With the advancements in genetic information, it has become easier to detect the genetics of people and even their family histories before hand. Due to genetic variation among individuals certain diseases are common among individuals belonging to certain families or races. Similarly certain genetic diseases can be detected before hand in prenatal life of an individual with the use of genetic testing methods. For example Sickle Cell anemia is more common among black Americans as compared to White Americans and can be detected before hand in prenatal life. These genetic variations either beneficial or not give ways to discriminate individuals. Genetic variations that may cause discrimination among individuals are Certain genetic diseases including hemophilia, Sickle cell anemia, Thalassemia’s Certain genetic traits i.e. skin complexion leading to discrimination among individuals especially White and Black Americans. It does not covers the discrimination being practiced at schools, housing schemes, mortgages and many other disciplines of life. GINA also does not protect against genetic discrimination in forms of insurance other than health insurance, such as life, disability, or long-term care insurance

1. Presented By:
Wasif Ali Syed
(18221554-001)
BS 5th A&F
Department of Commerce

2. Genetic Information Non Discrimination Act 2008

3. Motives of GINA
With the advancements in genetic
information, it has become easier to detect
the genetics of people and even their family
histories before hand.
Due to genetic variation among individuals
certain diseases are common among
individuals belonging to certain families or
races. Similarly certain genetic diseases can
be detected before hand in prenatal life of
an individual with the use of genetic testing
methods. For example Sickle Cell anemia is
more common among black Americans as
compared to White Americans and can be
detected before hand in prenatal life.
These genetic variations either beneficial or
not give ways to discriminate individuals.

4. Genetic Discrimination
Genetic variations that may cause discrimination among individuals are
• Certain genetic diseases including hemophilia, Sickle cell anemia,
Thalassemia’s
• Certain genetic traits i.e. skin complexion leading to discrimination
among individuals especially White and Black Americans.

5. Pros of GINA
GINA stopped insurers or
employers from using the
genetic information of an
individual to discriminate him
or her on the basis of certain
genetic variations or genetic
diseases. It ensured the equal
chances of health insurance
and employment opportunities
for all workers without any
discrimination

6. Limitations of GINA
It does not covers the
discrimination being practiced
at schools, housing schemes,
mortgages and many other
disciplines of life.
GINA also does not protect
against genetic discrimination
in forms of insurance other
than health insurance, such as
life, disability, or long-term
care insurance