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Clash of civ
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- 3. ClashofCivilizations 3 SEQUENCE Aim of Presentation Civilization definition Why Civilizations clash Background of Crusades History of Crusades Mobilization of Crusades War on terror and clash of Civilizations Future implications and role of Muslim leaders Analysis Conclusion Q & A
- 4. ClashofCivilizations 4 AIM Aim of my presentation is to apprise the house about Clash of Civilizations, Crusades and War on Terror.
- 5. ClashofCivilizations 5 CIVILIZATION Definition Civilization is an advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry and government have been reached (Samuel P. Huntington )
- 6. ClashofCivilizations 6 WHY CIVILIZATIONS CLASH? Differences among Civilizations are real The world is becoming smaller Civilizations are a source of identity Gain control of resources
- 8. ClashofCivilizations 8 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF CRUSADES Jerusalem, holy place for Muslims, Christians and Jews In 638 ad Muslims captured Jerusalem Adventure of Seljuk Turks Increased harassment of Christian Pilgrims Byzantine empire becomes weak 1095 Byzantine emperor asks Pope urban II for help
- 9. ClashofCivilizations 9MOBILIZATION OF THE CRUSADES Preaching the Crusades as religious war Remitting all punishments who die in crusade Slaves were allowed to leave the land to which they were bound Exemption from taxes and suspension on interest Prisoners of death sentences were freed
- 10. ClashofCivilizations 10 HISTORY OF CRUSADES First crusade (1096-99) 30,000 Crusaders reached Jerusalem Christians captured Jerusalem Achieved all major objectives Second crusade (1147-49) Muslims captured edessa Muslim forces were defeated Jerusalem remained in Christians control
- 11. ClashofCivilizations 11 HISTORY OF CRUSADES THE THIRD CRUSADE (1189-92) Noor ud din died and Saladin took control Saladin victorious in Hattin Lion heart made many attempts Peace treaty in 1192
- 12. ClashofCivilizations 12 HISTORY OF CRUSADES Fourth to the sixth crusade (1198- 1229) Large span of time Various ferocious battles Prominent leaders, Al Malik al kamil, King Friedrick, Pope urban III Jerusalem remain in Muslim hands
- 13. ClashofCivilizations 13 HISTORY OF CRUSADES KEY PEOPLE Salahuddin Ayubi Richard the Lion-Heart
- 14. ClashofCivilizations 14 HISTORY OF CRUSADES Outcomes of the Crusades Increase in trade Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire Development of Banking techniques Jerusalem was in Moslem hands Christians under one flag Muslims were victorious but weakened
- 15. ClashofCivilizations 15 EXPANSIONISTS DESIGNS OF DIFFERENT CIVILIZATION Why Civilizations expand ? Old Indian Civilization (3300 – 1700 BC) Developed fine standard of living Use copper to make utensils and weapons Buddhism's role Ancient Egyptian Civilization (3100 BC -332 BC) Established across river Nile Built their own ways of writing Pharaohs were very rich rulers
- 16. ClashofCivilizations 16 EXPANSIONISTS DESIGNS OF DIFFERENT CIVILIZATION Ancient Greek Civilization (776 BC to 323 BC) Agriculture main occupation Expanded through trade and colonization Roman Civilization (127 BC – 395 AD) Establishment of republic and senate Built roads and water systems Awarding citizenship to defeated people groups
- 17. ClashofCivilizations 17 WAR ON TERROR AND CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS Is war on terror another course towards clash of civilizations ? Islamic countries are part of the War on Terror Cooperation between west and Muslims have increased Terrorism cannot be linked to any religion Most Islamic groups don’t aspire to the jihads as defined by militants Clash is more within Islamic countries
- 18. ClashofCivilizations 18 FUTURE IMPLICATIONS AND RESPONSE OF MUSLIM LEADERS Economic Implications • Increase in financial military assistance • Elimination of arm sanctions • Affect on GDP’s • Expenditure on Law and Order Year Pakistan's Military Assistance fund 1999-2001 $ 0.174 M 2002 $7.5 m 2003 $ 20 M 2004 $ 30 M
- 19. ClashofCivilizations 19 Political Implications • Prototyping all rebel groups • Direct military involvement • Political instability • Overall reputation of the country FUTURE IMPLICATIONS AND RESPONSE OF MUSLIM LEADERS
- 20. ClashofCivilizations 20 Other Implications • Human cost of Terrorism • Mass displacement of people and rural/urban imbalance • Social implications FUTURE IMPLICATIONS AND RESPONSE OF MUSLIM LEADERS
- 21. ClashofCivilizations 21 Response of Muslim Leaders • Response to each group should be specific • New ways of promoting agenda • Global education transformation initiative • A shura of renowned islamic scholars • Funding of terror groups shall be ceased • Inter religious harmony shall be the key FUTURE IMPLICATIONS AND RESPONSE OF MUSLIM LEADERS
- 22. ClashofCivilizations 22ANALYSIS West vs the rest Attempt to balance the west Religious hatred surmounted An important factor in all political decisions Appraisal of the governments and the states
- 23. ClashofCivilizations 23CONCLUSION Conflict in modern times is more about to gain control of resources Muslims world is required to solve the issue within themselves
- 24. ClashofCivilizations 24REFERENCES https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terror http://www.globalissues.org/issue/245/war-on-terror https://www.globalpolicy.org/war-on-terrorism.html http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions.html
Editor's Notes
- Civilizations are something that have evolved over hundres of years and based on the culture, language and religion. The fundamental principles of gh civilizations are very strong and are blindly followed by its people
- Differences among civilizations are real and basic As mentioned before, civilizations are differentiated in terms of history, language, culture, tradition & religion. These differences are products of centuries, which are too fundamental that cannot be changed easily. And when civilizations interact with each other, clash is certain. The world is becoming smaller Due to modernization and globalization it is almost impossible to keep the people of different civilizations in isolation, therefore people can clash on the basis of their egos and behavious. Civilizations are a source of identity Civilizations are a source of identity for its people and if their identity comes under threat by any other civilization, clash will predominantly occur. Gain Control of resources To suruvive and develop further , civilizations need to have sufficient resources within their control and since every civilization needs the resources that are primarily scarce, conflict may arise
- Holy city Jerusalem is one of the oldest cities and is a very holy city for the three major religions of the world and this make it an apple of discord between jews muslims and christians, every religion has claim over its control. And is the strongest factor in occurrence of crusades 638 capture by muslims In 638 muslims captured the holy city and deprived the other for offering their religious rituals, christians were already looking for an opportunity to gain its control and attempted to take it through crusades Adventure of Seljuk turks The Seljuk Empire controlled a vast area stretching from the Hindu Kush to eastern Anatolia and from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. Previously seljuks have been very strong and during their adventures have thrashed many Christian states, and obviously Christians were looking for the time to revenge INCREASED HARASSMENT OF CHRISTIAN PILGRIMS Since the capture of Jerusalem in 638 ad muslims have been the rulers of Jerusalem, all religions were allowed or religious rituals but harassment for Christians pilgrims have become quite an issue Byzantine empire becomes weak and 1095 Byzantine Emperor asks Pope Urban II for help the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe but due to their continuous adventures with turks and Persians , they became economically weak and cannot be regarded as Christian power house to battle for Jerusalem again therefore they ask pope urban 2 for help
- Mobilization of the Crusades Christian popes traveled to various cities To start wars at such a big level it was necessary that masses shall be mobilized, to do so Christian popes travelled to various cities to portray crusades as a religious war and motivated Christians to take part in crusades as much as possible remitting all punishments since crusades were declared as religious warsy popes that the Christians who die in war will have all his sins erased and will be given a place in heaven Slaves were allowed to Slaves who were previously bound to the lands were free to move only to participate in crusades, Exemption from taxes and suspension on interest Just to make Christians more and more inclined towards participation in crusades it was decided that anybody participating in crusades will be exempted from taxes and and his interest will be suspended Prisoners of death sentence were freed To gather the masses Christians took another step by freeing the prisoners of death sentence if and only if they renderetheir life service in jersualem for the sake of christinity
- HISTORY OF CRUSADES First crusade First crusade started in 1096 .After a toiling effort of 3 years, 30000 crusaders entered Jerusalem defeating the muslims and Jerusalem fell to their hands, first crusade achieved all mojor objectives from Christians point of view as they regain control of the holy city. Turks were weakened and almost all strategic ports and locations were I the hands of Christians Second crusade After the glorious first crusade various crusaders departed to their lands, muslims find it as an opportunity to reignite their campaign and captured various cities under the command of noorud din zangi , but the combined muslim forces were still not enough to dominate Christians, and muslims were handed a humiliating defeat decsivly ending the second crusade
- Third crusade Noorud din zangi who was the centre of muslim forces defied the Christians from capturing Egypt various times, eventually noor ud din zangi died and his nephew saladin gained control of his forces which turned out to be turning point for muslims in their quest for Jerusalem. Later lion heart made many attempts to gain control but failed to do so and ultimately Both signed a peace treaty.
- Fourth to sixth crusade Forth to sixth crusade Large span of time about 29 years, during these crusades various battles were fought between the Muslims and Christians , majority of these battles were fought away from the holy land, Prominent leaders, al Malik al kamil, who was the nephew of Saladin king Fredrick, Pope urban III. At the end of sixth crusade Jerusalem remain in Muslim hands
- PROMINENT LEADERS Saladin Salahuddin al yusuf ayub was the sultan of Egypt and Syria, and the legitimate successor of noor ud zangi , very much known for his rational decisions and bold strategies, respected from both Christians and muslims, captured jerusalem after the famous battle of hattin The lion heart Famous Christian ruler was the king of England, made several attemptsto capture jerusalem and defeated saladin in some battles but was never able to regain the control of holy city, in the end signed a peace treaty with saladin with that saw muslims retain control of jerusalem
- Increase in trade As a result of mass mobilization of troops, trade between different parts of the world stimulated. l Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire As a result of crusades, Byzantine Empire got weaker which was considered to be the power house of Christians. Developing of banking techniques To provide for the necessities of such huge military forces, large sum of money were requird to be transfreed from one location to another, which evetually lead to the development of banking techniques Jerusalem was in Moslem hands Despite so many invasions and battles, at the end of crusades, Jerusalem was in muslim hands, Popes were successful to retain Christians under one flag Although christians were not on the better side at the end of crusades , popes were pretty much succesfful in gathering and then retaining the christians under one flag in the name of crusades The Muslims were victorious but weakened Muslims emerged as champions but due to continuous engagement in war they were weak economically.
- WHY civilizations expand With passage of time civilizations tend to achieve complexity and stable civilizations then to expand in order to retain their identity, for the achievement of heir objectives and to avoid being eaten up by other civilizations. Indian civilizations Old indian civilizaion was very much known for their imressive standard of living, which were very rare in those times. Religion ie buddhism played a vital role in expansion of indian civilization Egyptian civilization Was establshed across the river nile, known for tehir own ways of writing, hallmark of egyptian civilization was their very rich rulers known as pharoahs Egyptian civilization aslo expanded through trade
- Ancient greek civilization For greeks agriculture was the main occupation and their expansion was manily focused through trade and making colonies Roman Civilzations Roman was a very prominent ancient civilization, hallmark of roman civilization was the establishment of republic and senate that controlled the state, romans expanded through biulding roads and water systems. Also romans expanded through awarding the people with citizenship whom thy capture
- Is war on terror another course towards clash of civilizations :- To me it is not, following are the factors that mitigate the fact that war on terror can lead to any clash Islamic countries are part of the War on Terror It is well known fact that islamic countries such as saudia pakistan and turkey are close allies of US in war on terror despite belonging to different civilizations Cooperation between west and Muslims have increased Actually after war on terror, cooperation among west countirs and muslims all levels has increased Terrorism cannot be linked to any religion It is a universal truth that terrorism can not be linked to any religion, and is now accepted at all levels of international politics. Most Islamic groups don’t aspire to the jihads as defined by militants And the definition of miltants jihad have been disowned by all sects Clash is more within islam itself If we see critically nowadays muslims countries are more at war, within each other , like syria and saudia and iran
- War on terror has caused huge implications on the counties who are a part of it INCREASE IN FINANCIAL MILITARY ASSISTANCE USA has increased the military assistance to the countiries who r fighting the war against terrorism ELIMINATION OF ARM SANCTIONS After the incident of 9/11 arm restrictions were lifted from the countries who decide to help us in this war AFFECT ON GDP’S And most commonly gdp have been adversly affected by the terrorism badly affecting the business activities in these countries, according to a rough estimate Pakistan had lost $67.29 billion of gdp due to terrorism EXPENDITURE ON LAW AND ORDER Countries who are participating in war against terrorism are forced to make extra expenditure to control law and order situation in their states.
- Political implications of war on terror are as follows Prototyping of all rebellious groups After the war on terror all rebel groups are now being portrayed as terrorist, beside the fact that many of them such as kashmiri mujahedeen ans hammas are fighting against the illegal occupation of their land. Direct military involment Super powers get direclty involved in military matters of the countires that are directly affected by terrorism
- Political implications of war on terror are as follows Prototyping of all rebellious groups After the war on terror all rebel groups are now being portrayed as terrorist, beside the fact that many of them such as kashmiri mujahedeen ans hammas are fighting against the illegal occupation of their land. Direct military involment Super powers get direclty involved in military matters of the countires that are directly affected by terrorism
- Political implications of war on terror are as follows Prototyping of all rebellious groups After the war on terror all rebel groups are now being pportrayed as terrorist, beside the fact that many of them such as kashmiri mujhaideen ans hammas are fighting against the illegal ouccpation of their land. Direct military involment Super powers get direclty involved in military matters of the countires that deemed to be afftected by terrorist
- West vs the rest conflict of interest arise when western countries try to exploit the others for their own good , impose their decisions forcefully Attempt to balance the west Muslim coutires must try to balance the west in terms of unity, economy and wealth if they wish to avoid the victims of their double standards Religious hatred surmounted As a result of war on terror religious hatred has surmounted to a level where it was never before An important factor in all political decisions War on terror is an imporatant factor for people in determining their political affiliations, Appraisal of the governments and the states It is such an important issue that performace of govts is judged on how effiecintly they have dealt with terrorism .
- It is well understood that conflict in modern times is more about to gain control of resources rather than a clash of civilizations, and Muslims world is required to solve the issue within themselves before determining any course of action towards the west.
- Gentlemen, with this I conclude my presentation.
- Gentlemen, with this I conclude my presentation.