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fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds
rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fo"k; esa fu"ifÙk dh rqyukRed
vofLFkfr dh tk¡p% ,d vè;;u
ij
‘kks/k izfrosnu
f’k{kk ladk;
vk;ZHkê Kku fo’ofo|ky;
iVuk
izkIrdÙkkZ% tekdÙkkZ%
Qk+nj ¼MkW-½ ,UFkuh jkt] ,l- ts- lqjs’k dqekj
lg&izk/;kid] ih,p-Mh- ‘kks/kkFkhZ]
lar tsfo;lZ f’k{kk egkfo|ky;] vk;ZHkê Kku fo’ofo|ky;]
nh?kk ?kkV] iVuk ehBkiqj] iVuk
fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds
rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fo"k; esa fu"ifÙk dh rqyukRed
vofLFkfr dh tk¡p% ,d vè;;u
lqjs’k dqekj
ex/k fo'ofo|ky;] cks/kx;k ds f'k{kk LukrdksÙkj
,e ,M- mikf/k dh vkaf'kd iwfrZ gsrq çLrqr
y?kq 'kks/k&çca/k
2012
fo‛k;&lwph
Ø0 la0% i`0 la0
1- vkjs[kksa ,oa rkfydkvksa dh lwph & ii
2- ‘kks/k&lkj & iii
3- izLrkouk ,oa laizR;kRed :ijs[kk & 1
v/;;u dk ewyk/kkj & 2
leL;k dFku & 2
‘kwU; ifjdYiuk,¡ & 3
lacaf/kr lkfgR; dh leh{kk & 4
4- vuqla/kku&fof/k & 5
vfHkdYi & 5
lef‛V & 5
izfrn’kZ & 5
vfHkdj.k & 5
iznÙk ladyu & 5
5- ifj.kke & 6&11
6- foospuk & 12&13
7- fu‛d‛kZ & 13
8- laLrqfr;k¡ & 13
9- lanHkZ&lwph & 14&15
i
vkjs[kksa ,oa rkfydkvksa dh lwph
vk0 la0% i`0 la0
1- fo|ky;okj Áfrn’kZ vkdkj & 5
2- rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk
çkIrkadksa dk vkSlr forj.k & 6
rk0 la0
1- fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds
rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ds varj ds çlj.k fo’ys‛k.k dk lkj& 6
2- fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksa ds
rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ds varj ds çlj.k fo’ys‛k.k dk lkj& 7
3- fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds
rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ds varj ds çlj.k fo’ys‛k.k dk lkj& 7
4- uoe~ oxZ ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk
ds varj dk Vh&vuqikr lkj & 8
5- fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds Hkwxksy
fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds varj ds çlj.k fo’ys‛k.k dk lkj & 8
6- fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksaa ds Hkwxksy
fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds varj ds çlj.k fo’ys‛k.k dk lkj & 9
7- fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds Hkwxksy
fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds varj ds çlj.k fo’ys‛k.k dk lkj & 9
8- uoe~ oxZ ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds
varj dk Vh&vuqikr lkj & 10
9- 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk vkSj Hkwxksy
fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds lg&laca/k xq.kkad ewY; dk lkj & 10
10- 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk vkSj Hkwxksy
fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds lg&laca/k xq.kkad ewY; dk lkj & 11
11- 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk vkSj Hkwxksy
fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds lg&laca/k xq.kkad ewY; dk lkj & 11
ii
‘kks/k&lkj
bl v/;;u dk mís’; fofHkUu izdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds
rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fo‛k; esa mudh fu‛ifÙk dh rqyukRed tk¡p djuk FkkA losZ{k.k
vuqla/kku ds varxZr vkdfLed izfrn’kZu fof/k ls pqus x, 200 izfrn’kksZa ls ‘kks/kdÙkkZ us
LofufeZr o çek.khd`r Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk ijh{k.k ifji= rFkk lk/kuk HkVukxj ds ekud rkfdZd
;ksX;rk ijh{k.k çi= dk ç;ksx fd;kA laxzfgr çnÙkksa ds fo’ys‛k.k ,oa ‘kwU; ifjdYiukvksa ds
ijh{k.kksijkar vuqla/kk;d us ik;k fd fo|ky; ds çdkj dk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa
Hkwxksy fo‛k; esa mudh fu‛ifÙk ij lkFkZd çHkko iM+kA lqfo/kkiw.kZ fe’kujh fo|ky; ds
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fo‛k; esa mudh fu‛ifÙk lcls Js‛B Fkh] ogha futh
fo|ky; ds cfuLir~ jktdh; fo|ky; ds fo|kFkhZ rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa Js‛B Fks] ij mudh
fu‛ifÙk fuEu FkhA rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fo‛k; esa fu‛ifÙk ij fyaxh; çHkko Hkh iM+k FkkA
çk;% lHkh çdkj ds fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fo‛k; esa mudh
fu‛ifÙk esa varj Fkk vkSj blesa Nk= Js‛B FksA Nk=kvksa dh fu‛ifÙk Lrj ij fo|ky; ds çdkj
dk dksbZ lkFkZd çHkko ns[kus dks ugha feykA tgk¡ rd rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fo‛k; esa
fu‛ifÙk ds lacaa/k dh ckr gS rks bu nksuksa esa lkdkjkRed laca/k çkIr gqvk vFkkZr~ mPp rkfdZd
;ksX;rk okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa mPp fu‛ifÙk FkhA
iii
ÁLrkouk ,oa laçR;kRed :ijs[kk
euq‛; dks bZ’oj dh loksZR—‚V ,oa vuqie —fr ekuk tkrk gSA vc ç’u ;g mBrk
gS-----fd bl l`f‛V esa fo|eku lkjs tho/kkfj;ksa esa euq‛; gh loksZR—‚V o vuqie D;ksa gS
mÙkj Li‛V gS-----D;ksafd euq‛; vU; tho/kkfj;ksa dh rqyuk esa dbZ KkukRed ;ksX;rkvksa ls
lEiUu ekuk tkrk gSA og rdZiw.kZ fparu dj ldrk gS] ftEesnkjhiw.kZ fØ;k dj ldrk gS ,oa
Hksn dj ldrk gS] le> ldrk gS rFkk ifjfLFkfruqlkj O;ogkj o lek;kstu dj ldrk gSA
;gh fo’ks‛krk,¡ euq‛; dks vU; tho/kkfj;ksa ls vyx o foosd’khy çk.kh cukrh gSaA euq‛; dh
ewyHkwr vko’;drk,¡ Hkkstu] oL= ,oa vkokl gSaA budh iwfrZ ds fy, og ç—fr esa vius
pkjksa vksj fLFkr oLrqvksa dk fo’ys‛k.k dj lek;kstu dh fLFkfr mRiUu djrk jgrk gS vkSj
fo’o dks vius thou ds lgtrk ds vuqdwy cukrk jgrk gSA
ij mi;qZDr ;ksX;rkvksa ds ewy esa euq‛; esa fufgr f’k{kk gksrh gS tks mlds
fo’ys‛k.kkRed efLr‛d ds fodkl esa lgk;d gksrh gSA varjkZ‛Vªh; f’k{kk vk;ksx ds vuqlkj
f’k{kk O;fDr o leqnk; nksuksa dk ân; gSA bldk y{; gS fcuk fdlh Hksn ds O;fDr dh
;ksX;rkvksa] {kerkvksa rFkk l`tukRedrk dk laiw.kZ fodkl] O;fDr ds Lo&thou o O;fDrxr
mís’;ksa dh çkfIr ds fy, djukA¼MsDykslZ]1996]i`-la-19½-O;fDr dks vf/kd Lok;Ùkrk] fu.kZ;
vkSj O;fDrxr ftEesnkjh ds lkFk Øec)rk ls fdlh dk;Z dks djus rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls
l{kerk ls lek;kstu ds fy, rdZ dh {kerk dk gksuk vko’;d gSA f’k{kk gh euq‛; dks
rdZiw.kZ fparu ds ;ksX; cukrh gSA bl laKkukRed {kerk dk fodkl fofHkUu fo‛k;ksa ds
v/;;u ls gksrk gSA Hkwxksy fo‛k; rdZ ds fodkl esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS D;ksafd blesa
fdlh ifj?kVuk ds ?kfVr gksus ls lacaf/kr] D;ksa vkSj dSls dk mÙkj <w¡<k tkrk gS rFkk mlds
çHkko dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA blesa rqyukRed v/;;u ij fo’ks‛k cy fn;k tkrk gS] tks
rdZ&’kfDr fodflr djrk gSA ;g Hkwxksy f’k{k.k dk mís’; Hkh gSA rdZ dh {kerk tUe ls gh
gksrh gS ij lHkh esa ;g leku ugha gksrh gSA f’k{kk blesa ;Fkksfpr ifjo/kZu dj ldrh gSA
euq‛; fuR;&çfrfnu vkSipkfjd ;k vukSipkfjd :i ls Kku vftZr djrk jgrk gSA
1
O;fDr us {ks= fo’ks‛k esa fdruh n{krk gkfly dh gS] ogh mldh fu‛ifÙk dgh tkrh gSA ;fn
f’k{kk ds {ks= esa ;g fu‛ifÙk gks] rks ;g ‘kSf{kd fu‛ifÙk dgykrh gSA O;fDr dh rkfdZd ;ksX;rk
ls mldh fu‛ifÙk çHkkfor gksrh gS D;ksafd ftlesa rkfdZd ;ksX;rk vf/kd gksrh gS og fdlh
leL;k dks tYnh lqy>k ysrk gS vkSj tks ‘kh?kzrk ls leL;k lqy>k;sxk mldk fu‛ifÙk Lrj
LokHkkfod :i ls mPp gksuk pkfg,A ij ;g O;fDr ds fo‛k; fo’ks‛k esa :fp ls çHkkfor gksrk
gSA dksbZ foKku fo‛k; esa mPp fu‛ifÙk Lrj j[krk gS] rks dksbZ dyk fo‛k;ksa esaA
çLrqr v/;;u blh dh iM+rky djrk gS fd D;k fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk vkSj
Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa dksbZ laca/k gS ;k ugha D;k rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ds Lrj ls fu‛ifÙk çHkkfor
gksrh gS ;fn gk¡] rks ;g fdl gn rd çHkkfor gksrh gSA D;k fo|ky; ds izdkj ,oa fyax dk
fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa fu‛ifÙk Lrj ij çHkko iM+rk gS
v/;;u dk ewyk/kkj%
ek/;fed Lrj dk v/;;udky fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ;g og le; gksrk gS tc mudh
ekufld {kerk vf/kd fodflr gks jgh gksrh gSA os bl le; rdZ] fparu ,oa rqyuk }kjk
vf/kd lh[kus yxrs gSaA Hkwxksy fo‛k; bu lHkh {kerkvksa ds fodkl esa lgk;d gSA rkfdZd
fo‛k; gksus ds dkj.k Hkwxksy fdlh HkkSfrd ?kVuk ds dc] D;ksa ,oa dSls  dh [kkst djrk gSA
;g fdlh ?kVuk ds dkj.k&izHkkoksa ds voyksdu] o.kZu ,oa fo’ys‛k.k ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa rdZ’kfDr]
vkykspukRed fparu’kfDr vkfn dk fodkl djrk gSA vr% ek/;fed Lrj ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa
mi;qDr HkkSxksfyd v/;;u }kjk mijksDr {kerkvksa dk fodkl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A tSlk fd
v/;;uksa esa ik;k x;k gS fd futh ,oa fe’kujh fo|ky;ksa esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa
fu‛ifÙk dk Lrj ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa ls lkekU;r;k mPp gSA vr% ;g vko’;d gS fd bl
varj ds dkj.kksa dks tkuk tk, ,oa mi;qDr igy }kjk bls de fd;k tk,A
leL;k dFku%
^^fofHkUu izdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ¼jktdh;] fe’kujh o futh½ ds 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds
rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fo"k; esa fu"ifÙk dh rqyukRed tk¡p djuk** FkkA
2
‘kwU; ifjdYiuk,¡%
‘kks/kdÙkkZ us ijh{k.kkFkZ fuEu ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk,¡ fufeZr dh Fkh%
1- fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa lkFkZd
varj ugha gSA
2- fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksaa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esaZ lkFkZd varj
ugha gSA
3- fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa lkFkZd varj
ugha gSA
4- 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA
5- fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds Hkwxksy ds fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa
lkFkZd varj ugha gSA
6- fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksa ds Hkwxksy ds fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa lkFkZd
varj ugha gSA
7- fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds Hkwxksy ds fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa
lkFkZd varj ugha gSA
8- 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds Hkwxksy ds fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA
9- 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy ds fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds e/; lkFkZd
laca/k ugha gSA
10- 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk o Hkwxksy ds fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds e/; lkFkZd laca/k
ugha gSA
11- 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk o Hkwxksy ds fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds e/; lkFkZd
laca/k ugha gSA
3
lacaf/kr lkfgR; dh leh{kk
‘kks/kdÙkkZ us rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa fu‛ifÙk ls lacaf/kr 21 lkfgR;ksa dh leh{kk dh FkhA
lkgk] ,l- ¼2007½ us xf.kr ds lanHkZ esa vf/kfo|h; fu‛ifÙk rFkk laKkukRed ‘kSyh ,oa
xf.kr ds Áfr vfHko`fÙk esa laca/k ds v/;;u esa xf.kr ds Áfr vuqdwy vfHko`fÙk okys
fo|kfFkZ;ksaa dk fu‛ifÙk Lrj mPp ik;k] tks Nk=kvksa esa fuEu FkkA nkfpZaxiqbZ ¼1989½ us
vkbt+ksy ds ek/;fed fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh foKku esa fu‛ifÙk] oSKkfud vfHko`fÙk ,oa
leL;k lek/kku {kerk ds v/;;u esa foKku fu‛ifÙk] oSKkfud vfHko`fÙk] leL;k lek/kku
{kerk rFkk fyax esa lkFkZd laca/k ik;kA lkFk gh mPp lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr] ikfjokfjd
lqfo/kk,¡ vkSj fo|ky; ds izdkj dk bl ij lkdkjkRed izHkko iM+rk ik;kA dknj ¼1992½ us
fo|ky;h fu‛ifÙk ij futh ,oa ifCyd fo|ky;ksa ds çHkkfork esa varj ds fo’ys‛k.k esa mPp
lkekftd Js.kh ds Nk= fuEu lkekftd Js.kh ds Nk=ksa ls vf/kd vf/kfo|h; mUeq[k ik;k rFkk
mudh fu‛ifÙk Hkh mPp FkhA futh fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh fu‛ifÙk mPp FkhA
osysfunst] ,u- ¼1997½ us vkSipkfjd rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa fo|ky;h fu‛ifÙk ds
v/;;u esa Nk=kvksa dk fu‛ifÙk Lrj] Nk=ksa ls m¡pk ik;k] ij rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa ;s Nk=ksa ls
ihNs FkhaA ;g Hkh ik;k fd rkfdZd ;ksX;rk dk Lrj] fu‛ifÙk Lrj dh Hkfo‛;ok.kh esa enn
djrk gSA jhM] ts- ,p- ¼1998½ us lkeqnkf;d egkfo|ky; ds bfrgkl dkslZ esa ÁkFkfed
L=ksr vfHkys[kksa ds fo’ys‛k.k ,oa O;k[;k] fookniw.kZ rdZ] vkykspukRed fparu dh izd`fr ,oa
fo‛k;&oLrq fu‛ifÙk ij vkykspukRed fparu ds ,d Áfreku ds ÁHkko ds v/;;u esa ik;k fd
Áfreku ds fØ;kUo;u ls bfrgkl fo‛k; ds l=&Kku o fu‛ifÙk dks gkfu ugha gqbZ] oju~
bt+kQk gh gqvkA fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds vkykspukRed fparu ds fodkl ,oa bfrgkl fu‛ifÙk ij vk;q
rFkk fyax dk lkFkZd ÁHkko ugha FkkA rsyk] ,- rsyk] ,- vfndk] ,y- vks- ,oa Vks;kscks] ,e-
vks- ¼2008½ us tukadhdh; pjksa ,oa Nk=ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa laca/k ds v/;;u esa vk;q]
oxZ rFkk fyax dk Nk=ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ij lkFkZd ÁHkko ik;kA mPp vk;q oxZ ds Nk=ksa esa
rkfdZd ;ksX;rk dk Lrj mPp FkkA ;g rF; Hkh lkeus vk;k fd tukadhdh; pjksa ds vk/kkj
ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk dh Hkfo‛;ok.kh ugha dh tk ldrh gSA
4
vuqla/kku fof/k
¼d½ vfHkdYi%
p;fur leL;k ds v/;;u gsrq ‘kks/kdÙkkZ us losZ{k.k&fof/k dk p;u fd;k FkkA
¼[k½ lef‛V%
iVuk ,oa eqt+Q~Qjiqj ds ljdkjh] fe’kujh ,oa futh ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk
ds leLr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks tula[;k ;k lef‛V ds :i esa p;fur fd;k x;k FkkA
¼x½ çfrn’kZ%
vkdfLed Áfrn’kZu Áfof/k }kjk iVuk ds 1 fe’kujh] 1 ljdkjh ,oa 1 futh fo|ky;
rFkk eqt+Q~Qjiqj ds 1 ljdkjh fo|ky; ds 9oha d{kk ds 200 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks pquk x;k FkkA
vkjs[k la[;k&1
fo|ky;okj Áfrn’kZ vkdkj
¼?k½ vfHkdj.k%
çnÙkksa ds ladyu LofufeZr o çek.khd`r Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk ijh{k.k ifji= rFkk lk/kuk
HkVukxj }kjk çekihd`r ekud rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ijh{k.k çi= dk iz’kklu dj fd;k x;kA
¼M-½ çnÙk fo’ys‛k.k%
laxzfgr çnÙkksa dh lkaf[;dh; tk¡p ,oa fo’ys‛k.k ek/;] ekud fopyu] xq.ku&vk?kw.kZ
lg&laca/k] Vh&ijh{k.k ,oa ,Q&ijh{k.k }kjk dh xbZA çnÙkksa ds xfr ,oa ifj’kq)rk ls
ifjdyu gsrq vk/kqfud ifjdyu ;a=ksa ;Fkk( lax.kd ¼ekbØkslkW¶V ,Dlsy] ,l- ih- ,l- ,l-
lkW¶Vos;jksa½] dSydqysVj vkfn dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA blls çkIr ifj.kkeksa ds vk/kkj ij
dfYir ifjdYiukvksa ds lkFkZdrk dh tk¡p dh xbZA
5
ifj.kke
çLrqr v/;;u mís’;ksa ds vkyksd esa ifj.kkeksa dks ‘kwU; ifjdYiukvksa ds ijh{k.k
ifj.kke] rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds vkSlr çkIrkad ds lkjHkwr izLrqr fd;k x;k FkkA
vkjs[k la[;k&1
rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk çkIrkadksa dk vkSlr forj.k
vkjs[k ls Li‛V gS fd rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa fu‛ifÙk ijh{k.k ds vkSlr çkfIr esa fo|ky;
ds vk/kkj ij dkQh varj FkkA fe’kujh fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksas dh vkSlr rkfdZd ;ksX;rk çkfIr
lokZf/kd 22.56 jgh] tcfd jktdh; fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vkSlr çkfIr 15.98 FkhA ogha
futh fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vkSlr çkfIr lcls de 13.96 jghA fo|ky; ds vk/kkj ij
fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk çkIrkadksa esa Hkh varj ik;k x;k vkSj blesa Hkh fe’kujh fo|ky; ds
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vkSlr çkfIr lokZf/kd 33.54 FkhA futh fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vkSlr çkfIr
26.86] tcfd jktdh; fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vkSlr çkfIr lcls de 22.01 gh FkhA
‘kwU; ifjdYiuk la[;k&1% fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds uoe~ oxZ ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd
;ksX;rk esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA
Rkkfydk la[;k&1
fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ds varj ds çlj.k
fo’ys‛k.k dk lkj
çlj.k L=ksr
S
oxksZa dk
;ksx SS
Lora=rk
dksfV df
ek/;eku oxZ
Álj.k MSV
ifjdfyr
F eku
lkFkZdrk
¼ 1 Lrj ij½
Ckkg~; Álj.k&oxZ 2052.70 2 1026.35
55.37 lkFkZd gS
vkarfjd Álj.k&oxZ 3651.69 197 18.54
0.01lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 2, 197 Lora=rk dksfV ds fy;s rkfydk ewY;= 6.76
mijksDr rkfydk ls Li‛V gS fd ‘kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk ifjdfyr çlj.k ewY; 55.37 gS] tks
6
rkfydk ewY; 6.76 ls vf/kd gSA vr% ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohÑr dh xbZA vFkkZr~ fofHkUu çdkj
ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa lkFkZd varj FkkA bl varj dh
lkFkZdrk dh tk¡p gsrq cuk;h x;h mi&’kwU; ifjdYiukvksa ds ijh{k.k esa varj dh iqf‛V gqbA
‘kwU; ifjdYiuk la[;k&2% fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksaa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk
esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA
Rkkfydk la[;k &2
fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ds varj ds çlj.k
fo’ys‛k.k dk lkj
çlj.k L=ksr
S
oxksZa dk
;ksx SS
Lora=rk
dksfV df
ek/;eku oxZ
Álj.k MSV
ifjdfyr
F eku
lkFkZdrk
¼ 1 Lrj ij½
ckg~; Álj.k&oxZ 1240.23 2 620.11
33.79 lkFkZd gS
vkarfjd Álj.k&oxZ 2037.39 111 18.34
0.01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 2, 111 Lora=rk dksfV ds fy;s rkfydk ewY;= 6.87
mijksDr rkfydk ls Li‛V gS fd ‘kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk ifjdfyr çlj.k ewY; 33.79 gS] tks
rkfydk ewY; 6.87 ls vf/kd gSA vr% ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohÑr dh xbZ gSA vFkkZr~ fofHkUu
çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa lkFkZd varj gSA bl varj dh
lkFkZdrk dh tk¡p gsrq cuk;h x;h mi&’kwU; ifjdYiukvksa ds ijh{k.k esa varj dh iqf‛V gqbZA
‘kwU; ifjdYiuk la[;k&3% fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds rkfdZd
;ksX;rk esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA
Rkkfydk la[;k&3
fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ds varj ds çlj.k
fo’ys‛k.k dk lkj
çlj.k L=ksr
S
oxksZa dk
;ksx SS
Lora=rk
dksfV df
ek/;eku oxZ
Álj.k MSV
ifjdfyr
F eku
lkFkZdrk
¼ 1 Lrj ij½
Ckkg~; Álj.k&oxZ 818.55 2 409.28
22.93 lkFkZd gS
vkarfjd Álj.k&oxZ 1481.77 83 17.85
0.01lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 2, 83 Lora=rk dksfV ds fy;s rkfydk ewY;= 6.97
mijksDr rkfydk ls Li‛V gS fd ‘kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk ifjdfyr çlj.k ewY; 22.93 gS] tks
rkfydk ewY; 6.97 ls vf/kd gSA vr% ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohÑr dh xbZ gSA vFkkZr~ fofHkUu
7
çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa lkFkZd varj gSA varj dh
bl lkFkZdrk dh tk¡p ds fy;s mi&’kwU; ifjdYiuk,¡ cuk;h x;h Fkha vkSj rhuksa lewgksa ds
ikjLifjd varj ds Vh&vuqikr dk ifjdyu fd;k x;k] ftlesa varj dh iqf‛V gqbZA
‘kwU; ifjdYiuk la[;k&4% 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj
ugha gSA
Rkkfydk la[;k&4
uoe~ oxZ ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ds varj dk Vh&vuqikr lkj
fyax dqyko`fÙk
N
ek/;
M
ekud fopyu
SD
ifjdfyr
t eku
lkFkZdrk
(0.05 Lrj ij)
Nk= 114 17.75 5.39
2.13 lkFkZd gS
Nk=k 86 16.14 5.20
0.05 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 198 Lora=rk dksfV ds fy;s rkfydk ewY;= 1.97
mijksDr rkfydk ls Li‛V gS fd ‘kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk ifjdfyr Vh&vuqikr 2.13 gS] tks
rkfydk ewY; 1.97 ls vf/kd gSA vr% mi&’kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohÑr dh xbZ gSA vFkkZr~ 9oha
d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa lkFkZd varj ik;k x;k FkkA
‘kwU; ifjdYiuk la[;k&5% fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds Hkwxksy
fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA
Rkkfydk la[;k&5
fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds varj ds
çlj.k fo’ys‛k.k dk lkj
çlj.k L=ksr
S
oxksZa dk
;ksx SS
Lora=rk
dksfV df
ek/;eku oxZ
Álj.k MSV
ifjdfyr
F eku
lkFkZdrk
¼ 1 Lrj ij½
Ckkg~; Álj.k&oxZ 4391.05 2 2195.53
28.59 lkFkZd gS
vkarfjd Álj.k&oxZ 15130.93 197 76.81
0.01lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 2, 197 Lora=rk dksfV ds fy;s rkfydk ewY;= 6.76
mijksDr rkfydk ls Li‛V gS fd ‘kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk ifjdfyr çlj.k ewY; 28.59 gS] tks
rkfydk ewY; 6.76 ls vf/kd gSA vr% ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohÑr dh xbZ gSA vFkkZr~ fofHkUu
çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa lkFkZd varj FkkA
8
varj dh bl lkFkZdrk dh tk¡p ds fy;s mi&’kwU; ifjdYiuk,¡ cuk;h x;h Fkh vkSj rhuksa
lewgksa ds ikjLifjd varj ds Vh&vuqikr dk ifjdyu fd;k Fkk] ftlesa varj dh iqf‛V gqbZA
‘kwU; ifjdYiuk la[;k&6% fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk
Lrj esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA
Rkkfydk la[;k&6
fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksaa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds varj ds çlj.k
fo’ys‛k.k dk lkj
çlj.k L=ksr
S
oxksZa dk
;ksx SS
Lora=rk
dksfV df
ek/;eku oxZ
Álj.k MSV
ifjdfyr
F eku
lkFkZdrk
¼ 1 Lrj ij½
Ckkg~; Álj.k&oxZ 4138.00 2 2069.00
28.65 lkFkZd gS
vkarfjd Álj.k&oxZ 8016.07 111 72.22
0.01lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 2, 111 Lora=rk dksfV ds fy;s rkfydk ewY;= 6.87
mijksDr rkfydk ls Li‛V gS fd ‘kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk ifjdfyr çlj.k ewY; 28.65 gS] tks
rkfydk ewY; 6.87 ls vf/kd gSA vr% ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohÑr dh xbZ gSA vFkkZr~ fofHkUu
çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa lkFkZd varj FkkA varj
dh bl lkFkZdrk dh tk¡p gsrq mi&’kwU; ifjdYiuk,¡ cuk;h x;h Fkh vkSj rhuksa lewgksa ds
ikjLifjd varj ds Vh&vuqikr dk ifjdyu fd;k x;k] ftlesa varj dh iqf‛V gqbZA
‘kwU; ifjdYiuk la[;k&7% fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds Hkwxksy
fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA
Rkkfydk la[;k&7
fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds varj ds
çlj.k fo’ys‛k.k dk lkj
çlj.k L=ksr
S
oxksZa dk
;ksx SS
Lora=rk
dksfV df
ek/;eku oxZ
Álj.k MSV
ifjdfyr
F eku
lkFkZdrk
¼ 1 Lrj ij½
Ckkg~; Álj.k&oxZ 449.48 2 224.74
2.98 lkFkZd ugha gS
vkarfjd Álj.k&oxZ 6263.77 83 75.47
0.01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 2, 83 Lora=rk dksfV ds fy;s rkfydk ewY;= 6.97
mijksDr rkfydk ls Li‛V gS fd ‘kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk ifjdfyr çlj.k ewY; 2.98 gS] tks
rkfydk ewY; 6.87 ls de gSA vr% ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk LohÑr dh xbZ gSA vFkkZr~ fofHkUu çdkj
ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha FkkA
9
‘kwU; ifjdYiuk la[;k&8% uoe~ oxZ ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa dksbZ
lkFkZd varj ugha gSA
Rkkfydk la[;k&8
uoe~ oxZ ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds varj dk Vh&vuqikr lkj
fyax dqyko`fÙk
N
ek/;
M
ekud fopyu
SD
ifjdfyr
t eku
lkFkZdrk
(0.05 Lrj ij)
Nk= 114 27.56 10.37
2.68 lkFkZd gS
Nk=k 86 23.91 8.89
0.01lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 198 Lora=rk dksfV ds fy;s rkfydk ewY;= 2.60
mijksDr rkfydk ls Li‛V gS fd ‘kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk ifjdfyr Vh&vuqikr 2.68 gS] tks
rkfydk ewY; 2.61 ls vf/kd gSA vr% mi&’kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohÑr dh xbZ gSA vFkkZr~ 9oha
d{kk ds Nk=ksa ,oa Nk=kvksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa lkFkZd varj ik;k x;k FkkA
‘kwU; ifjdYiuk la[;k&9% 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj
ds e/; dksbZ lkFkZd laca/k ugha gSA
Rkkfydk la[;k&9
9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk vkSj Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds lg&laca/k xq.kkad ewY;
dk lkj
fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dh la[;k
(N)
rkfdZd ;ksX;rk
ds çkIrkadksa dk
;ksx (X)
Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk
ds çkIrkadksa
dk ;ksx (Y)
rkfdZd ;ksX;rk
çkIrkad × fu‛ifÙk
çkIrkad (XY)
∑ ∑
lglaca/k
xq.kkad
eku (r)
lkFkZdrk
(0.01Lrj
ij)
200 3411 5198 93646 63879 154618 0.473 lkFkZd gS
0.01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 198 Lora=rk dksfV ds fy;s rkfydk ewY;= 0.181
mijksDr rkfydk ls Li‛V gS fd ‘kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk ifjdfyr lg&laca/k xq.kkad eku
0.473 gS] tks rkfydk ewY; 0.181 ls vf/kd gSA vr% ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohÑr dh xbZ gSA
vFkkZr~ 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds e/; lkFkZd
laca/k FkkA
10
‘kwU; ifjdYiuk la[;k&10% 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk vkSj Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds
e/; dksbZ lkFkZd laca/k ugha gSA
Rkkfydk la[;k&10
9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk vkSj Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds e/; lg&laca/k xq.kkad ewY;
dk lkj
fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dh la[;k
(N)
rkfdZd ;ksX;rk
ds çkIrkadksa dk
;ksx (X)
Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk
ds çkIrkadksa
dk ;ksx (Y)
rkfdZd ;ksX;rk
çkIrkad × fu‛ifÙk
çkIrkad (XY)
∑ ∑
lglaca/k
xq.kkad
eku (r)
lkFkZdrk
(0.01 Lrj
ij)
114 2023 3142 58459 39177 98752 0.428 lkFkZd gS
0.01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 112 Lora=rk dksfV ds fy;s rkfydk ewY;= 0.240
rkfydk ls Li‛V gS fd ‘kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk ifjdfyr lg&laca/k xq.kkad eku 0.428 gS] tks
rkfydk ewY; 0.240 ls vf/kd gSA vr% ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohÑr dh xbZ gSA vFkkZr~ 9oha
d{kk ds Nk=ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds e/; lkFkZd laca/k ik;k x;kA
‘kwU; ifjdYiuk la[;k&11% 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk vkSj Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj
ds e/; dksbZ lkFkZd laca/k ugha gSA
Rkkfydk la[;k&11
9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk vkSj Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds e/; laca/k&xq.kkad ewY;
dk lkj
fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dh la[;k
(N)
rkfdZd ;ksX;rk
ds çkIrkadksa dk
;ksx (X)
Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk
ds çkIrkadksa
dk ;ksx (Y)
rkfdZd ;ksX;rk
çkIrkad × fu‛ifÙk
çkIrkad (XY)
∑ ∑
lglaca/k
xq.kkad
eku (r)
lkFkZdrk
(0.01 Lrj
ij)
86 1388 2056 35187 24702 55866 0.510 lkFkZd gS
0.01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 84 Lora=rk dksfV ds fy;s rkfydk ewY;= .275
rkfydk ls Li‛V gS fd ‘kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk ifjdfyr lg&laca/k xq.kkad eku 0.510 gS] tks
rkfydk ewY; 0.275 ls vf/kd gSA vr% ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohÑr dh xbZ gSA vFkkZr~ 9oha
d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds e/; lkFkZd laca/k ik;k x;kA
11
foospuk
v/;;uksijkar ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk&1] 2] 3 ,oa 4 ds ijh{k.k esa 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa
ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa lkFkZd varj ik;k x;k vkSj bl ij fo|ky; ds çdkj o fyax dk
lkFkZd çHkko iM+kA mi&’kwU; ifjdYiukvksa ls Hkh bl ckr dh iqf‛V gqbZ FkhA bldk fo|ky;ksa
esa feyus okyh lqfo/kk,¡] f’k{kd dh ;ksX;rk ,oa vf/kxe fof/k ds ç;ksx esa fofo/krk gks ldrh
gSA fe’kujh fo|ky;ksa esa ;s lqfo/kk;as vf/kd gksrh gSa rFkk Nk= [kkst] okn&fookn vkfn rkfdZd
fo‛k;ksa esa Nk=kvksa dh vis{kk vf/kd :fp j[krs gSaA lkFk gh Nk=ksa dks Nk=kvksa dh vis{kk
v/;;u ds fy;s vf/kd le; feyrk gS] ftldk çHkko ifj.kke ij fn[kkA rsyk] ,- rsyk] ,-
vfndk] ,y- vks- ,oa Vks;kscks] ,e- vks- ¼2008½ ds tukadhdh; pjksa rFkk Nk=ksa ds rkfdZd
;ksX;rk esa laca/k ds v/;;u ls Hkh bl ckr dh iqf‛V gksrh gSA
‘kwU; ifjdYiuk&5] 6 ,oa 8 ds ijh{k.k esa 9oha d{kk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk
Lrj esa lkFkZd varj ik;k x;k vkSj bl ij fo|ky; ds çdkj dk lkFkZd izHkko fn[kkA bldk
dkj.k fe’kujh fo|ky;ksa esa jktdh; ,oa futh fo|ky;ksa dh vis{kk mUur vf/kxeu ‘kSfy;ksa
dk mi;ksx fd;k tkuk] x`gdk;Z dh ck/;rk] çfrLi/kkZ ,oa lalk/kuksa dh cgqyrk dk gksuk gks
ldrk gSA c/kjh] ,u- ¼1991½ ds psaxykiÍw ‘kSf{kd ftyk ds ljdkjh mPp fo|ky;ksa esa fuEu
fu‛ifÙk ds dkj.k dh tkap ds v/;;u ls Hkh bldh iqf‛V gkssrh gS] ftlesa ik;k x;k fd Nk=ksa
esa Nk=kvksa ls mPp fu‛ifÙk Lrj FkhA ij ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk 7 ds ijh{k.k esa Nk=kvksa ds fu‛ifÙk
ij fo|ky; ds izdkj dk dksbZ lkFkZd izHkko ugha fn[kk FkkA
‘kwU; ifjdYiuk&9] 10 ,oa 11 ds ijh{k.k esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy
esa fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa lkFkZd laca/k ik;k x;k vkSj ;g lkdkjkRed :i ls lacaf/kr FkkA vr%
dgk tk ldrk gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk dk ,d&nwljs ij
çHkko iM+rk gSA ftudh rkfdZd ;ksX;rk mPp Fkh mudh fu‛ifÙk Hkh mPp ik;h xbZA laca/kksa ij
fyax dk Hkh lkFkZd izHkko Hkh ns[kus dks feykA ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk&10 ,oa 11 ds ifj.kke ls
bldh iqf‛V gqbZA ftudh rkfdZd ;ksX;rk mPp Fkh mudh fu‛ifÙk Hkh mPp ik;h xbZA ij
12
Nk=kvksa dh rkfdZd ;ksX;rk Nk=ksa ls de FkhA osysfunst] fudksyl ¼1997½ ds vkSipkfjd
rkfdZd ;ksX;rk vkSj fo|ky;h fu‛ifÙk ds v/;;u ls Hkh bl ifj.kke dh iqf‛V gqbZ] ftlesa
mUgksaus ik;k Fkk fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vkSipkfjd rkfdZd ;ksX;rk dk mudh fu‛ifÙk ij çHkko
iM+rk gSA mPp vkSipkfjd rkfdZd ;ksX;rk okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk fu‛ifÙk Lrj Hkh mPp FkkA Nk=ksa
esa ;g Js‛B FkkA bldk dkj.k ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd rkfdZd ;ksX;rk leL;k lek/kku esa
fuiq.k cukrk gS vkSj leL;k lek/kku ls fo‛k;&oLrq dh vPNh le> fodflr gksrh gS] tks
fu‛ifÙk ds Lrj dks mPp djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA
fu‛d‛kZ%
leklr% vuqla/kk;d us ik;k fd fo|ky; ds çdkj dk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk
,oa Hkwxksy fo‛k; esa mudh fu‛ifÙk ij lkFkZd çHkko iM+kA lqfo/kkiw.kZ fe’kujh fo|ky; ds
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fo‛k; esa mudh fu‛ifÙk lcls Js‛B Fkh] ogha futh
fo|ky; ds cfuLir~ jktdh; fo|ky; ds fo|kFkhZ rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa Js‛B Fks] ij mudh
fu‛ifÙk fuEu FkhA rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fo‛k; esa fu‛ifÙk ij fyaxh; çHkko Hkh iM+k FkkA
çk;% lHkh çdkj ds fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fo‛k; esa mudh
fu‛ifÙk esa varj Fkk vkSj blesa Nk= Js‛B FksA Nk=kvksa dh fu‛ifÙk Lrj ij fo|ky; ds çdkj
dk dksbZ lkFkZd çHkko ns[kus dks ugha feykA tgk¡ rd rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fo‛k; esa
fu‛ifÙk ds lacaa/k dh ckr gS rks bu nksuksa esa lkdkjkRed laca/k çkIr gqvk vFkkZr~ mPp rkfdZd
;ksX;rk okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa mPp fu‛ifÙk FkhA
laLrqfr;k¡%
1- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks pkfg, fd Hkwxksy fo‛k; ds v/;;u ij ;Fkksfpr nsa D;ksafd ;g foKku ds
fo‛k;ksa dh Hkkafr rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ds fodkl esa lgk;d gSA f’k{kd Hkh bls v|ru] uohu
v/;kiu ‘kSfy;ksa ,oa f’k{k.k lkefxz;ksa dk ç;ksx dj jkspd cukdj i<+k,¡A
2- f’k{kk foHkkx ,oa f’k{kdksa dks Hkwxksy fo‛k; ls lacaf/kr vko’;d ,oa mi;qDr vf/kxe
lalk/kuksa dh lrr~ O;oLFkk djuh pkfg,] rkfd Hkwxksy fo‛k; ds O;ogkfjdrk ds lkFk
i<+k;k tk ldsA lkFk gh rdZ ds izf’k{k.k ij Hkh /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
13
***
lanHkZ&lwph%
fdrkcsa%
vLFkkuk] ch- ¼2011½- euksfoKku ,oa f’k{kk esa ekiu ,oa ewY;kadu- vkxjk% vxzoky
ifCyds’kUl-
vLFkkuk] ch-] JhokLro] Hkh- ,oa vLFkkuk] ,u- ¼2011½- ‘kSf{kd vuqla/kku ,oa lkaf[;dh-
vkxjk% vxzoky ifCyds’kUl-
xSjsV] ,p- bZ- ¼2007½- f’k{kk vkSj euksfoKku esa lk¡f[;dh ds ç;ksx- ubZ fnYyh%
dY;k.kh ifCy’klZ-
eaxy] ,l- ds- ,oa eaxy] ;w-¼2009½] f’k{kk euksfoKku] ubZ fnYyh% ih-,p-vkbZ-
ÁkbosV fyfeVsM-
flag] ,- ds- ¼2010½- euksfoKku] lekt’kkL= rFkk f’k{kk esa ‘kks/k fof/k;k¡- fnYyh%
eksrhyky cukjlh nkl-
flag] vkj- ¼2008½- Hkwxksy f’k{k.k- vkxjk% fouksn iqLrd eafnj-
flUgk] ,p- ,l- ¼1996½- f’k{kk euksfoKku- ubZ fnYyh% vVykafVd ifCyds’ku-
Ldhuj] lh- bZ- ¼1970½- ,twds’kuy lkbdksykWth- ubZ fnYyh% ÁsafVd&gkWy vkWQ bf.M;k
ÁkbosV fyfeVsM-
jk"Vªh; ‘kks/k&lkfjdk National Abstracts
dknj] ,e- ,- ¼1992½- fo|ky;h fu‛ifÙk ij futh ,oa ifCyd fo|ky;ksa ds çHkkfork esa
varj dk fo’ys‛k.k- Lora= v/;;u] eSlwj% {ks=h; f’k{kk laLFkku- ikapoka ‘kSf{kd
vuqla/kku losZ{k.k] 1988&92] 2] i`-&1830-
nkfpZaxiqbZ] ¼1989½- vkbt+ksy ds ek/;fed fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh foKku esa fu‛ifÙk]
oSKkfud vfHko`fÙk ,oa leL;k lek/kku {kerk dk v/;;u- ih,p-Mh-] f’k{kk’kkL=]
ukFkZ bZLVuZ fgy ;wuhoflZVh- ikapoka ‘kSf{kd vuqla/kku losZ{k.k] 1988&92] 2] 1239-
lkgk] ,l- ¼2007½- xf.kr ds lanHkZ esa vf/kfo|h; fu‛ifÙk rFkk laKkukRed ‘kSyh ,oa xf.kr
ds Áfr vfHko`fÙk esa laca/k dk v/;;u- tuZy vkWQ bafM;u ,tqds’ku- 2008] 33
¼1½] i`-&90- f’k{kk ladk;- johUnz Hkkjrh fo’ofo|ky;
varjkZ‛Vªh; ‘kks/k&lkfjdk International Abstracts
jhM] ts- ,p- ¼1998½-,d lkeqnkf;d egkfo|ky; ds bfrgkl dkslZ esa ÁkFkfed L=ksr
vfHkys[kksa ds fo’ys‛k.k ,oa O;k[;k] fookniw.kZ rdZ] vkykspukRed fparu ds LoHkko ,oa
fo‛k;&oLrq fu‛ifÙk ij vkykspukRed fparu ds ,d Áfreku dk ÁHkko- dkWyst vkWQ
14
,tqds’ku] ¶YkksfjMk fo’ofo|ky;-http://www.criticalthink-ing.org/resources/JReed-
Dissertation.pdf. 2012/01/21 ls iquZizkIr-
rsyk] ,-] rsyk] ,-] vfndk] ,y- vks- ,oa Vks;kscks] ,e- vks-¼2008½- tukadhdh; pjksa rFkk
Nk=ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ds e/; laca/k- cksRlokuk fo’ofo|ky;- bysDVªkWfud tuZy
vkWQ fjlpZ bu ,tqds’kuy lkbdksykWth-1696&2095] 6¼3½] 709&728]
URL:http://www.positorio.ual.es/jspui/bitstream/10835/634/1/Art_16_201_eng
pdf.2012/01/21 ls iquZizkIr-
osysfunst] ,u-¼1997½- vkSipkfjd rkfdZd ;ksX;rk vkSj fo|ky;h fu‛ifÙk- f’k{kk ladk;]
lkbZizl fo’ofo|ky;- LVMht bu ,tqds’kuy boSY;w,’ku- 23¼2½] 169&185] 1997
URL:http://www2.ucy.ac.cy/~nichri/.../valanideseducationalevaluation2.pdf.
2012/01/21ls iquZizkIr-
‘kCndks’k¼Dictionary½%
ikBd] vkj- lh- ¼2000½- dUlkbt fMDlujh vkWQ fn fgUnh ySaxost- okjk.klh%
HkkxZok cqd fMiks-
cqYds] ,Q- ds- ¼1983½- vaxjsth&fgUnh dks’k] ubZ fnYyh% ,l- pUn ,.M dEiuh lks,Ul-
lh- ds-] Liwuj] ,- ,.M gkWdj] ,l- ¼2001½- dkWEiSDV vkWDlQksMZ fMDlujh% fn
lkWjl ,.M oMZikoj xkbZM- ubZ fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wuhoflZVh izsl-
osclkbZV%
http://www.answer.com
http://www.dartmouth.edu
http://www.en.wikipidia.org
http:// www.eric.ed.gov
http://www.googlebook search.co.in
http://www.google.com
http://www.smithsonianeducatin.org
***
15

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Research report final

  • 1. fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fo"k; esa fu"ifÙk dh rqyukRed vofLFkfr dh tk¡p% ,d vè;;u ij ‘kks/k izfrosnu f’k{kk ladk; vk;ZHkê Kku fo’ofo|ky; iVuk izkIrdÙkkZ% tekdÙkkZ% Qk+nj ¼MkW-½ ,UFkuh jkt] ,l- ts- lqjs’k dqekj lg&izk/;kid] ih,p-Mh- ‘kks/kkFkhZ] lar tsfo;lZ f’k{kk egkfo|ky;] vk;ZHkê Kku fo’ofo|ky;] nh?kk ?kkV] iVuk ehBkiqj] iVuk
  • 2. fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fo"k; esa fu"ifÙk dh rqyukRed vofLFkfr dh tk¡p% ,d vè;;u lqjs’k dqekj ex/k fo'ofo|ky;] cks/kx;k ds f'k{kk LukrdksÙkj ,e ,M- mikf/k dh vkaf'kd iwfrZ gsrq çLrqr y?kq 'kks/k&çca/k 2012
  • 3. fo‛k;&lwph Ø0 la0% i`0 la0 1- vkjs[kksa ,oa rkfydkvksa dh lwph & ii 2- ‘kks/k&lkj & iii 3- izLrkouk ,oa laizR;kRed :ijs[kk & 1 v/;;u dk ewyk/kkj & 2 leL;k dFku & 2 ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk,¡ & 3 lacaf/kr lkfgR; dh leh{kk & 4 4- vuqla/kku&fof/k & 5 vfHkdYi & 5 lef‛V & 5 izfrn’kZ & 5 vfHkdj.k & 5 iznÙk ladyu & 5 5- ifj.kke & 6&11 6- foospuk & 12&13 7- fu‛d‛kZ & 13 8- laLrqfr;k¡ & 13 9- lanHkZ&lwph & 14&15 i
  • 4. vkjs[kksa ,oa rkfydkvksa dh lwph vk0 la0% i`0 la0 1- fo|ky;okj Áfrn’kZ vkdkj & 5 2- rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk çkIrkadksa dk vkSlr forj.k & 6 rk0 la0 1- fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ds varj ds çlj.k fo’ys‛k.k dk lkj& 6 2- fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ds varj ds çlj.k fo’ys‛k.k dk lkj& 7 3- fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ds varj ds çlj.k fo’ys‛k.k dk lkj& 7 4- uoe~ oxZ ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ds varj dk Vh&vuqikr lkj & 8 5- fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds varj ds çlj.k fo’ys‛k.k dk lkj & 8 6- fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksaa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds varj ds çlj.k fo’ys‛k.k dk lkj & 9 7- fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds varj ds çlj.k fo’ys‛k.k dk lkj & 9 8- uoe~ oxZ ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds varj dk Vh&vuqikr lkj & 10 9- 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk vkSj Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds lg&laca/k xq.kkad ewY; dk lkj & 10 10- 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk vkSj Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds lg&laca/k xq.kkad ewY; dk lkj & 11 11- 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk vkSj Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds lg&laca/k xq.kkad ewY; dk lkj & 11 ii
  • 5. ‘kks/k&lkj bl v/;;u dk mís’; fofHkUu izdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fo‛k; esa mudh fu‛ifÙk dh rqyukRed tk¡p djuk FkkA losZ{k.k vuqla/kku ds varxZr vkdfLed izfrn’kZu fof/k ls pqus x, 200 izfrn’kksZa ls ‘kks/kdÙkkZ us LofufeZr o çek.khd`r Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk ijh{k.k ifji= rFkk lk/kuk HkVukxj ds ekud rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ijh{k.k çi= dk ç;ksx fd;kA laxzfgr çnÙkksa ds fo’ys‛k.k ,oa ‘kwU; ifjdYiukvksa ds ijh{k.kksijkar vuqla/kk;d us ik;k fd fo|ky; ds çdkj dk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fo‛k; esa mudh fu‛ifÙk ij lkFkZd çHkko iM+kA lqfo/kkiw.kZ fe’kujh fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fo‛k; esa mudh fu‛ifÙk lcls Js‛B Fkh] ogha futh fo|ky; ds cfuLir~ jktdh; fo|ky; ds fo|kFkhZ rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa Js‛B Fks] ij mudh fu‛ifÙk fuEu FkhA rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fo‛k; esa fu‛ifÙk ij fyaxh; çHkko Hkh iM+k FkkA çk;% lHkh çdkj ds fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fo‛k; esa mudh fu‛ifÙk esa varj Fkk vkSj blesa Nk= Js‛B FksA Nk=kvksa dh fu‛ifÙk Lrj ij fo|ky; ds çdkj dk dksbZ lkFkZd çHkko ns[kus dks ugha feykA tgk¡ rd rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fo‛k; esa fu‛ifÙk ds lacaa/k dh ckr gS rks bu nksuksa esa lkdkjkRed laca/k çkIr gqvk vFkkZr~ mPp rkfdZd ;ksX;rk okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa mPp fu‛ifÙk FkhA iii
  • 6. ÁLrkouk ,oa laçR;kRed :ijs[kk euq‛; dks bZ’oj dh loksZR—‚V ,oa vuqie —fr ekuk tkrk gSA vc ç’u ;g mBrk gS-----fd bl l`f‛V esa fo|eku lkjs tho/kkfj;ksa esa euq‛; gh loksZR—‚V o vuqie D;ksa gS mÙkj Li‛V gS-----D;ksafd euq‛; vU; tho/kkfj;ksa dh rqyuk esa dbZ KkukRed ;ksX;rkvksa ls lEiUu ekuk tkrk gSA og rdZiw.kZ fparu dj ldrk gS] ftEesnkjhiw.kZ fØ;k dj ldrk gS ,oa Hksn dj ldrk gS] le> ldrk gS rFkk ifjfLFkfruqlkj O;ogkj o lek;kstu dj ldrk gSA ;gh fo’ks‛krk,¡ euq‛; dks vU; tho/kkfj;ksa ls vyx o foosd’khy çk.kh cukrh gSaA euq‛; dh ewyHkwr vko’;drk,¡ Hkkstu] oL= ,oa vkokl gSaA budh iwfrZ ds fy, og ç—fr esa vius pkjksa vksj fLFkr oLrqvksa dk fo’ys‛k.k dj lek;kstu dh fLFkfr mRiUu djrk jgrk gS vkSj fo’o dks vius thou ds lgtrk ds vuqdwy cukrk jgrk gSA ij mi;qZDr ;ksX;rkvksa ds ewy esa euq‛; esa fufgr f’k{kk gksrh gS tks mlds fo’ys‛k.kkRed efLr‛d ds fodkl esa lgk;d gksrh gSA varjkZ‛Vªh; f’k{kk vk;ksx ds vuqlkj f’k{kk O;fDr o leqnk; nksuksa dk ân; gSA bldk y{; gS fcuk fdlh Hksn ds O;fDr dh ;ksX;rkvksa] {kerkvksa rFkk l`tukRedrk dk laiw.kZ fodkl] O;fDr ds Lo&thou o O;fDrxr mís’;ksa dh çkfIr ds fy, djukA¼MsDykslZ]1996]i`-la-19½-O;fDr dks vf/kd Lok;Ùkrk] fu.kZ; vkSj O;fDrxr ftEesnkjh ds lkFk Øec)rk ls fdlh dk;Z dks djus rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls l{kerk ls lek;kstu ds fy, rdZ dh {kerk dk gksuk vko’;d gSA f’k{kk gh euq‛; dks rdZiw.kZ fparu ds ;ksX; cukrh gSA bl laKkukRed {kerk dk fodkl fofHkUu fo‛k;ksa ds v/;;u ls gksrk gSA Hkwxksy fo‛k; rdZ ds fodkl esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS D;ksafd blesa fdlh ifj?kVuk ds ?kfVr gksus ls lacaf/kr] D;ksa vkSj dSls dk mÙkj <w¡<k tkrk gS rFkk mlds çHkko dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA blesa rqyukRed v/;;u ij fo’ks‛k cy fn;k tkrk gS] tks rdZ&’kfDr fodflr djrk gSA ;g Hkwxksy f’k{k.k dk mís’; Hkh gSA rdZ dh {kerk tUe ls gh gksrh gS ij lHkh esa ;g leku ugha gksrh gSA f’k{kk blesa ;Fkksfpr ifjo/kZu dj ldrh gSA euq‛; fuR;&çfrfnu vkSipkfjd ;k vukSipkfjd :i ls Kku vftZr djrk jgrk gSA 1
  • 7. O;fDr us {ks= fo’ks‛k esa fdruh n{krk gkfly dh gS] ogh mldh fu‛ifÙk dgh tkrh gSA ;fn f’k{kk ds {ks= esa ;g fu‛ifÙk gks] rks ;g ‘kSf{kd fu‛ifÙk dgykrh gSA O;fDr dh rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ls mldh fu‛ifÙk çHkkfor gksrh gS D;ksafd ftlesa rkfdZd ;ksX;rk vf/kd gksrh gS og fdlh leL;k dks tYnh lqy>k ysrk gS vkSj tks ‘kh?kzrk ls leL;k lqy>k;sxk mldk fu‛ifÙk Lrj LokHkkfod :i ls mPp gksuk pkfg,A ij ;g O;fDr ds fo‛k; fo’ks‛k esa :fp ls çHkkfor gksrk gSA dksbZ foKku fo‛k; esa mPp fu‛ifÙk Lrj j[krk gS] rks dksbZ dyk fo‛k;ksa esaA çLrqr v/;;u blh dh iM+rky djrk gS fd D;k fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk vkSj Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa dksbZ laca/k gS ;k ugha D;k rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ds Lrj ls fu‛ifÙk çHkkfor gksrh gS ;fn gk¡] rks ;g fdl gn rd çHkkfor gksrh gSA D;k fo|ky; ds izdkj ,oa fyax dk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa fu‛ifÙk Lrj ij çHkko iM+rk gS v/;;u dk ewyk/kkj% ek/;fed Lrj dk v/;;udky fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ;g og le; gksrk gS tc mudh ekufld {kerk vf/kd fodflr gks jgh gksrh gSA os bl le; rdZ] fparu ,oa rqyuk }kjk vf/kd lh[kus yxrs gSaA Hkwxksy fo‛k; bu lHkh {kerkvksa ds fodkl esa lgk;d gSA rkfdZd fo‛k; gksus ds dkj.k Hkwxksy fdlh HkkSfrd ?kVuk ds dc] D;ksa ,oa dSls dh [kkst djrk gSA ;g fdlh ?kVuk ds dkj.k&izHkkoksa ds voyksdu] o.kZu ,oa fo’ys‛k.k ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa rdZ’kfDr] vkykspukRed fparu’kfDr vkfn dk fodkl djrk gSA vr% ek/;fed Lrj ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa mi;qDr HkkSxksfyd v/;;u }kjk mijksDr {kerkvksa dk fodkl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A tSlk fd v/;;uksa esa ik;k x;k gS fd futh ,oa fe’kujh fo|ky;ksa esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa fu‛ifÙk dk Lrj ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa ls lkekU;r;k mPp gSA vr% ;g vko’;d gS fd bl varj ds dkj.kksa dks tkuk tk, ,oa mi;qDr igy }kjk bls de fd;k tk,A leL;k dFku% ^^fofHkUu izdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ¼jktdh;] fe’kujh o futh½ ds 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fo"k; esa fu"ifÙk dh rqyukRed tk¡p djuk** FkkA 2
  • 8. ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk,¡% ‘kks/kdÙkkZ us ijh{k.kkFkZ fuEu ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk,¡ fufeZr dh Fkh% 1- fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA 2- fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksaa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esaZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA 3- fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA 4- 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA 5- fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds Hkwxksy ds fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA 6- fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksa ds Hkwxksy ds fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA 7- fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds Hkwxksy ds fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA 8- 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds Hkwxksy ds fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA 9- 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy ds fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds e/; lkFkZd laca/k ugha gSA 10- 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk o Hkwxksy ds fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds e/; lkFkZd laca/k ugha gSA 11- 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk o Hkwxksy ds fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds e/; lkFkZd laca/k ugha gSA 3
  • 9. lacaf/kr lkfgR; dh leh{kk ‘kks/kdÙkkZ us rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa fu‛ifÙk ls lacaf/kr 21 lkfgR;ksa dh leh{kk dh FkhA lkgk] ,l- ¼2007½ us xf.kr ds lanHkZ esa vf/kfo|h; fu‛ifÙk rFkk laKkukRed ‘kSyh ,oa xf.kr ds Áfr vfHko`fÙk esa laca/k ds v/;;u esa xf.kr ds Áfr vuqdwy vfHko`fÙk okys fo|kfFkZ;ksaa dk fu‛ifÙk Lrj mPp ik;k] tks Nk=kvksa esa fuEu FkkA nkfpZaxiqbZ ¼1989½ us vkbt+ksy ds ek/;fed fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh foKku esa fu‛ifÙk] oSKkfud vfHko`fÙk ,oa leL;k lek/kku {kerk ds v/;;u esa foKku fu‛ifÙk] oSKkfud vfHko`fÙk] leL;k lek/kku {kerk rFkk fyax esa lkFkZd laca/k ik;kA lkFk gh mPp lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr] ikfjokfjd lqfo/kk,¡ vkSj fo|ky; ds izdkj dk bl ij lkdkjkRed izHkko iM+rk ik;kA dknj ¼1992½ us fo|ky;h fu‛ifÙk ij futh ,oa ifCyd fo|ky;ksa ds çHkkfork esa varj ds fo’ys‛k.k esa mPp lkekftd Js.kh ds Nk= fuEu lkekftd Js.kh ds Nk=ksa ls vf/kd vf/kfo|h; mUeq[k ik;k rFkk mudh fu‛ifÙk Hkh mPp FkhA futh fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh fu‛ifÙk mPp FkhA osysfunst] ,u- ¼1997½ us vkSipkfjd rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa fo|ky;h fu‛ifÙk ds v/;;u esa Nk=kvksa dk fu‛ifÙk Lrj] Nk=ksa ls m¡pk ik;k] ij rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa ;s Nk=ksa ls ihNs FkhaA ;g Hkh ik;k fd rkfdZd ;ksX;rk dk Lrj] fu‛ifÙk Lrj dh Hkfo‛;ok.kh esa enn djrk gSA jhM] ts- ,p- ¼1998½ us lkeqnkf;d egkfo|ky; ds bfrgkl dkslZ esa ÁkFkfed L=ksr vfHkys[kksa ds fo’ys‛k.k ,oa O;k[;k] fookniw.kZ rdZ] vkykspukRed fparu dh izd`fr ,oa fo‛k;&oLrq fu‛ifÙk ij vkykspukRed fparu ds ,d Áfreku ds ÁHkko ds v/;;u esa ik;k fd Áfreku ds fØ;kUo;u ls bfrgkl fo‛k; ds l=&Kku o fu‛ifÙk dks gkfu ugha gqbZ] oju~ bt+kQk gh gqvkA fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds vkykspukRed fparu ds fodkl ,oa bfrgkl fu‛ifÙk ij vk;q rFkk fyax dk lkFkZd ÁHkko ugha FkkA rsyk] ,- rsyk] ,- vfndk] ,y- vks- ,oa Vks;kscks] ,e- vks- ¼2008½ us tukadhdh; pjksa ,oa Nk=ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa laca/k ds v/;;u esa vk;q] oxZ rFkk fyax dk Nk=ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ij lkFkZd ÁHkko ik;kA mPp vk;q oxZ ds Nk=ksa esa rkfdZd ;ksX;rk dk Lrj mPp FkkA ;g rF; Hkh lkeus vk;k fd tukadhdh; pjksa ds vk/kkj ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk dh Hkfo‛;ok.kh ugha dh tk ldrh gSA 4
  • 10. vuqla/kku fof/k ¼d½ vfHkdYi% p;fur leL;k ds v/;;u gsrq ‘kks/kdÙkkZ us losZ{k.k&fof/k dk p;u fd;k FkkA ¼[k½ lef‛V% iVuk ,oa eqt+Q~Qjiqj ds ljdkjh] fe’kujh ,oa futh ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds leLr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks tula[;k ;k lef‛V ds :i esa p;fur fd;k x;k FkkA ¼x½ çfrn’kZ% vkdfLed Áfrn’kZu Áfof/k }kjk iVuk ds 1 fe’kujh] 1 ljdkjh ,oa 1 futh fo|ky; rFkk eqt+Q~Qjiqj ds 1 ljdkjh fo|ky; ds 9oha d{kk ds 200 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks pquk x;k FkkA vkjs[k la[;k&1 fo|ky;okj Áfrn’kZ vkdkj ¼?k½ vfHkdj.k% çnÙkksa ds ladyu LofufeZr o çek.khd`r Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk ijh{k.k ifji= rFkk lk/kuk HkVukxj }kjk çekihd`r ekud rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ijh{k.k çi= dk iz’kklu dj fd;k x;kA ¼M-½ çnÙk fo’ys‛k.k% laxzfgr çnÙkksa dh lkaf[;dh; tk¡p ,oa fo’ys‛k.k ek/;] ekud fopyu] xq.ku&vk?kw.kZ lg&laca/k] Vh&ijh{k.k ,oa ,Q&ijh{k.k }kjk dh xbZA çnÙkksa ds xfr ,oa ifj’kq)rk ls ifjdyu gsrq vk/kqfud ifjdyu ;a=ksa ;Fkk( lax.kd ¼ekbØkslkW¶V ,Dlsy] ,l- ih- ,l- ,l- lkW¶Vos;jksa½] dSydqysVj vkfn dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA blls çkIr ifj.kkeksa ds vk/kkj ij dfYir ifjdYiukvksa ds lkFkZdrk dh tk¡p dh xbZA 5
  • 11. ifj.kke çLrqr v/;;u mís’;ksa ds vkyksd esa ifj.kkeksa dks ‘kwU; ifjdYiukvksa ds ijh{k.k ifj.kke] rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds vkSlr çkIrkad ds lkjHkwr izLrqr fd;k x;k FkkA vkjs[k la[;k&1 rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk çkIrkadksa dk vkSlr forj.k vkjs[k ls Li‛V gS fd rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa fu‛ifÙk ijh{k.k ds vkSlr çkfIr esa fo|ky; ds vk/kkj ij dkQh varj FkkA fe’kujh fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksas dh vkSlr rkfdZd ;ksX;rk çkfIr lokZf/kd 22.56 jgh] tcfd jktdh; fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vkSlr çkfIr 15.98 FkhA ogha futh fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vkSlr çkfIr lcls de 13.96 jghA fo|ky; ds vk/kkj ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk çkIrkadksa esa Hkh varj ik;k x;k vkSj blesa Hkh fe’kujh fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vkSlr çkfIr lokZf/kd 33.54 FkhA futh fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vkSlr çkfIr 26.86] tcfd jktdh; fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vkSlr çkfIr lcls de 22.01 gh FkhA ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk la[;k&1% fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds uoe~ oxZ ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA Rkkfydk la[;k&1 fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ds varj ds çlj.k fo’ys‛k.k dk lkj çlj.k L=ksr S oxksZa dk ;ksx SS Lora=rk dksfV df ek/;eku oxZ Álj.k MSV ifjdfyr F eku lkFkZdrk ¼ 1 Lrj ij½ Ckkg~; Álj.k&oxZ 2052.70 2 1026.35 55.37 lkFkZd gS vkarfjd Álj.k&oxZ 3651.69 197 18.54 0.01lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 2, 197 Lora=rk dksfV ds fy;s rkfydk ewY;= 6.76 mijksDr rkfydk ls Li‛V gS fd ‘kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk ifjdfyr çlj.k ewY; 55.37 gS] tks 6
  • 12. rkfydk ewY; 6.76 ls vf/kd gSA vr% ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohÑr dh xbZA vFkkZr~ fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa lkFkZd varj FkkA bl varj dh lkFkZdrk dh tk¡p gsrq cuk;h x;h mi&’kwU; ifjdYiukvksa ds ijh{k.k esa varj dh iqf‛V gqbA ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk la[;k&2% fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksaa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA Rkkfydk la[;k &2 fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ds varj ds çlj.k fo’ys‛k.k dk lkj çlj.k L=ksr S oxksZa dk ;ksx SS Lora=rk dksfV df ek/;eku oxZ Álj.k MSV ifjdfyr F eku lkFkZdrk ¼ 1 Lrj ij½ ckg~; Álj.k&oxZ 1240.23 2 620.11 33.79 lkFkZd gS vkarfjd Álj.k&oxZ 2037.39 111 18.34 0.01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 2, 111 Lora=rk dksfV ds fy;s rkfydk ewY;= 6.87 mijksDr rkfydk ls Li‛V gS fd ‘kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk ifjdfyr çlj.k ewY; 33.79 gS] tks rkfydk ewY; 6.87 ls vf/kd gSA vr% ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohÑr dh xbZ gSA vFkkZr~ fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa lkFkZd varj gSA bl varj dh lkFkZdrk dh tk¡p gsrq cuk;h x;h mi&’kwU; ifjdYiukvksa ds ijh{k.k esa varj dh iqf‛V gqbZA ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk la[;k&3% fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA Rkkfydk la[;k&3 fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ds varj ds çlj.k fo’ys‛k.k dk lkj çlj.k L=ksr S oxksZa dk ;ksx SS Lora=rk dksfV df ek/;eku oxZ Álj.k MSV ifjdfyr F eku lkFkZdrk ¼ 1 Lrj ij½ Ckkg~; Álj.k&oxZ 818.55 2 409.28 22.93 lkFkZd gS vkarfjd Álj.k&oxZ 1481.77 83 17.85 0.01lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 2, 83 Lora=rk dksfV ds fy;s rkfydk ewY;= 6.97 mijksDr rkfydk ls Li‛V gS fd ‘kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk ifjdfyr çlj.k ewY; 22.93 gS] tks rkfydk ewY; 6.97 ls vf/kd gSA vr% ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohÑr dh xbZ gSA vFkkZr~ fofHkUu 7
  • 13. çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa lkFkZd varj gSA varj dh bl lkFkZdrk dh tk¡p ds fy;s mi&’kwU; ifjdYiuk,¡ cuk;h x;h Fkha vkSj rhuksa lewgksa ds ikjLifjd varj ds Vh&vuqikr dk ifjdyu fd;k x;k] ftlesa varj dh iqf‛V gqbZA ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk la[;k&4% 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA Rkkfydk la[;k&4 uoe~ oxZ ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ds varj dk Vh&vuqikr lkj fyax dqyko`fÙk N ek/; M ekud fopyu SD ifjdfyr t eku lkFkZdrk (0.05 Lrj ij) Nk= 114 17.75 5.39 2.13 lkFkZd gS Nk=k 86 16.14 5.20 0.05 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 198 Lora=rk dksfV ds fy;s rkfydk ewY;= 1.97 mijksDr rkfydk ls Li‛V gS fd ‘kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk ifjdfyr Vh&vuqikr 2.13 gS] tks rkfydk ewY; 1.97 ls vf/kd gSA vr% mi&’kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohÑr dh xbZ gSA vFkkZr~ 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa lkFkZd varj ik;k x;k FkkA ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk la[;k&5% fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA Rkkfydk la[;k&5 fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds varj ds çlj.k fo’ys‛k.k dk lkj çlj.k L=ksr S oxksZa dk ;ksx SS Lora=rk dksfV df ek/;eku oxZ Álj.k MSV ifjdfyr F eku lkFkZdrk ¼ 1 Lrj ij½ Ckkg~; Álj.k&oxZ 4391.05 2 2195.53 28.59 lkFkZd gS vkarfjd Álj.k&oxZ 15130.93 197 76.81 0.01lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 2, 197 Lora=rk dksfV ds fy;s rkfydk ewY;= 6.76 mijksDr rkfydk ls Li‛V gS fd ‘kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk ifjdfyr çlj.k ewY; 28.59 gS] tks rkfydk ewY; 6.76 ls vf/kd gSA vr% ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohÑr dh xbZ gSA vFkkZr~ fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa lkFkZd varj FkkA 8
  • 14. varj dh bl lkFkZdrk dh tk¡p ds fy;s mi&’kwU; ifjdYiuk,¡ cuk;h x;h Fkh vkSj rhuksa lewgksa ds ikjLifjd varj ds Vh&vuqikr dk ifjdyu fd;k Fkk] ftlesa varj dh iqf‛V gqbZA ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk la[;k&6% fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA Rkkfydk la[;k&6 fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksaa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds varj ds çlj.k fo’ys‛k.k dk lkj çlj.k L=ksr S oxksZa dk ;ksx SS Lora=rk dksfV df ek/;eku oxZ Álj.k MSV ifjdfyr F eku lkFkZdrk ¼ 1 Lrj ij½ Ckkg~; Álj.k&oxZ 4138.00 2 2069.00 28.65 lkFkZd gS vkarfjd Álj.k&oxZ 8016.07 111 72.22 0.01lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 2, 111 Lora=rk dksfV ds fy;s rkfydk ewY;= 6.87 mijksDr rkfydk ls Li‛V gS fd ‘kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk ifjdfyr çlj.k ewY; 28.65 gS] tks rkfydk ewY; 6.87 ls vf/kd gSA vr% ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohÑr dh xbZ gSA vFkkZr~ fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa lkFkZd varj FkkA varj dh bl lkFkZdrk dh tk¡p gsrq mi&’kwU; ifjdYiuk,¡ cuk;h x;h Fkh vkSj rhuksa lewgksa ds ikjLifjd varj ds Vh&vuqikr dk ifjdyu fd;k x;k] ftlesa varj dh iqf‛V gqbZA ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk la[;k&7% fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA Rkkfydk la[;k&7 fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds varj ds çlj.k fo’ys‛k.k dk lkj çlj.k L=ksr S oxksZa dk ;ksx SS Lora=rk dksfV df ek/;eku oxZ Álj.k MSV ifjdfyr F eku lkFkZdrk ¼ 1 Lrj ij½ Ckkg~; Álj.k&oxZ 449.48 2 224.74 2.98 lkFkZd ugha gS vkarfjd Álj.k&oxZ 6263.77 83 75.47 0.01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 2, 83 Lora=rk dksfV ds fy;s rkfydk ewY;= 6.97 mijksDr rkfydk ls Li‛V gS fd ‘kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk ifjdfyr çlj.k ewY; 2.98 gS] tks rkfydk ewY; 6.87 ls de gSA vr% ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk LohÑr dh xbZ gSA vFkkZr~ fofHkUu çdkj ds fo|ky;ksa ds 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha FkkA 9
  • 15. ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk la[;k&8% uoe~ oxZ ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA Rkkfydk la[;k&8 uoe~ oxZ ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds varj dk Vh&vuqikr lkj fyax dqyko`fÙk N ek/; M ekud fopyu SD ifjdfyr t eku lkFkZdrk (0.05 Lrj ij) Nk= 114 27.56 10.37 2.68 lkFkZd gS Nk=k 86 23.91 8.89 0.01lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 198 Lora=rk dksfV ds fy;s rkfydk ewY;= 2.60 mijksDr rkfydk ls Li‛V gS fd ‘kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk ifjdfyr Vh&vuqikr 2.68 gS] tks rkfydk ewY; 2.61 ls vf/kd gSA vr% mi&’kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohÑr dh xbZ gSA vFkkZr~ 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksa ,oa Nk=kvksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa lkFkZd varj ik;k x;k FkkA ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk la[;k&9% 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds e/; dksbZ lkFkZd laca/k ugha gSA Rkkfydk la[;k&9 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk vkSj Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds lg&laca/k xq.kkad ewY; dk lkj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k (N) rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ds çkIrkadksa dk ;ksx (X) Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk ds çkIrkadksa dk ;ksx (Y) rkfdZd ;ksX;rk çkIrkad × fu‛ifÙk çkIrkad (XY) ∑ ∑ lglaca/k xq.kkad eku (r) lkFkZdrk (0.01Lrj ij) 200 3411 5198 93646 63879 154618 0.473 lkFkZd gS 0.01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 198 Lora=rk dksfV ds fy;s rkfydk ewY;= 0.181 mijksDr rkfydk ls Li‛V gS fd ‘kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk ifjdfyr lg&laca/k xq.kkad eku 0.473 gS] tks rkfydk ewY; 0.181 ls vf/kd gSA vr% ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohÑr dh xbZ gSA vFkkZr~ 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds e/; lkFkZd laca/k FkkA 10
  • 16. ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk la[;k&10% 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk vkSj Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds e/; dksbZ lkFkZd laca/k ugha gSA Rkkfydk la[;k&10 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk vkSj Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds e/; lg&laca/k xq.kkad ewY; dk lkj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k (N) rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ds çkIrkadksa dk ;ksx (X) Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk ds çkIrkadksa dk ;ksx (Y) rkfdZd ;ksX;rk çkIrkad × fu‛ifÙk çkIrkad (XY) ∑ ∑ lglaca/k xq.kkad eku (r) lkFkZdrk (0.01 Lrj ij) 114 2023 3142 58459 39177 98752 0.428 lkFkZd gS 0.01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 112 Lora=rk dksfV ds fy;s rkfydk ewY;= 0.240 rkfydk ls Li‛V gS fd ‘kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk ifjdfyr lg&laca/k xq.kkad eku 0.428 gS] tks rkfydk ewY; 0.240 ls vf/kd gSA vr% ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohÑr dh xbZ gSA vFkkZr~ 9oha d{kk ds Nk=ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds e/; lkFkZd laca/k ik;k x;kA ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk la[;k&11% 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk vkSj Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds e/; dksbZ lkFkZd laca/k ugha gSA Rkkfydk la[;k&11 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk vkSj Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds e/; laca/k&xq.kkad ewY; dk lkj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k (N) rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ds çkIrkadksa dk ;ksx (X) Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk ds çkIrkadksa dk ;ksx (Y) rkfdZd ;ksX;rk çkIrkad × fu‛ifÙk çkIrkad (XY) ∑ ∑ lglaca/k xq.kkad eku (r) lkFkZdrk (0.01 Lrj ij) 86 1388 2056 35187 24702 55866 0.510 lkFkZd gS 0.01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 84 Lora=rk dksfV ds fy;s rkfydk ewY;= .275 rkfydk ls Li‛V gS fd ‘kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk ifjdfyr lg&laca/k xq.kkad eku 0.510 gS] tks rkfydk ewY; 0.275 ls vf/kd gSA vr% ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohÑr dh xbZ gSA vFkkZr~ 9oha d{kk ds Nk=kvksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj ds e/; lkFkZd laca/k ik;k x;kA 11
  • 17. foospuk v/;;uksijkar ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk&1] 2] 3 ,oa 4 ds ijh{k.k esa 9oha d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa lkFkZd varj ik;k x;k vkSj bl ij fo|ky; ds çdkj o fyax dk lkFkZd çHkko iM+kA mi&’kwU; ifjdYiukvksa ls Hkh bl ckr dh iqf‛V gqbZ FkhA bldk fo|ky;ksa esa feyus okyh lqfo/kk,¡] f’k{kd dh ;ksX;rk ,oa vf/kxe fof/k ds ç;ksx esa fofo/krk gks ldrh gSA fe’kujh fo|ky;ksa esa ;s lqfo/kk;as vf/kd gksrh gSa rFkk Nk= [kkst] okn&fookn vkfn rkfdZd fo‛k;ksa esa Nk=kvksa dh vis{kk vf/kd :fp j[krs gSaA lkFk gh Nk=ksa dks Nk=kvksa dh vis{kk v/;;u ds fy;s vf/kd le; feyrk gS] ftldk çHkko ifj.kke ij fn[kkA rsyk] ,- rsyk] ,- vfndk] ,y- vks- ,oa Vks;kscks] ,e- vks- ¼2008½ ds tukadhdh; pjksa rFkk Nk=ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa laca/k ds v/;;u ls Hkh bl ckr dh iqf‛V gksrh gSA ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk&5] 6 ,oa 8 ds ijh{k.k esa 9oha d{kk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa lkFkZd varj ik;k x;k vkSj bl ij fo|ky; ds çdkj dk lkFkZd izHkko fn[kkA bldk dkj.k fe’kujh fo|ky;ksa esa jktdh; ,oa futh fo|ky;ksa dh vis{kk mUur vf/kxeu ‘kSfy;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkuk] x`gdk;Z dh ck/;rk] çfrLi/kkZ ,oa lalk/kuksa dh cgqyrk dk gksuk gks ldrk gSA c/kjh] ,u- ¼1991½ ds psaxykiÍw ‘kSf{kd ftyk ds ljdkjh mPp fo|ky;ksa esa fuEu fu‛ifÙk ds dkj.k dh tkap ds v/;;u ls Hkh bldh iqf‛V gkssrh gS] ftlesa ik;k x;k fd Nk=ksa esa Nk=kvksa ls mPp fu‛ifÙk Lrj FkhA ij ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk 7 ds ijh{k.k esa Nk=kvksa ds fu‛ifÙk ij fo|ky; ds izdkj dk dksbZ lkFkZd izHkko ugha fn[kk FkkA ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk&9] 10 ,oa 11 ds ijh{k.k esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy esa fu‛ifÙk Lrj esa lkFkZd laca/k ik;k x;k vkSj ;g lkdkjkRed :i ls lacaf/kr FkkA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fu‛ifÙk dk ,d&nwljs ij çHkko iM+rk gSA ftudh rkfdZd ;ksX;rk mPp Fkh mudh fu‛ifÙk Hkh mPp ik;h xbZA laca/kksa ij fyax dk Hkh lkFkZd izHkko Hkh ns[kus dks feykA ‘kwU; ifjdYiuk&10 ,oa 11 ds ifj.kke ls bldh iqf‛V gqbZA ftudh rkfdZd ;ksX;rk mPp Fkh mudh fu‛ifÙk Hkh mPp ik;h xbZA ij 12
  • 18. Nk=kvksa dh rkfdZd ;ksX;rk Nk=ksa ls de FkhA osysfunst] fudksyl ¼1997½ ds vkSipkfjd rkfdZd ;ksX;rk vkSj fo|ky;h fu‛ifÙk ds v/;;u ls Hkh bl ifj.kke dh iqf‛V gqbZ] ftlesa mUgksaus ik;k Fkk fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vkSipkfjd rkfdZd ;ksX;rk dk mudh fu‛ifÙk ij çHkko iM+rk gSA mPp vkSipkfjd rkfdZd ;ksX;rk okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk fu‛ifÙk Lrj Hkh mPp FkkA Nk=ksa esa ;g Js‛B FkkA bldk dkj.k ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd rkfdZd ;ksX;rk leL;k lek/kku esa fuiq.k cukrk gS vkSj leL;k lek/kku ls fo‛k;&oLrq dh vPNh le> fodflr gksrh gS] tks fu‛ifÙk ds Lrj dks mPp djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA fu‛d‛kZ% leklr% vuqla/kk;d us ik;k fd fo|ky; ds çdkj dk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fo‛k; esa mudh fu‛ifÙk ij lkFkZd çHkko iM+kA lqfo/kkiw.kZ fe’kujh fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fo‛k; esa mudh fu‛ifÙk lcls Js‛B Fkh] ogha futh fo|ky; ds cfuLir~ jktdh; fo|ky; ds fo|kFkhZ rkfdZd ;ksX;rk esa Js‛B Fks] ij mudh fu‛ifÙk fuEu FkhA rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fo‛k; esa fu‛ifÙk ij fyaxh; çHkko Hkh iM+k FkkA çk;% lHkh çdkj ds fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fo‛k; esa mudh fu‛ifÙk esa varj Fkk vkSj blesa Nk= Js‛B FksA Nk=kvksa dh fu‛ifÙk Lrj ij fo|ky; ds çdkj dk dksbZ lkFkZd çHkko ns[kus dks ugha feykA tgk¡ rd rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ,oa Hkwxksy fo‛k; esa fu‛ifÙk ds lacaa/k dh ckr gS rks bu nksuksa esa lkdkjkRed laca/k çkIr gqvk vFkkZr~ mPp rkfdZd ;ksX;rk okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa mPp fu‛ifÙk FkhA laLrqfr;k¡% 1- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks pkfg, fd Hkwxksy fo‛k; ds v/;;u ij ;Fkksfpr nsa D;ksafd ;g foKku ds fo‛k;ksa dh Hkkafr rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ds fodkl esa lgk;d gSA f’k{kd Hkh bls v|ru] uohu v/;kiu ‘kSfy;ksa ,oa f’k{k.k lkefxz;ksa dk ç;ksx dj jkspd cukdj i<+k,¡A 2- f’k{kk foHkkx ,oa f’k{kdksa dks Hkwxksy fo‛k; ls lacaf/kr vko’;d ,oa mi;qDr vf/kxe lalk/kuksa dh lrr~ O;oLFkk djuh pkfg,] rkfd Hkwxksy fo‛k; ds O;ogkfjdrk ds lkFk i<+k;k tk ldsA lkFk gh rdZ ds izf’k{k.k ij Hkh /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A 13 ***
  • 19. lanHkZ&lwph% fdrkcsa% vLFkkuk] ch- ¼2011½- euksfoKku ,oa f’k{kk esa ekiu ,oa ewY;kadu- vkxjk% vxzoky ifCyds’kUl- vLFkkuk] ch-] JhokLro] Hkh- ,oa vLFkkuk] ,u- ¼2011½- ‘kSf{kd vuqla/kku ,oa lkaf[;dh- vkxjk% vxzoky ifCyds’kUl- xSjsV] ,p- bZ- ¼2007½- f’k{kk vkSj euksfoKku esa lk¡f[;dh ds ç;ksx- ubZ fnYyh% dY;k.kh ifCy’klZ- eaxy] ,l- ds- ,oa eaxy] ;w-¼2009½] f’k{kk euksfoKku] ubZ fnYyh% ih-,p-vkbZ- ÁkbosV fyfeVsM- flag] ,- ds- ¼2010½- euksfoKku] lekt’kkL= rFkk f’k{kk esa ‘kks/k fof/k;k¡- fnYyh% eksrhyky cukjlh nkl- flag] vkj- ¼2008½- Hkwxksy f’k{k.k- vkxjk% fouksn iqLrd eafnj- flUgk] ,p- ,l- ¼1996½- f’k{kk euksfoKku- ubZ fnYyh% vVykafVd ifCyds’ku- Ldhuj] lh- bZ- ¼1970½- ,twds’kuy lkbdksykWth- ubZ fnYyh% ÁsafVd&gkWy vkWQ bf.M;k ÁkbosV fyfeVsM- jk"Vªh; ‘kks/k&lkfjdk National Abstracts dknj] ,e- ,- ¼1992½- fo|ky;h fu‛ifÙk ij futh ,oa ifCyd fo|ky;ksa ds çHkkfork esa varj dk fo’ys‛k.k- Lora= v/;;u] eSlwj% {ks=h; f’k{kk laLFkku- ikapoka ‘kSf{kd vuqla/kku losZ{k.k] 1988&92] 2] i`-&1830- nkfpZaxiqbZ] ¼1989½- vkbt+ksy ds ek/;fed fo|ky; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh foKku esa fu‛ifÙk] oSKkfud vfHko`fÙk ,oa leL;k lek/kku {kerk dk v/;;u- ih,p-Mh-] f’k{kk’kkL=] ukFkZ bZLVuZ fgy ;wuhoflZVh- ikapoka ‘kSf{kd vuqla/kku losZ{k.k] 1988&92] 2] 1239- lkgk] ,l- ¼2007½- xf.kr ds lanHkZ esa vf/kfo|h; fu‛ifÙk rFkk laKkukRed ‘kSyh ,oa xf.kr ds Áfr vfHko`fÙk esa laca/k dk v/;;u- tuZy vkWQ bafM;u ,tqds’ku- 2008] 33 ¼1½] i`-&90- f’k{kk ladk;- johUnz Hkkjrh fo’ofo|ky; varjkZ‛Vªh; ‘kks/k&lkfjdk International Abstracts jhM] ts- ,p- ¼1998½-,d lkeqnkf;d egkfo|ky; ds bfrgkl dkslZ esa ÁkFkfed L=ksr vfHkys[kksa ds fo’ys‛k.k ,oa O;k[;k] fookniw.kZ rdZ] vkykspukRed fparu ds LoHkko ,oa fo‛k;&oLrq fu‛ifÙk ij vkykspukRed fparu ds ,d Áfreku dk ÁHkko- dkWyst vkWQ 14
  • 20. ,tqds’ku] ¶YkksfjMk fo’ofo|ky;-http://www.criticalthink-ing.org/resources/JReed- Dissertation.pdf. 2012/01/21 ls iquZizkIr- rsyk] ,-] rsyk] ,-] vfndk] ,y- vks- ,oa Vks;kscks] ,e- vks-¼2008½- tukadhdh; pjksa rFkk Nk=ksa ds rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ds e/; laca/k- cksRlokuk fo’ofo|ky;- bysDVªkWfud tuZy vkWQ fjlpZ bu ,tqds’kuy lkbdksykWth-1696&2095] 6¼3½] 709&728] URL:http://www.positorio.ual.es/jspui/bitstream/10835/634/1/Art_16_201_eng pdf.2012/01/21 ls iquZizkIr- osysfunst] ,u-¼1997½- vkSipkfjd rkfdZd ;ksX;rk vkSj fo|ky;h fu‛ifÙk- f’k{kk ladk;] lkbZizl fo’ofo|ky;- LVMht bu ,tqds’kuy boSY;w,’ku- 23¼2½] 169&185] 1997 URL:http://www2.ucy.ac.cy/~nichri/.../valanideseducationalevaluation2.pdf. 2012/01/21ls iquZizkIr- ‘kCndks’k¼Dictionary½% ikBd] vkj- lh- ¼2000½- dUlkbt fMDlujh vkWQ fn fgUnh ySaxost- okjk.klh% HkkxZok cqd fMiks- cqYds] ,Q- ds- ¼1983½- vaxjsth&fgUnh dks’k] ubZ fnYyh% ,l- pUn ,.M dEiuh lks,Ul- lh- ds-] Liwuj] ,- ,.M gkWdj] ,l- ¼2001½- dkWEiSDV vkWDlQksMZ fMDlujh% fn lkWjl ,.M oMZikoj xkbZM- ubZ fnYyh% vkWDlQksMZ ;wuhoflZVh izsl- osclkbZV% http://www.answer.com http://www.dartmouth.edu http://www.en.wikipidia.org http:// www.eric.ed.gov http://www.googlebook search.co.in http://www.google.com http://www.smithsonianeducatin.org *** 15