This document summarizes the process of obtaining plastics from raw materials through synthesis and shaping. It discusses the initial sourcing of plant, animal, and mineral raw materials. It then describes the synthesis of monomers and polymers, and the incorporation of additives. Methods for shaping plastics include thermocompression, extrusion molding, and blow molding. The document also reviews the key physical, mechanical, chemical, and biological properties of plastics and how they are classified.

1. Project-2 PLASTICS
Álvaro Díaz Hernando
Beatriz de la Varga Puente
Noelia Martin Ruiz
Adrián Muñoz Benavente

2. the 1st and the 2nd step of the
process of obtaining plastics:
O 1st Sourcing of raw materials
O -Raw materials can be of mineral, plant, or
animal origin. The following are some
important examples:
O Plant origin
O Animal origin
O Mineral origin

3. O • Plant origin:
O -Latex is a liquid which is obtained from certain
tropical trees. Rubbers and gums are made with
this.
O Animal origin:
O -Casein is a protein found in milk which is used to
make galalith and lanital.
O • Mineral origin:
O Petroleum, coal, and other fossil fuels are the origin
of a long industrial process.

4. O 2nd Synthesis of monomers.
O -This stage is especially important in plastics
derived from petroleum and other fossil
fuels.
O -It consists of extracting the monomers from
the raw material through chemical
reactions. These monomers will be used
to make plastic substances.

5. Methods
O Thermocompression:
O The plastic passes into a hot mold. It is is compressed. When
the plastic cools and hardens, the mold is opened and the
piece is removed.
O Thermosetting plastic products is made with with
thermocompression

6. O Extrusion molding:
O -The plastic passes into a heat pipe. The melted
plastic is pushed through an opening which
shapes it. Then goes on to a cooling chamber and
when it is cool, it is cut to measure.
O Pipes are made with this method

7. O Blow molding:
O The plastic is preformed with another method. Then it
is put in a mold.When the plastic has cooled and
hardened, the mold is opened and the piece is
removed.
O Containers for liquids are made with this method

8. 3rd and the 4th steps of the
process of obtaining plastics:
O Synthesis of the basic polymer:
It consist of a chemical reaction, in which, by pressure, heat…
it transforms, from one molecule(monomers) to many
molecules(polymer) by a series of bonds that joins one to the other.
O Incorporation of additives:
They are elements that modify polymers giving them an
specific characteristic such ass flexibility or colour

9. methods of shaping and finishing
plastics
O Foam molding :
O It is use to make insulations, such a thermal or acoustic.
O The plastic that is use in this technique, contains foaming
elements, obtained through a process in which this ones are
transported to a mold that it´s heated at a temperature in which
it creates an spongy mass

10. O Vacuum forming:
O It is used to make glasses, boxes…
O A plastic layer is placed on a mold with tubes trough which
air flows. The mold is heated until the plastic gets more
sof t and a vacuum is formed between the mold and the
plastic. Afterwards, It is again compressed to the mold, so it
finally obtains the shape.
O Injection molding:
O It is used to make objects with difficult shapes, such as: parts for
vehicles

11. PROPERTIES OF PLASTICS
O Physical properties.
O Mechanical properties.
O Chemical properties.
O Biological properties

12. Physical Properties
O Electrical Conductivity: Yes, but very low.
O Thermal Conductivity: Yes, but very low.
O

13. O Density: Mass / volume. Low density in plastics.
O Expansion: High coefficient of expansion, except reinforced
plastics.
O Melting Point: It is normally lower to 200ºC.
O Fusibility: Different temperature for each plastic. (Specific
Heat Capacity)

14. Mechanical Properties
O Types of Stress: Reaction depends on the intensity, size,
material, type of stress.
O Traction: 2 opposing forces that pull on it. Increase
length.
O Compression: 2 opposing forces that push on it.
Decrease length.
O Bending: Forces try to bend it.
O Shearing: Try to cut the piece. 2 forces acting at near
points.
O Torsion: 2 forces try to twist it around an axis.
O

15. O Elasticity: Deform plastics, but it comes back to
the original form.
O Plasticity: With high temperature, can shape very
well plastics.
O Malleability: Permanently deformed under the
stress of compression.

16. O Ductility: Permanently deformed under the stress
of traction.
O Resistance: Plastics are not resistant
O Hardness: Plastics have a wide range of
hardness.
O Weldability: Plastics weld (join) very well.

17. Chemical Properties
O Permeability: Most plastics are
impermeable.
O Solubility: Only some plastics are soluble.
O Combustibility: Plastics burn easily (Very
polluting)

18. Biological Properties
O Recyclability: Plastics are very recyclable.
O Toxicity: Most of the plastics are toxic. When
heated, or joined with food.
O Biodegradability: Biodegradability in plastics
happens in very long periods.

19. O Plastic materials are classified in three
groups:
O A. Thermosetting,
O B. Thermoplastics,
O C. Elastomers.

20. Thermosetting
O They are derived from petroleum in a solid state
O They are better suited to high-temperature
applications

21. Thermoplastic
O They are excellent insulators, both electrical and thermal.
O -they can withstand temperature extremes of up to 600 F.
O - Can become liquid when heated and return to the solid state
when cooled.

22. Elastomer
O Has viscoelasticity
O Very weak inter-molecular forces
O High capacity of deformation