard time speaking out about the injustice done to them
due to parole/legal violations; paying back legal fees to the court for fines/incarceration
fees; passing a background check and finding jobs; securing a residence/home/vehicle for
safety and stability; and gaining an education, skills, and confidence needed to be
successful. The current system is set up to not only keep these individuals from adequately
transitioning back into society, but also sets them up to re-offend entirely. This is because
when an individual is unable to move forward from his or her past, he or she digresses
back into old familiar habits, and thus surrounds his or herself with the same
individuals/drugs/etc. that will eventually put him or her back into jail/prison. It is a cycle
that Restorative Justice hopes to eliminate.
So, the vision and goal of Restorative Justice is to eliminate the stigma associated with
former criminals and effectively rehabilitate/transition as many of these individuals as
possible back into society.
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Program Services Past & Present:
Since the origin of the program, the organization has been working towards this goal.
Beginning in the 1980s and lasting until 2009 the program consisted of letter writing,
advocacy and mentoring. Unfortunately, these services were not adequate and additional
things were needed.
In 2014, the program was redesigned to incorporate these components into a much more
needs-based responsive program which includes: initial assessments, access to community
services, case management, transitional living, and independency planning. At this time, the
revised program focuses on the primary domain areas of housing (use of a transitional
house), employment, and education, obtaining required documents (MI ID, social security
number, driver’s license, etc.) and an overall more holistic outlook for the participants.
One important aspect Restorative Justice emphasizes is the ability for each individual to
learn how to set goals. The program requires each man to complete 4 critical milestones
known as housing, employment, education, and health/well-being throughout the duration
of the program and as each milestone is completed Restorative Justice Celebrates for them.
Successful completion of each milestone indicates growth towards reaching completion of
the program and achieving a successful transition back into the community. The program
continues to be successful at transition clients into society although it is limited by its
resources.
Budget and Resources:
As a non-profit organization, Restorative Justice runs on a budget primarily composed of
grant money and fundraising/donations specifically noted in the diagram below this
section. Unfortunately, none of these resources are guaranteed and much effort is needed
to maintain them.
Presently, due to its religious origin, Restorative Justice partners primarily with Bethany
Reformed Church for funds but also receives assistance from other religious organizations
such as the St. Joseph Reformed Church, Second Reform Church, West Christian Reform
Church, and the Lord of Life Church. However, there are many other churches Restorative
Justice could partner with in the Kalamazoo Area.
In terms of other funding, Restorative Justice has received various grants from local
foundations and have also received the Sharon Jackson Fund and the Southwest
Classis. There are many other grants that the organization would like to apply for but do
not have the necessary information to do so at this time.
Besides this, Restorative Justice also receives donations from private donors and partners
with Open Doors, Momentum, and Good Will for other resources. These resources vary and
it is possible to find other organizations to partner with and private donors as well.
Cumulatively these have all contributed to Restorative Justice’s working budget of about
$57,284. In this budget, $3000 has been set aside to use towards public relations efforts.
With this, although there is room for expansion, non-profit organizations like this one in a
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way reflect the finances of the community in which they are in because they rely on the
people to be successful and have money/resources to donate.
Socio/Economic Implications:
Thus, as a non-profit, the socio/economic implications of the community is important to
observe, particularly in terms of individual contributions. Identified was the number of
households reported and the average income of each household from 2010-2014 in the
City of Kalamazoo. One critical thing one needs to consider is the ability of a person to
contribute to Restorative Justice when the income level is below national average by nearly
$20,000. Even so, it is important to note that there has been a surge of growth in the City of
Kalamazoo within the last 10 years. In particular, community involvement and
entertainment downtown have increased (whether that be a show, bars/restaurants, etc.).
When the math is done, it is clear that the potential that the City of Kalamazoo has to offer
Restorative Justice is high. However, public relation efforts and communication channels
are going to be especially important in order to reach out to the community and receive a
monetary response.
Source: Kalamazoo Census 2010-2014
4%
15%
33%
42%
6%
Donations Within Past Year
Individual Donors
Local Churches
Local Foundations
Sharon Jackson
Fund
Southwest Classis
28,064
Households
$32,959/house
avg income
$924,961,376
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Current Communication Channels to Publics:
As of now, there are only a couple of communication channels in which the organization
has taken part in such as: online media coverage (KIC Talks Represents Marcus Collins of
Restorative Justice – https://www.youtube.com); coverage by organizations
(http://www.bethany-kalamazoo.org/restorative-justice.html); promotional materials
such as flyers and business cards; and their current website
(http://www.restoreministries.org/).
Collectively, this is where you can find information about the organization although there is
some issues with missing information, some disjunction, and accuracy/content issues that
need to be improved for the organization to be successful. Even so, the extent of
effectiveness of current communication channels is unknown although there are definitely
improvements that need to be made.
In addition to this, the organization has other forms of communication available to them
that they could utilize in the future such as a connection with Jessica Hawthorn from
Channel 3 news as well as the potential for a relationship with media outlets and
organizations on Western Michigan University’s campus such as the Western Herald or
WIDR.
So with these, and other publics, communication is going to be necessary and relationships
with key publics are going to need to be built. However, not all groups that the organization
has tried to contact as well as can contact in the future will communicate back and that is
something to be aware of.
Political/Government Input:
For instance, the organization is having issues receiving information needed from the
Michigan Department of Corrections and jails in Kalamazoo. This lack of information has
made it very difficult for the organization to apply for grants in which this information is
needed.
However, the organization could attempt to find partners in the city government or contact
people in the state government who could help persuade people in the MDC or release
needed information such as Major Bobby Hopewell, Vice Major Don Cooney, some all city
commissioners, State of Michigan Representative Jon Hoadley, or Department of
Corrections/US Department of Justice Attorney General Lorretta Lyn.
In addition to this, the organization could contact partner organizations focused around
similar subject matter such as Antonio Mitchell at the Michigan Prisoner Re-entry Initiative,
or the Centre for Justice & Reconciliation (http://restorativejustice.org/contact/).
However, before contacting these people, the organization must have a sound identity to
pitch to other people in a request for assistance.
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Information Not Found from Restorative Justice:
Therefore, a great deal of information that is missing needs to be created or found within
the organization sometime in the future such as:
Description of Jobs/Training Manuals in Organization
Adequate Promotional Materials
Crisis Management or Public Relations Policy Statements
Position statements about Problems Within the Organization.
Results of Surveys and Public Opinion Polls.
Copies of Relevant Regulations, Legislation, Pending Bills, Referenda, Government
Publications, and Hearing Reports in the Organization
Published Research On Topics Surrounding The Organization Such As Criminal
Turnover Rates Etc. in Organization
List of Important Reference Books, Records, and Directories and Locations in the
Organization
In time, although, the creation and collection of these could help the campaign severely as
well address the problems the organization is currently having.
Analysis of Problem & SWOT
*Note: The following pages under this section include research on the internal and external
factors that are impacting the organization or could potentially in the future as well as a
statement regarding the problem. *
With that being said, there are a great deal of things that the organization is currently doing
very well although there is much room for improvement. Below are summary diagrams
that describe what the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to the
organization that have been found after extensive research of internal and external factors
impacting Restorative Justice.
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With very thorough examination of the organization, it has been made very clear what the
problem of the organization is. Thus, the analysis above leads us to the problem statement
of the campaign.
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Problem Statement:
“As of April 19, 2016 the non-profit organization Restorative Justice does not
have the organizational structure, identity, and promotional/awareness tools
needed to consistently apply for grants, increase awareness/disseminate
communication, bring in clients, gain donors/donations/volunteers needed
to maintain organizational stability.”
Therefore, with that being said, promotional materials needed to be made, and the
identity of the organization needed to be formed. However, in order to adequately
create materials, research of the target publics needed to be conducted so that way
they would be targeted and understood effectively.
Profile of Target Publics
*Note: The following pages under this section include research on the key target publics that
are involved directly and indirectly in the success of the organization.
Furthermore, after careful consideration of the problems of the organization and those
impacted by the organization discovered in conducted research, the target publics chosen
for this campaign are churches/religious organizations, clients of the organization, Western
Michigan University students/volunteers, private donors, and grant agencies in no
particular ranking order.
Key Public: Religious Organizations- We are targeting this particular public due to
an already strong relationship with two churches in the area and a significant amount of
churches within Kalamazoo, we see endless possibilities here.
The first target audience identified is religious organizations in which Restorative Justice
has worked with in the past along with other possible churches in the greater Kalamazoo
area.
Restore Ministry at HeersmaSchrock Friendship House and the Reformed Church of
Kalamazoo are the two of the organizations that Restorative Justice has worked with in the
past. Positive relationships have been built between those partners and Restorative Justice
which means keeping the relationships strong with those organizations will help reach the
goals and objectives. Along with prior clients, there is an opportunity to reach out to other
religious organizations in the Kalamazoo area that Restorative Justice has not worked with
before. Initial research shows a substantial amount of churches and places of worship in
Kalamazoo. However, we narrowed down the top 8 affiliations of churches in Kalamazoo
have been identified those organizations as a key target public. It is well known that
religious organizations are active in helping their communities and with so many religious
organizations in Kalamazoo; a partnership with such organizations will dramatically
benefit us in the long run in terms of meeting goals. We found a total of 114 organizations
that Restorative Justice can possibly to target.
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ChurchAngel.com Directory for Kalamazoo Churches
In years past, many potential participants in the Restorative Justice program have been
turned-off by the religious thick program. Some men feel they don’t necessarily need to find
God to rehabilitate their lives. This is important to keep in mind when it comes to crafting a
message to deliver to noted religious organizations.
Specifically, to target such religious organizations requires an understanding of who to get
in touch with to even begin a partnership. For the two organizations that Restorative
Justice has been partners with in the past, it is assumed that those connection channels
remain open and impactful. For the organizations in which Restorative Justice has not
contacted yet, it is important to speak with someone with a leadership role in the
organization like a Pastor as well as any member of the organization who has first-hand
knowledge of the different criteria necessary to receive some sort of donation. A recent
phone interview with Bethany Reform Church revealed that most criteria for donation for
churches is based on what money is left over after all other expenses are paid.
Key Public: Participants of Restorative Justice Program- We chose this public
because we recognize the prior program success. We want to work closely with participants of
the Restorative Justice Program to highlight the strides they have made since joining the
program thus helping us target our other publics identified with well-crafted messages.
The next key public that we identified to be important is the men who participate in the
Restorative Justice program. Nobody knows how effective and beneficial the Restorative
Justice program is better than the men who participate in it. Interacting with these men is
crucial as understanding their stories and concerns will be a big part of how we craft our
messages to each public. Restorative Justice reported that there were 12 clients served
during 2015. As a further way to research this key target public, we decided two take two
approaches.
The First Approach: Involved a short survey for those who were willing to fill out the form.
This quantitative method gave us pertinent information on the age of some of the men,
their ethnicity, how long they spent incarcerated, and the crime they committed.
30%
8%
8%8%
19%
16%
11%
Potential Churches to Contact in
Kalamazoo
Baptist
Catholic
Christian
Bible Church
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Summary of Surveys of 6 Males Participating in Restorative Justice
Age: 36 59 31 30 42 29
Ethnicity: White Black Latino Black Black White
Time of
Sentence:
15 Months 3-15 Years 7 Years 2 Years
Probation
18
Months-
4 years
20 Months
Crime
Committed:
Adulteration
of Food
Unspecified Larceny-
Failure to
Register
Delivery of
Controlled
Substance
Felony
Child
Support
Violent-
Unspecified
The second half of the survey included a chance for each individual to openly respond to
various questions regarding the Restorative Justice Program, common struggles faced
being back into an open society, and how each person feels with a second chance. This
qualitative method is important to decipher the barriers each person faces.
***Open Response Results: When asked about specific struggles that each individual faces
when coming back into society, finding housing, and employment were the top concern for
four of the six men. Other concerns the men of Restorative Justice face include: acceptance
and understanding (from peers within the community), insecurities regarding the ability to
gain trust from others. Some of the men voiced concerns over their reading and writing
ability along with goal setting and staying focused on such goals, which can negatively
affect their ability to job hunt. The final concern involves the difficulty transportation is for
those with a prior conviction as some men cannot afford their own vehicle/insurance
necessary to live a fully functional life.
The next question on the survey asked the men to express how they feel about themselves
now that they are a part of society again. Responses were primarily underwhelming for a
group of men who now have their freedom back. Men reported uncertainty, a feeling that
they are not supported, depressed, worried. This highlights the issue of a negative stigma
toward those who have been incarcerated and is one challenge this campaign faces when
gaining awareness for Restorative Justice. Though most responses took an emotional
aspect, some men reported the feeling of enlightenment, free (physically from prison), and
redeemed. The responses will be useful to show our publics the radical emotional ride that
some former inmates men feel.
Four of the men who filled out the survey had no prior experience with any type of
organization similar to Restorative Justice. For the other two men the results were different
as one man reported a positive experience stating, “These programs fight for those who
have been incarcerated” while the other gave an example of how counterproductive the K-
pep program was.
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One way to determine how successful Restorative Justice has been is to ask each man about
the impact the program has had on their life. The support for Restorative Justice was
overwhelming. “A supportive program”, “It provided me a legitimate second chance”, “It
put a roof over my head”, “This program has helped me set goals to achieve”, are just some
of the responses each men used to describe the impact from Restorative Justice. Prior
success will be an important aspect we can use to change the negative stigma some of our
publics may have about former inmates.
Responses to suggestions that would improve the current program includes gaining better
access to phones for reliable communication and advertise and promote the good that
Restorative Justice brings to its members and publics.
The Second Approach: Consisted of our group spending much Sunday, April 3, 2016 meeting
and talking with a few of the individuals who came to meet with Marcus Collins at the
Friendship House. Each man was graceful as they explained more in depth both their
situation and their appreciation for what we are doing for them to help. This field
experience gave our group valuable perspective of each individual as we help grow the
Restorative Justice Program.
Key Public: Western Michigan University- We targeted this public because of the
benefits a mutual partnership would bring to Restorative Justice along with the diverse
community at Western Michigan University which is a valuable resource in the Kalamazoo
community.
Our most promising key public resides at Western Michigan University. The campus is a
welcoming, diverse place. Students and faculty all understand the need for a strong, healthy
community. The mindset for choosing Western Michigan University stems from the idea of
building strong partnerships all throughout Kalamazoo.
Inside of the Western Michigan University community there are attractive sub target
publics we will focus on. Each year, in the School of Communication, School of
Criminology/Sociology, and Department of English, many students seek internships to gain
valuable experience to help them in the future in terms of searching for a job. Students who
seek internships are likely mature, responsible, and ready to grow as professionals, thus
giving Restorative Justice impactful interns. Communication and Criminology/Sociology
students can provide helpful public relations insight while students in the Department of
English can provide the skill of searching for grants and applying. Director Collins will then
have less on his daily task list. An appropriate checking-in process will keep the interns and
director informed with one another.
Another way to target this public is to offer volunteer opportunities in the event there may
be a fundraising event, or something in that light. Students involved in Greek life, the Lee
Honor’s College, and many other students have requirements to volunteer in the
community. Taking advantage of that diverse pool of students will be important to the
overall goal of the campaign.
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Western Michigan University is a well-respected education institution with alumni around
the world are who proud to be Broncos. What is important to remember is just how easy
trends spread throughout a university. Social media and local university productions like
the Western Herald are all useful communication channels that have been identified to
reach this target public. Though Restorative Justice would like to stay off social media like
Facebook, Instagram, etc. a compromise will have to be made in order to reach this target
public’s full potential. With that said, the primary approach to contact students for possible
intern positions will be done through a partnership with the School of Communication,
Criminology/Sociology, and Department of English at Western Michigan University.
Furthermore, student time constraints may pose possible issues as most students are
either going to school full-time or they are part-time students with part-time jobs.
Key Public: Private/Individual Donors- We selected this target public based on
information gathered from the census bureau; the economy in the Kalamazoo area is on the
rise and we see an opportunity to hold fundraising events and release informational materials
that describe Restorative Justice.
Current private donors make up a small aspect of recent donations to the program,
however it is a key target public that can be expanded. The private donors are individuals
who see the good Restorative Justice is bringing to its members.
Five males and five females (ethnicity- White) have kindly donated to the program in the
past year. Because of confidentiality reasons, the demographics are not known specifically
of each donor, only the gender and ethnicity is available. The reason why individual
donations are a high priority as a key public is to make members of the community more
informed about the criminal justice system in the United States in hopes to increase
donations. Reaching out to individuals as opposed to finding partnerships with other
organizations may be more difficult to achieve but the sheer number of citizens in
Kalamazoo inspires hope that it can be done.
Key Public: Grant Agencies- We hope to do two things with this target public; expand
and find more grant opportunities as well as improve Restorative Justice’s identity with grant
agencies to drastically improve chances to receive a grant.
The largest portion of funding for Restorative Justice comes from applying for various
grants. In recent years, Restorative Justice has run into issues when applying for grants as
the time, work, and frustration results in nothing. We identified one key way Restorative
Justice can better target grant agencies. Currently, Director Collins writes each grant all
while managing all other aspects of Restorative Justice. Removing the task of grant writing
from his schedule would benefit all three parties. Restorative Justice gains more of the
director’s time and energy while dramatically increase the number of grants applied for
each year. Western Michigan University interns are gaining valuable professional
experience. Grant agencies receive more detailed and informed applications that highlight
all that is good with Restorative Justice. Currently the amount of grant agencies or
opportunities is limited. But with help from the Western Michigan University community, a
weekly search for grants will provide endless opportunity to receive funding. Overall, we
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feel this target public can be impacted most by a strong relationship with our other publics.
Campaign Design
The Planning Process: Our planning process was determined most importantly by our key
target publics. We see an opportunity in how active the Kalamazoo community is,
specifically when we speak of private/individual donors and religious organizations. As a
non-profit, donations are difficult to come by; targeting and relying solely on grant agencies
to fund the program is unrealistic, thus the need to target those private/individual donors
and religious organizations (although we will continue to target grant agencies as the
amount of money in donations comes in larger quantities). The next target public deemed
important is the individuals who participate in the Restorative Justice program. Like we
stated in the Key Target Public section for individuals in the program nobody knows the
good that Restorative Justice like they do, making them an important key target public. Our
final target public is the Western Michigan University community and the impact that
students and faculty can make can be great, especially with assisting Restorative Justice
with interns, events on campus, etc.
Recognizing the strengths and weaknesses of the Restorative Justice program was also an
important aspect when developing goals, objectives, key messages, and strategies and
tactics. Some of the strengths which influenced this campaign all refer to the good that
Restorative Justice looks to bring each individual. A positive environment, the success of
individuals in the program, and the need for the program were all considered when
creating goals, objectives, key messages, and strategies and tactics. There were many other
strengths considered, however, we found these three in particular would be more effective
to highlight when reaching target publics. An outdated website, a lack of human resources,
and financial instability are all weaknesses considered when creating the campaign’s goals,
objectives, key messages, and strategies and tactics.
Campaign Implementation
Note: The proceeding content includes the overall goal and theme for Restorative Justice, the
key messages, goals and objectives, strategies and tactics for the organization as they relate
to each individual target public. However, there are tactics which can be applied to other
publics, but will benefit a campaign targeted to a specific target audience more effectively
and thus are discussed under specific target publics. Also, it is important to note that there
were many tactics that were thought of such as buying ads in the Western Herald, holding
bigger fundraising events, etc. however do to the limited budget in this campaign we decided
to do more and pay less. Therefore, this campaign is very realistic in terms of implementation.
Lastly, monetary goal/objective amounts discussed below are approximate.
Overall Goal: To increase the amount of donations from $57,284 to $75,000 by April 27th,
2017.
20. 19 | P a g e
Overall Theme: Growing, Reaching, & Achieving
The individuals are growing into members of society, who are reaching goals that they are
making in the program, and achieving success in the community.
*Note: We chose to do this because we wanted something that was easy to remember as well
as a catch phrase that shows transformation that can be adapted to multiple publics. In
addition, we researched how various colors impacted the moods of people as well as the colors
that represent success etc. Thus, the colors of the campaign are green and turquoise. Besides
this, we felt the look of the logo noted at the end best represented an individual reaching for
goals, growing as a human, and achieving life fulfillment.
Target Public: Churches/Religious Organizations
*There has already been a strong relationship established with churches in the area so
improving these and communicating more will be essential. *
Objective A: Increase the amount of monetary donations from already affiliated religious
organizations from $9,264 to $13,896 (50% increase overall) by March 1st, 2017.
Specifics:
Increase the amount of money donated by Bethany Reformed Church from $ 7,236
to $10,854 by March 1st, 2017.
Increase the amount of money donated from St. Joseph Church from $600 to $900
by March 1st, 2017.
Increase the amount of money donated from Second Reformed Church from $700 to
$1,050 by March 1st, 2017.
Increase the amount of money donated from West Christian Reform from $230.00 to
$345 by March 1st, 2017.
Increase the amount of money donated from Lord of Life Church from $498 to $747
by March 1st, 2017.
Strategies → Tactics:
Increase awareness among members of the religious organizations of the program
itself as well as success of the program.
→ Conduct surveys of clients of organization about their spirituality to find out the
spiritual benefits of the organization (continuing research) (August 1st, 2016
Deadline)..
→ Create a website with tab for “partners of organization” displaying information
regarding the spiritual healing of the individuals involved (July 1st, 2016 Deadline).
→ Create a newsletter based on information gathered from previous surveys, oral
interviews, and include other information regarding progress of people in the
program as well as the organization overall each month and put it on the website
and post on bulletin boards in churches (Monthly Ongoing Deadline).
21. 20 | P a g e
→ Email updates to the pastors at churches once a week to talk about in
announcements at beginning of sermon (Weekly Deadline).
→ Create bookmarks to place in pews that people can put in bibles that have a short
description of the program specifically discussing spirituality and how it is being
incorporated into Restorative Justice which also has the website link on it. This will
increase brand recognition and encourage people to donate due to the rule of
reciprocity (August 1st, 2016 Deadline).
Create a cooperative relationship between the religious organizations and
Restorative Justice Clients.
→ Compose a list of volunteer events held by religious organizations that men who
are able can volunteer in to get community service hours as well as grow as
individuals (Ongoing Opportunity).
→ Have members of organization participate in community service events held by
religious organizations if possible (Ongoing Opportunity).
Increase the amount of fundraising events that the people in the religious
organizations can attend to help fundraise for Restorative Justice.
→ Host a fundraiser with Insomnia Cookies and Blaze Pizza and invite members of
the church to attend (October 1st, Deadline & February, 1st Deadline).
→ Contact restaurants in the Kalamazoo area to see if they would be interested in
giving a percentage of alcohol or food sales to Restorative Justice in a fundraiser
(Ongoing Opportunity).
Objective B: Increase the amount of money donated from non-affiliated religious
organizations from $0 to $3,000 by December 31st, 2017.
Specifics:
Increase the number of churches/religious organizations who donate from 5
organizations to 10 organizations by March 1st, 2017.
Strategies → Tactics:
Increase awareness about the organization’s existence among churches/religious
organizations in the greater Kalamazoo area.
→ Research and compose a list of all of the religious organizations in the Kalamazoo
area (July 1st, 2016 Deadline).
→ Contact all of the religious organizations in the Kalamazoo area and give them
details about the organization along with website etc. (September 1st, 2016
Deadline).
→ Distribute newsletters and bookmarks created in objective A to these religious
organizations as well to use on bulletin and in pews etc. (September 1st, 2016).
Objective C: Increase the amount of in-kind donations from $24,300 to $30,375 (25%
increase) by December 1st, 2016.
Specifics:
Increase the amount of in-kind donations from Bethany Reformed Church from
$24,300 to $27,337 (12.5% increase) by December 1st, 2016.
22. 21 | P a g e
Increase the amount of in-kind donations from unaffiliated organizations from $0 to
$2,662 by December 1st, 2016.
Strategies → Tactics
Increase communication regarding items needed by the organization between the
organization itself and other organizations.
→ Compose a list of needed items and post them on the website as well as next to
newsletters on the bulletin board asking for donation of items.
→ Put donation boxes in all religious organizations through the year (you can get
these for free at Walmart at night when they are stocking).
Key Messages:
One of the goals of Restorative Justice is to work "in harmony with the restorative
work of God, and seek to become an instrument of Grace through a ministry of
healing and growth for individuals and their families as they face the transition from
incarceration to community life." Bethany is the primary sponsor of this program
which is a part of The Friendship House, a 501(c3) non-profit agency.
“Forgiveness is the core of Christianity. Christ set the standard for restorative
justice as he forgave a thief on the cross. Can we do less?” - Unknown
“No-one has ever become poor by giving.” Anne Frank
“Religious groups currently active inside and outside of prisons are in fact changing
some prisoners’ lives by helping them to see themselves as contributing members of
a community rather than outcasts.”
http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre1982022600#
H2_1
Target Public: Clients of Organization
Objective A: Increase the number of clients in the organization from 12 to 20 by March 1st,
2017.
*The more people that the organization helps, the more likely they are to be considered for
grant money. *
Specifics:
The hope is that the program will be so effective that the output rate of the guys will
increase with the help of more interns and more resources available etc.
Strategies → Tactics:
Increase communication between the organization and men in jail/prison.
→ Create pamphlets about organization to hand out to men in jails and prisons for
when they are released (July 1st, 2016)..
→ Visit jails and prisons to speak with guys in the jails and prisons to talk about the
success and benefits of the program (Every 3 Months)..
Increase communication between the organization and men already in
society/transitioning.
23. 22 | P a g e
→ Create pamphlets to give to lawyers and parole officers for clients about services
and place them in government buildings in the community (July 1st, 2016).
→ Create a tab on the website for guys with information on how to apply for the
organization along with an online application as well as see what services are
offered and testimonials(July 1st, 2016).
Key Messages:
Restorative Justice understands the barriers associated with transitioning back into
society. As a result, we have developed a system that requires your full cooperation
in order to succeed. In addition, case management services are provided to guide
you through this challenging opportunity.
→ Services Include:
(1) Housing: You are given the opportunity to have a safe, secure, substance free,
affordable transitioning housing which leads to viable establishment of
rental history.
(2) Employment: You have experienced counselors and a cadre of employers and
organizations involved in helping you with the intricate process of training,
education, cooperation thus giving you the opportunity to work.
(3) Education: You are provided with formal and informal education services at
your interest.
(4) Health & Well-Being: You are given assistance with physical, emotional, and
mental health needs.
“You can grow beyond crime and convinction.”
“But for you, be strong and do not give up, for your work will be rewarded.” 2
Chronicles 15:7
“Restorative justice puts a human face on the handling of crime and
violence. Rather than being purely ounative in approach, restorative justice
involves the entire community.” - Carol Palmer
“Our current criminal justice system has no provision for restorative justice, in
which an offender confronts the damage they have done and tries to make it right
for the people they have harmed.” - Piper Kerman
“But as for you, be strong and do not give up, for your work will be rewarded.” 2
Chronicles 15:7
Target Public: Western Michigan University
Objective A: Increase the number of interns from Western Michigan University from 5 to
10 by September 2016.
*Having students do internships or work for class credit will save the organization money
on labor especially since there are limited resources. *
Strategies → Tactics
Increase communication between the organization and WMU.
→ Contact the psychology, sociology, school of communication, business, accounting,
social work, and criminal justice departments about the possibility of internship
opportunities for students from 0 to 6 credit hours (June 1st, 2016).
24. 23 | P a g e
Increase communication between the organization and students at WMU.
→ Have people come speak in classes about the organization and the work that it is
doing (October 1st, 2016).
→ Hold a panel with the program participants to educate students about the criminal
justice system and problems that the guys face in the program (December 1st,
2016).
Objective B: Increase the number of student volunteers to an overall 20 for
events/fundraising by March 1st, 2017.
*Students are extremely good at collecting resources as well as spreading awareness of
issues and increasing the number of them will help the organization. *
Strategies → Tactics
Increase communication between organization and students at WMU.
→ Register for Bronco Bash to let people know about the organization and network
(July 1st, 2016).
→ Register for campus career fairs to get interns for program (October/November 1st,
2016; January/February 1st, 2017).
→ Create flyers to distribute around campus to get the word out about the
organization and the opportunities it has to offer students (July 1st, 2016).
→ Set aside money in the budget to put a sponsor logo on shirts of organizations etc
(September 1st, 2016).
→ Hire an intern with a management background to create an RSO on campus for
students who have had members in their family go to prison or jail who can
advocate on campus (September 1st, 2016).
→ Contact Honors College to see if a donation box can be put in the lounge to collect
items for the clients (not food however it will conflict with the Invisible Need
Project) (September 1st, 2016).
→ Create stickers to pass out on campuses at events with information about website
etc (September 1st, 2016).
→ Create twitter specifically for relaying of information about statistics and tweet to
WMU students about it etc (July 1st, 2016)..
Key Messages:
Students have the opportunity to gain up to 6 credit hours per semester for field
experience/independent study/internship.
Students and organizations have the opportunity to give attention to a topic not
discussed enough in the community.
Students and registered student organizations have the opportunity to volunteer for
and partner with a new organization in the community.
Employees/Interns of nonprofits that are a part of successful nonprofit businesses
have high-performance cultures, they engage your head and your heart, there are
plenty of job opportunities, fresh talent is always needed, and being a part of a non
profit is a great way to learn how to budget.
25. 24 | P a g e
http://www.rasmussen.edu/degrees/business/blog/top-reasons-to-work-in-non-
profit/
“Volunteer. Start where you are. Use what you have. Do what you can.” - Unknown
“Give time to those who have done time.” - Unknown
“Devote yourself to your community around you and devote yourself to creating
something that gives you purpose and meaning.” Mitch Albom
Target Public: Private Donors
Objective A: Increase the amount of money donated by private donors from $2,275 to
$3412.5 (50% increase) by March 1st, 2017.
Specifics:
With enough effort, the organization will hopefully gain more private donors in the
future.
Strategies → Tactics:
Improve communication between the donors already donating privately and
Restorative Justice.
→ Send thank you cards to donors after donations and have the guys and the people
working in the organization sign them (Ongoing Deadline).
→ Create and email copies of newsletters and pass out business cards with
information for private donors to give to friends etc (Ongoing Deadline).
→ Create a documentary/promotional video of the guys discussing the injustice of the
system and the benefits of the program (October 1st, 2016).
Increase the number of private donors from 10 to 20 by March 1st, 2017
→ Put a tab on the website for private donors with an application or link where they
can donate. (GoFundMe example) (July 1st, 2016)
→ Research how to attend private donor invite only events at Western Michigan
University (Ongoing Deadline).
→ Contact businesses in the community and ask about private or non-private
community partnerships, especially regarding job ideas etc (September 1st, 2016;
Ongoing Deadline).
Key Messages:
There are tax write-offs available to those who donate.
“Real generosity is doing something nice for someone who will never find out.” -
Frank A. Clark
“Only by giving are you able to receive more than you already have.” - Jim Rohn
“Be kind to your fellow man and your fellow man will be kind to you.” - Unknown
“With second chances, this world would never see extraordinary revivals.” -
Unknown
“What you invest in the community today creates change for tomorrow.” - Uknown
Contribute to the current 100% success rate of clients in the program. – Marcus
Collins.
26. 25 | P a g e
Target Public: Grant Agencies
Objective A: Increase the amount of money received from grant organizations from
$48,500 to $72,750 (50% increase) by March 1st, 2017.
Specifics
There is hope that the organization will be able to apply for more grants when the
campaign has been implemented at organization.
Strategies → Tactics
Improve the identity of the organization.
→ Create a website with information on the history, budgeting information, etc. of the
organization (July 1st, 2016).
→ Create a tagline and a new logo (July 1st, 2016).
→ Clearly define the organization’s mission and goals (July 1st, 2016).
→ Create shirts for individuals working for the organization to wear (July 1st, 2016).
Improve and increase the amount of communication channels between Restorative
Justice and various grant agencies.
→ Compose a list of different grant agencies both locally and statewide (August 1st,
2016).
→ Email grant agencies throughout the year to find out about deadlines, grant
opportunities, and ask questions (Ongoing Deadlines).
→ Email copies of newsletters and website information to grant agencies (Ongoing
Deadlines).
Collect information necessary for grant applications.
→ Hire intern (for class credit) who is responsible for applying for grants, donor
money, etc, that can also do more research on people being released from jail in the
Kalamazoo area etc (September 1st, 2016).
→ Make a list of organizations or people that need to be contacted and contact them
to find statistics needed for grant applications (July 1st, 2016).
→ Have a tab on the website for grant information regarding important statistics etc
(July 1st, 2016).
Key Messages:
Due to relapse rates of those who have been released from prison, this organization
is essential to the safety of the community and effective transition of individuals
back into society.
This organization not only benefits those who are trying to become better citizens,
but there are many opportunities for individuals in the community especially in
higher education.
27. 26 | P a g e
Budget & Schedule of Tactics
Currently, the total budget for Restorative Justice is $57,284. However, there is a budget of
$3,000 for specific Public Relations efforts and thus we needed to be strict with
it. Therefore, when researching we brainstormed various ideas on how to creatively target
each public while also discovering what resources were out there available to the
organization that would be the most beneficial. Besides this, understanding what is
necessary to be printed off or just staying online will greatly conserve costs as there will be
no excess of useless pages.
Hence, an analysis of different sites was necessary in order to find the best ones with the
best deals for promotional materials such as the website and additional printed materials.
Selecting products that are of high quality but that are not going to break the bank is going
to be essential for this organization. Consequently, from this we found that since we will be
printing in mostly bulk, that most of our promotional materials needed to be from the same
site or that we needed to find the best printing deals. Thus, many different sites were
utilized for promotional materials such as DesignMantic, Vistaprint, Canva, StickerYou, and
Microsoft Office Word. However, Weebly was found to be the best in terms of a website
because of all of the potential that the organization will have with it.
Besides this, we wanted to note that we did a great deal to save the organization money by
finding a website that has so much potential to communicate with a range of audiences.
Besides this, we are saving the organization money for labor by offering class credit for
public relations and other efforts within the organization. Lastly, many of our tactics are
verbal or through internet communication channels which also saves money.
Even so, there were a couple of larger expenses such as Bronco Bash that are going to be
beneficial in the long run and thus were worth the expense.
Budget:
Public Tactic Partnership/
Origin of
Product
Specifics Timing/
Amount of
Material
Price of
Material
Multiple Publics Create A
Domain
Weebly.com $33.95/Year 2 Years $67.90
Create
Website
$25.00/Month 24 Months $600.00
Create Logo VistaPrint Free Free Free
Business
Cards –
Normal
VistaPrint Bulk Pricing 500 Cards $9.99
Newsletters VistaPrint Bulk Pricing 40 Churches 1
Time a Month
For 12
Months
$108.74
Cumulatively
Religious
Organizations
Bookmarks VistaPrint Bulk Pricing 500 $155.99
Boxes Walmart Free at Night Free Free
Clients of
Organization
Pamphlets VistaPrint $44.99/100
Pamphlets
200 $89.98
28. 27 | P a g e
Western Michigan
University
Faculty/Students
Stickers VistaPrint Bulk Pricing 750 $154.50
Flyers Design on Canva;
Print on
VistaPrint
Bulk Pricing 100 $44.99
Bronco Bash
Registration
http://www.wmi
ch.edu
/broncobash
Day $200
RSO wmich.collegiatel
ink.net
4 Enrolled
Students To
Create
Free Free
Intern T-
Shirts
VistaPrint (6 to 25 Shirts
$9.00/Shirt)
20 $180
Private Donors Thank You
Cards
VistaPrint $29.24/50
Cards
100 $58.48
Promotional
Video
Western Film
Association
Free Free Free
Grant
Organizations
Restorative
Justice
Uniform Polo
VistaPrint (6 to 25
$20/Polo)
20 $400
This budget for the campaign did not take into account the shipping price of stuff or the
price of gas for transportation of materials etc. Nor did it take into account anything not
specific towards PR efforts.
Total: $2,070
of $3000
Timeline: This is a rough draft timeline depicting when each tactic needs to be done by in
order for the organization to stay on track and eventually accomplish each objective and
fulfill the goal
29. 28 | P a g e
Evaluation Plan
Note: This section explains how we will determine the effectiveness of the campaign as it
relates to each of our target publics. The first section refers to our publics in which we seek
donations (of any kind). The second describes our relationship with Western Michigan
University and attempting to gain more interns for September 2016. The final section
discusses increasing the number of participants in the Restorative Justice program to improve
the chances we receive grants.
Target Publics: Churches/Religious Organizations, Grant Agencies,
Private Donors
Here we have combined three of our target publics into one. To evaluate the success of this
set of target publics, we must look at the purpose for each of their objectives. The
consistent theme each of these target publics has in common deals with donations
received. All of these objectives can be measured, as each deals with monetary or tangible
donations. The benchmark in terms of effectiveness begins at a 15% increase in donations
from all of these target publics within the first six months of implementation. If we see a
15% increase in donations, we know that the message we have been promoting has begun
to gain attention from these three specific target publics and should hint to future success
of this campaign. We feel it is important to review the campaign’s success within the first
six months because if we do not see desired results, we will have a chance to go back and
take a look at our campaign structure to find any deficiencies preventing us from achieving
our goals.
To make this campaign a success, we must inform each target public our desire to create a
healthy partnership that benefits both their organization and ours. Keeping communication
channels open with each public is very important to sustaining a successful campaign.
Knowledge is power and keeping those we work with informed and updated will not only
help the success of the campaign, but give Restorative Justice a reputation of excellence.
Target Public: Western Michigan University
This next target public has a different set of objectives compared to the monetary
objectives the previous section highlighted. Currently, Restorative Justice only has a five
interns currently working for the program. Though that is a big help, finding more interns
and volunteers from Western Michigan University will help Restorative Justice do two
things: improve awareness around campus and work with the program to continue to build
the organization’s structure. Adding three interns by September 2016 would be a start
when determining the effectiveness of the campaign’s messages for this desired target
public. Due to time constraints with the Spring semester at Western Michigan University
being almost over, the only way to achieve the goal of increasing the amount of interns is
likely to be for the fall semester. This gives us time to communicate with students who are
not yet sure what their schedule will look like in the fall and survey them to determine
interest in an internship with Restorative Justice. From there we can describe the benefits
an internship with Restorative Justice has both professionally and as for credit that goes
toward the completion of their degree. At the completion of the second summer session, we
30. 29 | P a g e
will contact those students who have given Restorative Justice interest and move forward
with the process of interviewing and hiring.
Target Public: Clients of Restorative Justice
The final target public deals with the men in the Restorative Justice program and has a
direct relationship with the grant agencies we are using as a target public. In most cases,
grant agencies are looking to identify that the program is strong and growing.
Communications that will help lead to an increase of individuals into the program begin
with contacting different jails and prisons in the area and identifying individuals who meet
the criteria to join the Restorative Justice program. From there, we can contact those
individuals and survey their interest in our program and what we have to offer. If there is
enough interest, we can take that information and include it in the applications for various
grants. We can then measure the effectiveness of our communications by tallying the
number of men interested our program.
Conclusion
The primary purpose of this campaign is to improve the identity of the organization,
increase communication channels with publics, and ultimately increase the amount of
money received by target publics although we are looking for much more in terms of
making an impact in the community. Restorative Justice is one of the rare organizations
who seeks to help others without involving themselves in the capitalistic behavior the
United States has been known to promote. We see a great opportunity to highlight all of the
good that Restorative Justice brings to the individuals in its program and would love to
share such experiences with the community. The success rate alone shows that Restorative
Justice is capable of making a positive impact in the Kalamazoo community and a
substantial difference in the lives of the individuals in the program. Moreover, Restorative
Justice is also attempting to make a cultural change within its community as they look to
reduce the negative stigma each individual in their program faces upon re-entry into
society.
One thing that is working in Restorative Justice’s favor is the active community that
Kalamazoo has become especially since President Dunn has been in charge at Western
Michigan University. In the years prior to President Dunn’s arrival, there was a separation
between downtown Kalamazoo and the university. Now we see a cohesive relationship that
can directly and positively influence the Restorative Justice campaign. The growth of
Kalamazoo has been great and to not take advantage of those important resources would
be a mistake.
31. 30 | P a g e
Appendix
Please note: You do not have to answer any question(s) you are uncomfortable
answering.
Survey
Age:
Ethnicity:
Time of sentence:
Crime Committed:
What are common struggles you have faced coming back into society?
How do you feel about yourself now that you are out of prison?
Have you been in any other programs besides Restorative Justice? If so, what were the
pros and cons?
How has Restorative Justice impacted you?
Any suggestions for improvement?
33. 32 | P a g e
Website Materials: There is a lot we would have liked to do with the website, however
we did not have access to financial resources to do this.
42. 41 | P a g e
References
"Bethany Reformed Church of Kalamazoo Is Congregation of People Who Share an
Overwhelming Love for Christ." Bethany Reformed Church Kalamazoo, Michigan. N.p.,
n.d. Web. Feb. 2016. <http://www.bethany-kalamazoo.org/>.
Bourn, Jennifer. "Meaning of the Color Green." Bourn Creative. N.p., 25 Jan. 2011. Web. Apr.
2016. <http://www.bourncreative.com/meaning-of-the-color-green/>.
Bourn, Jennifer. "Meaning of the Color Turquoise." Bourn Creative. N.p., 20 Nov. 2010. Web.
Apr. 2016. <http://www.bourncreative.com/meaning-of-the-color-turquoise/>.
"Bronco Bash Application Information." Bronco Bash. Western Michigan University, n.d. Web.
Mar. 2016. <http://wmich.edu/broncobash/boothApplications.html>.
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2016. <http://www.churchangel.com/WEBMI/kalamazoo.htm>.
Minton, Todd D., Scott Ginder, Susan M. Brumbaugh, Hope Smiley-McDonald, and Harley
Rohloff. "Census of Jails: Population Changes, 1999-2013." Bureau of Justice Statistics.
U.S. Department of Justice, Dec. 2015. Web. Apr. 2016.
<http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cjpc9913.pdf>.
The National Registry of Exonerations "Exonerations in 2015" Rep. University of Michigan, 3
Feb. 2016. Web. Apr. 2016.
<http://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Documents/Exonerations_in_2015.pdf>.
"Punishment Rate Measures Prison Use Relative to Crime." The Pew Charitable Trusts. N.p., 23
Mar. 2016. Web. Apr. 2016. <http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-
briefs/2016/03/the-punishment-rate>.
43. 42 | P a g e
"QuickFacts." United States Census Bureau, n.d. Web. Feb. 2016.
<http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/2642160,00>.
Smith, Brian L. "Michigan Has Higher Incarceration Rate than Cuba, Russia and Iran."
MLive.com. N.p., 25 June 2014. Web. Mar. 2016. <http://www.mlive.com/lansing-
news/index.ssf/2014/06/michigan_has_higher_incarcerat.html>.
Sullivan, Laura. "Life After 'Life': Aging inmates struggle for redemption." NPR. NPR, 4 June
2014. Web. Apr. 2016. <http://www.npr.org/2014/06/04/317055077/life-after-life-aging-
inmates-struggle-for-redemption>.
Wagner, Peter, and Bernadette Rabury. "Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2016 ." Mass
Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2016. Prison Policy Initative, 14 Mar. 2016. Web. Apr.
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