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Making a Difference by Making Sense - Domains and Social Systems
- 8. Sociologist NiklasLuhmann • WasdraftedintoWWIIasa“luftwaffenhelfer”atage16,USPOWuntil1946 • StudiedtheLaw • Becameanadministrativeofficial(Beamter) • Extremelywell-organised • WaspromotedtoMinistryforEducationinLower-Saxony • intellectuallydissatisfied,didnotshowtheconformistbehaviortobeconsideredforpromotion(“WhywouldIgo andgetdrunkwithpeople?IreadHölderlin!”) • IncidentallybecameawareofascholarshipprogramforHarvardthroughhisworkattheministry,applied,andwon.
- 10. TalcottParsons SocialActionTheory • LeadingSociologistinthe1950s/1960s • Soughtatheorytoexplainsocietyasasystembyapplyingcybernetics • mainwork:socialactiontheory(starting1937) • Societyisacomplexsystemofinterrelatedpartsthatworktogethertomaintainstabilityandorder (SocialEquilibrium). • Eachpartofsocietyhasaspecificfunction.Thesefunctionsarenecessaryfortheoverallstabilityand survivalofthesystem. • Coreoperationofthesystemisaction.
- 11. • AGILparadigm(1956): • Adaptive Capacityofsocietytointeractwiththeenvironment • Goalattainment Capabilitytosetgoalsforthefutureandmakedecisionsaccordingly. • Integration Harmonizationoftheentiresociety;ademandthatthevaluesandnormsofsocietyaresolidand sufficientlyconvergent. • Latency Necessitytodevelopmemoryfunctionstopreservetheelementsofintegration
- 12. Luhmann’scriticismofTalcottParsons SocialActionTheory • SharedParsons’fascinationwithcybernetics • Theoryfallsshortasamethodofexplainingsocietyasasystem • Actionsactuallyperformedbyindividuals • Focusonactionsignoresalotofothersocialoperations,suchastherefusaltoperformanaction • AGILparadigmfalselyassumesthatvaluesandnormsarepre-existing,stable,anduniversal • Majorconcern:Theoryofsocietyispartofsociety,thereforecannotactasimpartialobserver • Rootedinclassicsociology,socialactiontheoryisunabletoresolvetheseblindspots
- 13. LuhmannafterHardward • leftadministrationandbecameascholarattheGermanUniversityofAdministrativeSciencesSpeyer • Duringhis6yearsthere,heinventedhisuniqueZettelkastensystem • indexedcardfiletoorganisebibliographicalnotesandpersonalinsights • interconnectedbyamultidimensionalreferencingmechanism • usedittowrite2books:FormandFunctionofOrganisations,LawandAutomationinPublicAdministration • subsequentlyenrolledforonesemesterofsociologyatUniversityofMünster • previouslypublishedbookswereacceptedasdoctoralthesis,andhabilitationthesis • becamethefirstprofessoratthenewlyfoundeddepartmentofsociologyattheUniversityofBielefeldin1969 • Researchproject:“Acomprehensivetheoryofmodernsocietyanditsfunctionalsubsystems.Duration:30years.Cost:none”
- 16. System
- 26. HumbertoMaturana Autopoiesis • Autonomy • Autopoieticsystemspresentthemselvesatadistancetotheirenvironment. E.g.biologicalcellsdevelopamembranethatseparatestheinsidefromtheoutside. • Emergence •Atsomepoint,anew,higher,orderconstitutes(suddenly)inthesystem,thatcannotbederivedfromitsparts. •Itspropertiescanonlybeidentified,onceitalreadyexists.
- 28. •Autonomousconstructionofstructures • Anychangeinstructurecanneverbeimportedfromtheoutside. • Ithastobeinitiatedwithinthesystem,andasaresultofitsownoperations. • Thesystemmayreacttostimuli,butthesearealsocreated(represented)withinthesystem. • E.g.thenervoussystemhasasensoryapparatusthatcreatesstimulibysendingnerveimpulses. • Autopoieticreproduction •Thesystem’sownoperationsproducethenecessaryconditionsitneedstoreproduceitself. •E.g.acell’sinneroperationsproducetheverymoleculesitneedstostayalive,andinhigherorganisms,toinitiatemitosis.
- 34. I At KanDDDinsky am Happy Like Luhmann it we Enjoy DDD is Great are hearing a Talk about time for Beer almost
- 35. I At KanDDDinsky am Happy Like Luhmann it we Enjoy DDD is Great are hearing a Talk about time for Beer almost
- 36. I At KanDDDinsky am Happy Like Luhmann it we Enjoy DDD is Great are hearing a Talk about time for Beer almost
- 37. I At KanDDDinsky am Happy Like Luhmann it we Enjoy DDD is Great are hearing a Talk about time for Beer almost