2. 2
The MostImportant Things….
Bed bugs do not transmit diseases
Bed bugs are not related to cleanliness
A child from a bed bug infested home should not be shunned from school!
After mostly disappearing in the U.S. in the 1950s, the common bed bug has reappeared
with a vengeance over the past decade.
Purpose of this Pocket Guide
The information in this guide should be used as an outline for school administrators, nurses, teachers, parents
and facility personnel in an effort to aid in the rapid identification and control of bed bugs in public schools,
charter schools, private schools, day care centers, camps and the home environment.
Although bed bugs are most often found in locations where humans sleep, they are expert hitch-hikers, and
maybe inadvertently transported on clothing, back-packs or other belongings to child care centers, schools and a
host of other places. Bed bugs typically arrive in schools as stowaways on student and/or staff belongings. In
most major urban school districts, one or more confirmed specimens are typically found each month. Schools
generally do not experience established, reproducing infestations unless students and/or staff reside at the
school or the school or facility maintains a space within its facilities where humans sleep at night. Most public
schools have no such accommodations.
By nature, bed bugs are stow-a-ways. They enter a school by hiding out in the cracks and crevices of
book bags, computer bags, furniture, clothing, stuffed toys, boxes and other objects. Bed bugs hide
during the day and typically feed at night. Since bed bugs feed on blood, their presence has little to do
with the cleanliness of the school or your home.
Although clutter can provide hiding spaces for bed bugs and make them difficult to treat, bed bugs
can survive for months without feeding. Once bed bugs are established, they can rapidly reproduce
and spread from room to room in homes, apartments, housing projects, hotels and other sleeping
venues. Schools are not a very suitable environment due to the insects feeding habits, however
vigilant observation by classroom teachers can detect an individual insect or two before it becomes
an infestation. Observation and rapid reporting is the key to managing bed bug incidents. Child care
centers and Pre-K’s need to be particularly diligent in this aspect as children tend to play on rugs and
have greater contact between themselves and their environment.
Bedbugs have been known human parasites for thousands of years.
Bed Bug
3. 3
Bed bugs are big news. Bed bugs were a common pest prior to World War II and nearly eradicated during
the era of DDT pesticide use (1940s and 50s). However, bed bugs are now a serious challenge domestically
and globally. This year, the New York Daily News reported almost 10,000 bed bug complaints in New York
marking a 34% annual increase. This resurgence is largely attributed to increased frequency and diversity of
international travel and pesticide resistance.
If you suspect someone is carrying bed bugs into your school:
1. The principal, teacher, supervisor and school nurse should be the first to identify a student or staff
member transporting bed bugs. The utmost discretion and diplomacy should be used in approaching the
individual, keeping in mind their right to dignity and legal considerations, it is very important to address
the issue with care and sensitivity. There is no association between cleanliness and bed bug infestations.
Anyone can transport bed bugs as they are hitchhikers.
2. If a live insect is observed, try and capture it for positive identification (what you think is a bed bug may
not be), while wearing latex gloves grab the insect using a piece of tissue or gauze. It should then be
immediately attached to a piece of clear cellophane or Mylar type sticky tape. The tape with the insect
should be placed on a piece of plain white paper (index card) and then placed in a zip lock bag until it
can be identified. The same method should be used if a dead insect is found. If at all possible, try not to
crush the insect during this process (it is much more difficult to identify a crushed insect).
3. The next step is to determine if the suspect insect is in fact a bed bug. This should generally be left to
the school district’s Integrated Pest Management (IPM) pest control professional. The IPM coordinator
in conjunction with the schools Building Manager, Director of Building and Grounds, Supervisor of
Custodians etc. should quickly arrange for the IPM pest control professional to visit the site and
determine if an insect is a bed bug. Be sure to label the collection bag with the date, name of person
collecting the sample, location where it was found (e.g., on a student, on students belongings, wall,
furniture etc.), school name, principals name and a contact phone number.
4. The pest control vendor will need access to the entire room, personal items, backpack, etc. to determine
the extent of the situation and whether or not the insect is in fact a bed bug. Inspection of the space is
paramount to determining if there is a problem.
5. If the specimen is confirmed to be a bed bug, the principal and school health professional should be
notified immediately. If more than one insect is discovered, student belongings such as backpacks, coat
or personal affects can be isolated in a tight sealing plastic container or bags to help reduce the potential
for bed bug dispersal while the problem is being resolved (do not wait for confirmation to implement
this important step).
6. The Facility Management Team is responsible for overseeing the IPM pest management plan in most
school districts in conjunction with the school principal and the head custodian who is typically the IPM
designated person in the school. Although it is unlikely for bed bugs to be spread in a school
environment, an inspection will be conducted by the district’s licensed IPM pest vendor and if indicated,
bed bug monitoring stations may be placed throughout the space in question to determine and confirm if
there is a need for a space treatment. Treatment of the area where the bed bug was found will be
implemented only after a bed bug monitoring count determines treatment to be necessary.
4. 4
7. The principal is delegated responsibility to mobilize all resources necessary in most schools through the
Superintendent/ Executive Director/ Regional Superintendent and is responsible to keep communication
lines open, providing the facts in a straightforward manner. The Director of Buildings & Grounds or
Building Manager should be responsible in the event of a bed bug incident for keeping a running log of
all work performed pertaining to communications, directives and treatment of a pest problem, including
but not limited to the following:
Notify IPM pest provider technician to make an immediate site visit;
Arrange for immediate inspection of the classroom in which the suspect bed bug is
discovered;
Engage the IPM vendor to carefully inspect the desks, floor, walls and storage area where
students belonging are kept;
The IPM vendor and facility team should inspect crevices in baseboards, pictures, student
work displays, furniture, window and door casings, wallpaper, electrical switch plate
covers, telephones, clocks, wall mounted art work, desks, chairs, etc.;
Look for cast skins, bug feces and eggs near crevices;
The IPM pest vendor should install bed bug monitoring stations in the room if no live
insects are discovered and inspect the bed bug monitors again within 24-48
hours of placement;
After the first inspection is completed, the room should be thoroughly cleaned
with the general purpose cleaner in use in the district and all surfaces washed
down (cleaning compounds are a deterrent to insects), vacuuming with special attention to cracks
and crevices in furniture and equipment, walls and floors, switch plates etc. and laundering of
washables in hot water and drying on the highest heat setting. Vacuum collection bags should be
removed and sealed in plastic and then disposed of outside the school to prevent re-infestation or
movement within the school, in addition the vacuum should be isolated until determined to be
pest free.
The IPM designated person should insure the IPM log book is kept current and provide a
general description of work done on a daily basis during the event;
Note any unusual occurrences and items requiring follow-up or clarification;
Document any health department or PEOSH visitors or inspections;
If the bed bug was found on a student’s clothing or other belongings, parents or guardians
should be notified. There is no need to send the student home. The school administration
depending on the extent of the pest problem may notify students and parents of the individual
classroom of the situation and what to look for. It is normally not necessary to notify the entire
school about the particular incident, however key personnel and staff should be educated about
what to observe and be aware of in this situation. Parents should be directed where to find
additional bed bug control information;
5. 5
The school nurse should manage the case including re-inspecting
belongings, desks, classrooms etc. until the problem is resolved. The
facilities team and IPM designated person can assist and also call in the
professional IPM vendor if necessary;
If multiple insects are discovered, students belongings such as backpacks
and coats can be isolated in a tight sealing plastic containers or bags to
help reduce the potential for bed bug dispersal while the problem is being
resolved; and
Parents of all students in the school where the bed bug was found should be notified and
provided with basic information about bed bugs in general including a description, signs and
symptoms, strategies to monitor for and eliminate infestations in their home. This should include
eliminating clutter, laundering and using specially designed mattress covers and box spring
covers that can entrap bed bugs and reduce harborage opportunities. The information
package should also include sources of assistance especially in multi-housing situations.
6. 6
Public School
Bed Bug
Action Chart
Bed bug
Found at School
Compare insect to images…do
they resemble bedbugs or have
professional identify. Call IPM
vendor for assistance.
ON Students, clothing,
Book bag, lunch box,
coat, belongings, etc.
IN Classroom,
environment,
furnishings, etc.
Explain the hitchhiking concept to the
students. Qualified individuals (IPM
professional and/or Nurse) should examine
clothes, belongings, locker etc. for presence
of bed bugs. Attempt to collect specimen
for confirmatory identification. (Bed Bug
transportation is not a reason to notify
DYFS or any Social Services Agency)
Considersending
parent notification
letterto all students.
Notify students’ parents by
letterand sendparental
educational materials home
with ALL students. Parents
shouldinspect or engage a
pest management professional
to inspect theirhome.
Have trained staff or school
IPM pest professional
inspect room(s) for
evidence of bed bug
infestation. Notify
Facilities Management
Staff.
Determine evidence of
bed bug infestation or if
this is an isolated
incident.
Promote rapid response
by parents to treat the
infestation at home.
Provide educational
materials and guidance if
assistance is necessary.
Evidence
of bed bug
infestation
NO evidence
of bed bug
infestation
Maintain IPM
protocols and continue
to use bed bug
monitors for all spaces
pursuant toyour IPM
plan.
Followschool IPMplanfor
treatment basedupon bedbug
monitoringcount levels.
Notify staffandparents of
bed bug monitoringand
trapping. Treatment if
neededwill be implemented.
If repeated instances occur,
follow local policy and enlist
the assistance of appropriate
agencies as a last resort.
Investigate
other potential
sources of bed
bugs.
Every day, 49 million children attend school in the United States, served by nearly seven
million teachers and staff. But they're not alone; schools are also frequented with a number
of pests, such as cockroaches, mice, dust mites and yes bed bugs. Do NOT PANIC!
7. 7
Bed bugs have been common in U.S. history. Although bed bug populations dropped dramatically during the
mid-20th century, the United States is one of many countries now experiencing an alarming resurgence in the
population of bed bugs. Though the exact cause is not known, experts suspect the resurgence is associated with
increased resistance of bed bugs to available pesticides, greater international and domestic travel, and lack of
knowledge regarding control of bed bugs due to their prolonged absence, and the continuing decline or
elimination of effective pest control programs at state and local public health agencies.
In recent years, public health agencies across the country have been overwhelmed by complaints about bed
bugs. An integrated approach to bed bug control involving federal, state, tribal and local public health
professionals, together with pest management professionals, housing authorities and private citizens, will
promote development and understanding of the best methods for managing and controlling bed bugs and
preventing future infestations. Research, training and public education are critical to an effective strategy for
reducing public health issues associated with the resurgence of bed bug populations.
TREATMENT
The IPM coordinator and Principal will determine if a classroom treatment is
necessary in conjunction with the Director of Building & Grounds, IPM
vendor.
In most cases, the situation will be treated as an isolated incident; treatment
will only require the placement of bed bug monitoring stations and close
observation by the staff and pest control vendor. Through vacuuming and
cleaning of the space should be undertaken.
In the event of an actual infestation, consent should be given to the IPM
vendor to proceed with a IPM non-chemical techniques approved for initial control, steam application is
preferred in most cases, technical material application pursuant to IPM school law dependent on bed bug
monitoring counts may be authorized by appropriate district personnel;
Unless an emergency situation is declared (usually not the norm for bed bugs, 72 hours notice shall be
given to students, staff, and parents before a chemical treatment is performed.) This should be in writing
using the model form in your IPM plan covering all the legal parameters. Communications is key to this;
Re-entry into a chemically treated space is allowed after the time in hours on the label passes, depending
on the technical material applied, the IPM coordinator will advise you;
A follow-up inspection will need to be conducted within 10-14 days to check bed bug monitors and see if
there is any continued activity, another treatment may be necessary; and
Once the area is deemed to be under control, normal everyday activity can continue and separation of
personal items discontinued.
Observation and rapid reporting is the key to managing bed bug incidents.
8. 8
Environmentally PreferredSolutions
While chemicals can kill active bugs, most cannot penetrate the egg or the sticky coating that they are
incased in as they are laid. That is why the most effective way to deal with bed bugs today, is actually a
combination of things, including the use of more environmentally-friendly methods to eradicate insects such as
vacuuming, and steam-cleaning.
Areas showing active signs of infestations should be vacuumed, using a unit with an enclosed, disposable
collection bag. The collection bag should be removed, dropped into a trash bag and sealed, and disposed of
immediately after use to avoid spreading the infestation from one area to another. Vacuuming prior to steaming
and chemical treatment will not only help remove active bugs, but dirt and soil as well, which will allow the
steam or chemicals to penetrate better and improve
their residual effect. Incidentally, use of a HEPA
equipped vacuum is also advisable, since they control
the dispersion of insect allergens as they are being
vacuumed, filtering particles as small as .03 micron
with 99.97% efficiency. Vacuuming alone cannot be
viewed as an effective means of dealing with
infestations however, since bugs in crevices can be
missed and eggs themselves can resist the suction
force, glued in placed when they are laid.
Use of Steam
Bed bugs are very sensitive to heat, which is where
steam applications come into place. Steam cleaning
or heat treatment is actually one of the most effective
means of dealing with infestations. Studies have
shown that temperatures of 40C/104F will kill adult
bed bugs and temperatures of 60C/140F are found to be lethal to bed bug eggs. The advantage of using a
professional steam cleaner is that if used properly, the steam can kill all bed bug stages, including eggs, with
units capable of producing steam up to 248°F.
Another benefit of utilizing a commercial steamer is that doing so can dramatically reduce the amount of
pesticide used and/or the number of pesticide treatments required to address an infestation within a building.
Since heat is the Achilles heel of bed bugs and steam treatment provides such an effective kill rate, the primary
focus of the use of pesticide essentially changes from the primary means of attack, to that of providing residual
kill benefit. Hence, use of a professional-grade, commercial steamer or other forms of heat treatment, is one of
the most effective means of addressing a bed bug infestation in a “socially responsible” manner. It really does
little good to rid a facility of bed bugs, if in doing so you create another set of problems with respect to toxicity
of the area treated. That is why use of a commercial-grade steamer, followed by appropriate chemical treatment
is a much more environmentally preferred means of addressing an infestation. Talk to your IPM professional.
9. 9
Use of Pesticides
Bedbugs can survive for almost a year without feeding, which is one of the reasons irradiating them in an
infested area can be such a challenge. Historically, there have not been many options available when it comes to
ridding facilities of bedbugs, and those that were effective, such as the pesticide DDT, were proven to have
harmful environmental consequences. Relatively common prior to World War II, DDT made bedbugs all but
vanish in the United States by the late 1950s. However, DDT was banned in this country in the 1970s, and that
along with a number of other factors — increases in immigration, globalization, and international travel and
shipments, among others — have contributed to their dramatic resurgence. The problem we have today is that
although there are now less-toxic pesticides available, they have proved to be far less effective in killing and
controlling bedbugs. Fortunately, there are options that are proving to be both effective and safer for the user
and the environment such as professional steam cleaners.
Direct contact and increase heat transfercan be made using a cloth.
Steam Application for Bed Bug control
Before discussing the use of steam cleaners to eradicate bedbugs, it is important that a distinction be made
between retail steam cleaners made for the home consumer and high-end systems made for the industry.
Most retail or consumer steam cleaners are not appropriate for eliminating bedbugs. They do not allow for the
production of low vapor flow and high temperature, both requirements for a steam cleaner to effectively tackle
the bedbug problem.
A unit that is easily adjustable and can produce “dry steam”, which allows for quicker drying times. As
important, the unit should have a continual flow feature (can be filled and refilled while remaining operational),
which is critical in treating bed bugs. Most retail steamers do not offer this feature, which means the user must
stop, refill, and wait for the unit to reheat. During that down period, active bugs can migrate to the area just
steamed, escaping direct contact as the operator begins where he or she left off.
Additionally, most “retail” steamers don’t allow for control of the nozzle flow and produce a jet of steam that
ends up actually blowing the bugs from one area to another on the surface being cleaned.
10. 10
It may be cost effective for school districts with more than 5 schools to invest in a professional grade steam
system. Your custodial team can use it to deep clean and sanitize on a regular basis when not needed for bed
bug usage.
When using a professional grade steamer, pay particular attention to seams and ribbing on beds, chairs, and
other surfaces. Avoid “jet” nozzles, because they can blow the bugs away from the area being treated.
Select steam heads with multiple steam ports or nozzles, including those that allow the entire head to be
wrapped with a cloth; these are the most effective tools for treating bedbugs, because they allow for direct
contact with the surface being treated.
To avoid dilution of the chemical and/or vaporization, always do steam treatments prior to chemical treatments.
While professional steamers are extremely effective in killing all phases of bed bugs, including eggs, the one
disadvantage is that they kill on contact and don’t have “residual” benefit. Specifically, once the surface cools
to below 60 °C/140 °F (the temp where adult bedbugs and eggs are killed), there is no continuing kill benefit.
That is the reason why steam treatment might be followed up by use of a residual pesticide to complete the
control process. Consult your IPM professional.
Fighting bedbugs obviously involves direct spraying of chairs, beds, and other surfaces that people and animals
have extended contact with, and it is important to note that a pesticide should never be used on those surfaces
unless it is specifically labeled for such use.
Due to the very nature of bedbugs, monitoring and regular inspection of the area(s) being treated are important
to ensure that eradication is successful.
It is also worth noting that several treatments are normally necessary to eliminate this persistent bug, and an
integrated cleaning approach using both equipment and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registered
pesticides will produce the most effective results.
Non-pesticide type bedbug monitor to
determine the extent of the problem.
11. 11
Book bags are the most common way for a bedbug to get a ride to school.
On the positive side, schools aren't the most hospitable environment for bed bugs, due to the lack of constant
hosts and feeding opportunities.
Bed bugs prefer to feed undercover of night according to entomologist who study them. That's not to say they
can't survive, but rather that they will not thrive in a school environment.
Younger students, overall, may be more vulnerable due to more personal interaction and sharing of
belongings…the same things that make head lice more prevalent in elementary school.
Treating bed-bugged schools can be easier or harder than treating one at home depending on variables that
include clutter and cooperation.
Schools are not ideal places for bed bugs as they prefer to hide during the day and few people are
around at night. Hungry bed bugs will feedduring the day.
Evening school staff, on breaks in rest areas, may be the first to notice regular bites.
In nearly all cases, careful inspection, vacuuming, laundering and school health and IPM
designated persons case management will be adequate to resolve a confirmed bed bug sighting in
our schools without the need for space heat or steam treatments.
A vacuum is very effective for removing bed bugs, eggs and debris from surfaces and cracks and
crevices;
The vacuum bag should be removed and vacuum should be isolated after use for bed bug control.
The school nurses in our schools are also prepared to look out for bugs and report any sightings. They are also
prepared to talk with families and students if any are found and can explain the hitchhiker method in which bed
bugs travel. If bed bugs are found during the school day on a backpack or clothing item, one easy thing that
can be done is to seal the backpack or clothing in a plastic bag (see picture). Students should never be
banned from school if a bed bug is spotted on them or their belongings.
Book bags can be put in the dryer; the
heat will kill bugs and their eggs.
12. 12
Back-to-SchoolBedBug Prevention 101
Bed bugs feed on people. They do not infest people. They are very much like mosquitoes which feed and then
move off the body to find shelter. The difference being they are hitchhikers. So backpacks and coats rather than
the actual child are the primary vehicles of transmission when it comes to bed bugs at school, and thus should
be the primary focus of the schools defenses.
Encourage students to keep his or her backpack and coat isolated from
other children’s belongings as much as possible. That means avoid tossing
backpacks on a heap of others, and draping coats over the back of a chair
versus in a pile of others or stuffed into a cubby;
Encourage students to keep school bags and coats out of the bedroom and
off the bed and couch. Stray bugs will need to work harder to become
established, potentially falling victim to a vacuum cleaner;
Bed bugs are most likely to be found in the seams and crannies of the
exterior of a student’s backpack. So although books and homework need to come out (and placed on a
table or desk, not the bed or couch), consider isolating the backpacks themselves in a sealed plastic bag
or sealable Tupperware-type container or plastic bin. You may also want to isolate coats in a similar
fashion;
In severe cases put student’s coats and knapsacks into separate sealed bags, or Tupperware-type
containers or plastic bins;
Once a week, encourage students to empty their knapsacks at home, and have the parent inspect items as
they are removed. Remove all crayons and put the bags and coats in the dryer on high for 60 minutes to
kill bugs and eggs; and
Vacuum floors and furniture regularly, discarding the vacuum bag when you’re
done directly to the outside. Isolate the vacuum from the area.
Large zip Bag
Small zip bag
Student coat,
backpack, etc.
sealed in zip
lock bag
Dispose of vacuum bags outside
13. 13
If parents find evidence of bed bugs in their homes, such as bites on themselves or children in the morning, they
should call a professional pest control company. While bed bugs bites are not typically serious, the sooner you
address a potential infestation in the home, the more likely you will be able to eliminate the bed bugs
completely from the home.
Should a child from a bed bug infested home be shunned or excluded from school? Absolutely not! To exclude
that child would be an unconscionable injustice. Realize that children from infested homes do not hold a
monopoly on bringing unwanted 'pests' to school. Teachers, principles, custodial workers and others are just as
likely to ferry bed bugs (and cockroaches) from their own homes as well. There is no real way to determine
how the bed bug hitchhiked into the school; we would never try to find out who brought the mosquito into a
building.
Bed bugs usually congregate in groups, although they can travel on their own up to 100 feet.
Bed Bug Facts
Bed bugs can live several months without feeding.
Bed bugs can reach maturity in as little as one to four months.
Females lay hundreds of eggs over their lifetimes.
Bed bugs do not discriminate.
What are Bed Bugs? Bedbugs are small, flat, wingless insects
with six legs that, just like mosquitoes, feed on blood from
animals or people. They range in color from almost white to
brown, but they turn rusty red after feeding. The common
bedbug doesn't grow much longer than 0.2 inches (0.5
centimeters) and can be seen by the naked eye to the astute
observer.
Bugs walk up ramp
CO 2 cartridge type Bed Bug monitor
14. 14
Feeding Habits
These nocturnal creatures can hide in beds, floors, furniture, wood, and paper trash during the day. We humans
usually become their dinner during the night, with peak biting activity just before dawn. They can obtain their
meal in as little as three minutes, after which they are engorged and drop off the host, then crawl into a hiding
place to digest their meal. Bedbugs can live for months, and can go weeks without feeding.
Signs and Symptoms of Bedbug Bites
Bed Bug bites on human body.
Amazingly, these sneaky little bloodsuckers dine on you without waking you. You don't feel their stealthy bite
because they inject a numbing agent into your body, along with an anticoagulant to keep your blood flowing as
they suck. The first sign of bedbugs may be itchy, red bites on the skin, usually on the arms or shoulders.
Bedbugs tend to leave straight rows of bites.
Treating Bites
Bedbug bites do not usually require treatment. If a secondary infection occurs (usually from scratching), apply a
local antiseptic lotion or antibiotic cream or ointment. Creams with corticosteroids and oral antihistamines may
be advised in the presence of allergic reaction or larger skin reactions. In these more severe cases, you may need
to see your doctor.
Heat: Extreme heat will kill bed bugs. 60 minutes on the hottest setting in a dryer kills eggs
and insects. If taking belongings to a Laundromat sort at home and put loads in a bag—
dispose of the bag once empty. Don’t use the same bag to bring clothes back. Dry cleaning
kills bed bugs but inform the cleaner that the items might be contaminated. If the clothes
won’t be damaged by heat and stains won’t set, put them in a dryer before going to the dry
cleaner. Items such as blankets, pillows, some shoes, children’s plush toys, curtains, rugs, seat
cushions, and fabric bags—if the item can survive heat and tumbling
and it won’t damage the dryer, it can go in a dryer.
Check the lint filter for bed bugs afterwards. It’s another way to confirm their presence.
3 bites are usually together
15. 15
Bed Bug Myths per the US EPA
Myth: You can’t see a bed bug.
False: You should be able to see adult bed bugs, nymphs and eggs with your naked eye.
Myth: Bed bugs live in dirty places.
False: Bed bugs are not attracted to dirt or grime; they are attracted to warmth, blood and carbon dioxide
that humans exhale. Clutter offers more hiding spots for a bed bug and makes them more difficult
to control.
Myth: Bed bugs transmit diseases.
False: There are no cases that indicate bed bugs pass diseases from one host to another. Lab tests have
shown that it is unlikely that the insect is capable of infecting its host.
Myth: Bed bugs won’t come out if the room is brightly lit.
False: While bed bugs prefer darkness,keeping the light on at night will not deter these pests from biting
you.
Myth: Pesticide applications alone will easily eliminate bed bug infestations.
False: Bed bug control can only be maintained through a comprehensive treatment strategy that
incorporates a variety of techniques and vigilant bed bug monitoring. Proper use of pesticides may be one
component of the strategy, but will not eliminate bed bugs alone. Bed bugs have developed resistance to many
commonly used pesticides. Some products and application methods may actually make the problem worse.
Schools should consult a qualified licensed IPM pest management professional upon the discovery of bed bugs or
the suspicion that they are present.
Bed bug first instar on finger.
16. 16
Bedbug nymph feeding on human host
Like fleas,ticks, head lice and mosquitoes, bed bugs feed on blood. Similar to mosquitoes, bed bug abdomens swell
and become brighter red as they feed (see picture above).
Bed Bug Movement
Bed Bugs get into Schools in a variety of ways:
From bugs and eggs that "hitchhiked in" on clothing and student book bags, books, stuffed toys, lunch
boxes and computer bags, etc.;
From infested items (e.g., furniture, clothes) brought into the school, schools are no place for salvaged
sofas and overstuffed chairs someone else disposed of;
From wild animals (e.g. bats, birds, squirrels and rodents) and pets brought in;
Apartment to Apartment then student to student then to school;
Travelers who have stayed at hotels, motels, cruise ships and planes.
It is generally accepted and almost guaranteed that we will see bed bugs show up in public facilities
because they are able to crawl on and travel with a person and this is the case with any type of insect that
has these capabilities. The important thing is for staff members to continue to be observant and
notice and catch the problem before it becomes too big.
Predators
Natural enemies of bedbugs include cockroaches, ants, spiders, mites and centipedes; because these insects are
as undesirable as bed bugs in school buildings, biological pest control is not very practical for eliminating
bedbugs from school buildings.
Blood meal is visible
17. 17
Bed bug inspections must be very thorough. Bed bug hidden next to screw on furniture.
Management
Eradication of bedbugs frequently requires a combination of pesticide and non pesticide approaches. Pesticides
that have historically been found to be effective include: pyrethroids, dichlorvos and Malathion. Resistance to
pesticides has increased significantly over time and there are concerns of negative health effects from their use.
Mechanical approaches such as vacuuming up the insects and heat treating with steam is now the preferred
method in schools. A rapid drop in body temperature of the bedbug using CO2 or nitrogen is sometimes
recommended depending on the particular circumstances incurred.
IPM Methods for Bed Bug Control in Schools:
Inspect suspected areas and surrounding spaces;
Observe students book bags, outer garments and clothes for signs;
Do not allow any second hand items such as sofas or couches or chairs into
your school;
Correctly identify pests so the proper target insect is being addressed;
If bed bugs are discovered or suspected, non-chemical bed bug monitors will be put into place;
Thoroughly clean all items within a classroom and the room itself with a general purpose cleaning
solution and use a vacuum to get into cracks and crevices;
Reduce clutter in the classroom where bed bugs or insects in general can hide;
Eliminate bed bug habitats;
Physically remove bed bugs through cleaning and vacuuming (dispose of vacuum bags and isolate the
vacuum); Pesticides are only to be applied by licensed personnel after bed bug monitoring trap counts
indicate such treatment is required. There must be an active infestation determined by bed bug
monitoring trap counts. Staff cannot bring in sprays from home as it is against the law for a non-licensed
person to apply pesticides in a school;
Document and keep accurate records of application dates and locations in the IPM log book and;
Insure follow up inspections and treatments are carried out as prescribed by the IPM vendor; and
Raise awareness in the school through education on how bed bugs hitchhike.
Bed Bug
19. 19
What should schoolpersonneldo if they find a bedbug on a child’s clothing or in their
belongings?
Bed bugs have spread far and wide through the country and are to be expected in every community regardless
of the population, per capita income, or ethnic/racial makeup of the population.
Very much like mosquitoes, except for a few minutes of contact during which the bugs may feed on blood on
our skin, bed bugs do not remain on a person. Bed bugs are secretive insects. When not feeding, they hide
away in cracks and crevices where they will be less noticed. Whereas most will tend to hide near where a
person sleeps regularly, some may wander into clothing pockets and cuffs, book bags, brief cases, purses,
luggage and anywhere else that affords them shelter. If the item in which one or more may be hiding is then
taken to school or work, then the little stowaways get to ‘see the world’, so to speak.
Should a child from a bed bug infested home be shunned or excluded from school? Absolutely not! Realize
that children from infested homes do not hold a monopoly on bringing unwanted 'pests' to school. Teachers,
principles, custodial workers and others are just as likely to ferry bed bugs (and cockroaches) from their own
homes as well.
So, what can and should be done? First and foremost, educate the kids, their care-givers and the school workers
(including teachers and staff) about bed bugs and the means to manage or eliminate them, stress that they are
hitchhikers. Every school should have a written integrated pest management plan in place. If bed bugs are
suspected in a classroom, the rooms should be inspected, and a specialist should examine any suspected bed
bug. In general, bed bug monitors should be used to determine the presence of bed bugs and the bed bug
monitor count should be used to determine if an insecticide treatment within the school is warranted. Chemical
treatment should be avoided unless absolutely necessary, and virtually never as preventative measure, and only
done based on bed bug monitoring trap counts.
If it is known that a child's home is infested with bed bugs, encourage the child to bring only the required items
to school each day until the problem has been abated. Isolating the child's book bag, coat and other items is an
option, but it may be psychologically damaging to the child and generally unwise. Such an action may backfire,
20. 20
as it will convince others to not be forthcoming about their own problems. Similarly, if the homes of school
personnel are infested, these staff members should take steps to leave their items at home (and to have their
home treated appropriately).
Schools should contact a local school IPM pest specialist to confirm the suspected bed bug’s identity.
Considering that more than half of the specimens are not what they were presumed to be initially, this also
prevents many unnecessary treatments to the school environment. It also ratchets down the fear factor
considerably and prevents unnecessary stress.
CHECKLIST ‐ PREPARING YOUR SCHOOL FOR BED BUG TREATMENT
IPMCoordinatorshouldfacilitate anyrequiredparent‐staff notificationof apending pesticide application(or
notificationafterthe treatmentisdone).
Wrap (or place insealable containers) anyinfesteditemsthatneedtobe moved.
Do not move itemstoanotherroomwithoutfirstinspectingthemthoroughly. Move infesteditemsonlytothe
designatedarea/roomif necessary.
Bag itemsthathave beendesignatedfordrying(carpetsquares,pillows,towels,stuffed animals, bookbags,
computerbags, etc.) and take to laundry.Do notoverloaddryer.Use highheatfor at least45 minutes.Double
bag all itemsrightafterdryinganddo not returnto classroom/office untilthe roomhasbeentreatedor
otherwise determinedtobe bedbugfree.
Inspect items that cannot be laundered/dried (books, electronics, picture frames, plastic toys, etc.)
thoroughly inspected and placed into plastic bags or bins if bed bug free.
Vacuum and wash all floors. Replace vacuum cleaner bag before using the vacuum in other parts of the
school. To prevent bed bugs from escaping, be sure to place the vacuum bag into a plastic bag before
disposing of it.
Disinfect desks and chairs in classrooms. Check carefully for bed bugs in crevices and joints of furniture
Vacuum and wash all floors. To prevent bed bugs from escaping, be sure to place the vacuum bag into
a plastic bag before disposing of it.
Vacuum couches and chairs in offices. Bed bugs are often found in couches and upholstered chairs. If
possible, turn the furniture over or on its side/back and vacuum underneath as well. If there is a dust
cover attached on the underside, pull it back and vacuum areas that will need to be treated.
Double‐bag and discard the vacuum bags in an outdoor trashcan immediately to avoid reintroducing or
spreading any bed bugs caught in the vacuum.
21. 21
Empty lockers and cubby holes that require some chemical treatment. Reduce in storage cabinets that
require treatment. Do not re-use student storage areas without cleaning them first.
Provide access to walls, closets, and areas around furniture
to allow for a thorough inspection and treatment.
Inspecting unusual locations:
Bed bugs may turn up in unexpected places in moderate and
large infestations. If the infestation is large, every object in the
affected area should be carefully inspected.
Bed bugs have been found in such locations as:
Television and other remote controls, in the battery compartment
Telephones, cell and cordless phones
Lamps and alarm clocks
Computers and other electronics
Cardboard boxes in closets and under the bed
Children’s toys and stuffed animals
Jewelry boxes
Brick walls and “popcorn” or other textured ceilings
Books, magazines, newspapers, and files
Inside hollow doors
Ceiling light fixtures, smoke detectors
Heating units, air conditioners and ducts
Wheelchairs
Behind electric outlet cover plates.
Bed Bug hiding in the tab of a dictionary.
Photo by P. Stravino
22. 22
In the bed headboard.
Behind and in crevices of picture frames.
Parent/Guardian Sample Notification Letter to be used if Bed
Bugs are Confirmed to be in a Classroom
(Use appropriate school letterhead)
Dear Parent,
Today, a bed bug was found on your child or in your child’s belongings. While this does not necessarily mean
that the bed bug was brought to school by your child, it is important to your child’s health and to the school
community that you inspect your home for signs of bed bugs. Enclosed you will find information about bed
bugs and an identification guide to help you with your inspection. Once you have inspected your home, please
take the appropriate steps, if needed.
Please understand that bed bugs can be spread to other homes if they are brought to school in backpacks,
clothing, and other belongings. While a school is an unlikely area to be infested, the (insert name of school or
district) are taking all precautions to prevent the spread of this pest.
Bed Bugs found behind electricoutlet coverplate.
plate.
23. 23
Thank you for your cooperation.
Sincerely,
Principal
(This letter is not to be considered notification of an actual pesticide application)
(Use appropriate school letterhead)
Dear Parent or Guardian:
We recently found a bed bug in your child’s classroom. Bed bugs are a nuisance, but their bites are not known
to spread disease. Bed bugs are usually active at night and feed on human blood. The bite does not hurt at first,
but it may become swollen and itch, much like mosquito bites. Watch for clusters of bites, usually in a line, on
exposed areas of the body. If you have medical concerns for you or your child, please contact your primary
care provider.
The source of bed bugs often cannot be determined, as bed bugs may be found in many places including hotels,
planes, and movie theaters. Even though it is unlikely for bed bugs to infest a school, the (insert name of school
of district) will conduct an inspection and, if needed, will implement an integrated pest management plan in the
area where the bed bug was found. The (insert name of school of district) will continue to work to identify bed
bugs, provide thorough inspections of schools, and have licensed pest control specialists assist with pest
management.
Contact your primary care provider or school nurse; (insert the name of your school nurse and phone number
here) for proper care and treatment of bed bug bites.
If you have any questions regarding bed bugs in your school, please contact (add principal’s name and contact
info here). If you have any questions regarding bed bugs found in your home, contact your local health
department.
24. 24
Sincerely,
Principal
(This letter is not to be considered notification of an
actual pesticide application)
THIS IS NOT THE WAY TO ADDRESS A BED BUG PROBLEM!
Cleaner who feared bedbugs is accused of arson after torchingmattress
on 10th floor balcony
BY MELISSA GRACE
DAILY NEWS STAFF WRITER
WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 27TH 2010,
New York City’s bedbugs have become a burning issue,
to the extent cleaner Miriam Ortiz allegedly set fire to a
mattress she thought was infested.
A public housing building cleaner was charged with arson for setting fire in a hallway to a mattress she feared
was infested with bedbugs, officials said. Miriam Ortiz, 36, was to be arraigned on felony arson and reckless
endangerment charges last night for the Sept. 8 blaze in the Manhattanville houses, prosecutors said.
Her bizarre action was rooted in her "fear of bedbugs and laziness," a source said.
She found the mattress in a partially-enclosed hallway on the 10th floor of a 20-story building on W. 126th St.,
used a lighter to ignite it, and fled.
"The fire ... could have ended in tragedy but for the quick response of firefighters," said Department of
Investigation Commissioner Rose Gill Hearn, whose agency investigated.
AP/Orkin
25. 25
Ortiz could have easily called an exterminator and workmen to dispose of the bed, a source said. No one was
hurt in the blaze.
Ortiz, who has worked for the city's Housing Authority since 1999 and earns $39,000 a year, faces up to 7 years
in prison.
Staying at a hotel, resort or taking a luxury cruise?
When traveling, think of the acronym S.L.E.E.P. to remember the following
action steps to help avoid taking bed bugs home with you.
Survey surfaces for signs of an infestation, such as tiny rust-colored spots on bed sheets,
mattress tags and seams, and bed skirts.
Lift and look for all bed bug hiding spots, including underneath the mattress, bed frame,
headboard, and furniture. Typically, they come out at night to feed, but during the day, they are
most likely found within a 5-foot radius of the bed.
Elevate your luggage on a luggage rack away from the bed and wall, since bed bugs can often
hide behind head boards, artwork, picture frames and electrical outlet panels.
Examine your luggage carefully while repacking and when you return home. Always keep
luggage off the bed and store it in a closet or other area, far away from your bedroom.
Place all your clothing from your luggage immediately in the dryer for at least 30 minutes at
the highest setting upon returning home from travel.
27. 27
Illustration by: Scott Charlesworth, Purdue University, based in part on Usinger, R. L. 1966, Monograph of the Cimicidae
References:
Green, T. A. 2010, School IPM A Strategic Plan for IPM in Schools
Frishman, A. 2000, Bed bug basics and control measures. Pest Control 68:24
Greenberg, L. 2000 Pest Notes,Bed Bugs publication 7454 University of California Statewide IPM
US EPA web site
NYC Health Department
NJ Department of Health and Senior Services
Reid, B. 1990 Don’t Let the Bed Bugs Bite. Pest Control 58(6) 48-50.
Pest Control Technician
Mallis Handbook of Pest Control
National Pesticide Information Center
Richard Pollack, PhD, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases Harvard University
Dr. Marguerite R. Leuze RN, Director of Nursing, Newark Public Schools
Anderson A, Leffler K. Bed bug infestation in the news: a picture of an emerging public health
problem in the United States. Journal of Environmental Health. 2008; 70(9):24-7, 52-3.
Special thanks to Tim Boyle, Senior Environmental Specialist, NJ DEP,IPM Pesticide Control
Program Coordinator for contributing his expertise and help editing this document.
28. 28
Non-chemical treatments methods include:
clutter removal
keep non-infested items in sealed plastic bags during the treatment period
keep infested items in sealed plastic bags until they are treated
use of interceptors and barriers to prevent movement of bed bugs
use of soap and water to clean items not damaged by moisture
hot water laundering and high heat drying of washable items
use of dissolvable laundry bags for infested items
use of steam on hard-to-reach and hard to clean areas
use of mattress and box spring encasements
vacuuming visible bed bugs and disposing of live bed bugs
ambient heat treatments to 130º to 140ºF by using approved external heat sources, fans and recording
thermometers to heat all items in the infested area
When deciding on which pest control company to use, here are some questions to ask:
Do your staff members have a pesticide applicators license?
In addition to being registered in King County, all professionals applying restricted pesticides must be licensed by
the Washington State Department of Agriculture. Ask for a copy of their Pest Applicator's License or call the
Washington State Department of Agriculture at 877-301-4555, or check their license at:
http://agr.wa.gov/PestFert/LicensingEd/Search
Do you inspect the dwelling for bed bugs?
The answer should be yes, they will inspect and positively identify that the dwelling has bed bugs before they
recommend and proceed with any type of treatment method.
How I should prepare for a bed bug inspection?
The company should be able to specifically describe how you should prepare for their inspection and treatment
Bed Bugs on a typical metal bed
frame where thebox springrests.
29. 29
including general cleaning and removal of clutter. Be aware that extensive cleaning may disrupt and scatter any
bed bugs.
How long do inspections take?
A thorough inspection can take 1 to 4 hours or more depending on the extent of the infestation and the amount of
clutter. Inspections confirm that there is an infestation by finding live bed bugs and should provide the pest control
operator information on how best to treat problem. A severe infestation can be confirmed in a matter of minutes.
Do you use a HEPA vacuum or dry steam to kill hidden bed bugs and their eggs?
Pest professionals should use a non-pesticide method like vacuuming or steam to kill bed bugs and eggs before
using pesticides. The pest control company should be able to describe both chemical and non-chemical control
methods they normally use. Avoid companies that only use chemicals or pesticides to treat for bed bugs.
Do you locate and eliminate bed bug hiding places?
The pest professional should know how to locate hiding areas, how to clean and seal cracks and holes to
eliminate hiding places. Pest companies may not do this and leave cleaning and prevention to the homeowner or
building manager. Pest professionals can advise you on when and how to eliminate hiding places.
How do you decide where to spray?
The pest professional will identify where bed bugs are hiding and should spray in those areas only. Pesticides
should not be applied randomly throughout your home or to the top of mattresses, sofas or other items where
people have close contact.
Do you talk about safety issues?
Pest professionals must inform residents about the hazards of the chemicals they use, especially where there are
children or expecting parents. They should describe where chemicals will be used, how to avoid contact, and
when it is safe to enter treated areas.
Do you provide MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) or other safety information to customers on the
specific chemicals you use?
You can ask the pest professional to provide you with an information sheet (MSDS or other safety sheet) for each
pesticide they plan to use before the treatment is performed. If you are concerned that you or your belongings
may react to or be affected by the chemical or treatment, discuss this with the pest professional in advance to see
what precautions to take or whether there are safer pesticides, or alternative treatments methods he or she can
use. The pest professional should be able to confirm that the chemicals are registered for bed bug use, both
federally and with the Washington State Department of Agriculture.
Do you schedule return visits to make sure bed bugs are eliminated?
It usually takes several visits (at least two or three) over several weeks to inspect, treat and eliminate bed bugs.
Afterwards, you will still need to monitor for bed bugs returning.
Are infested areasretreated with pesticides whether or not bed bugs are seen?
Pest professionals may treat cracks and other hiding places, but if no bed bugs are visible, avoid the use of
pesticide sprays. Bed bugs are killed when they are sprayed directly; sprays that have dried are not effective.
Dusts approved for bed bugs may placed in inaccessible areas like wall voids and cracks. Visible dusts should be
removed before the room is occupied.
2010 YEAR IN REVIEW
10 Obsessions of 2010
10 Obsessions of 2010
31. 31
9. Silly Bandz
10.
10. Stieg Larsson’s “The Girl”
Like any good outbreak movie, this one starts in New York City. Imagine a montage of newscasters
announcing that the Empire State Building, the United Nations, and Niketown have all been affected. Then
heart-tugging shots of children as reporters announce that city schools are infested. Cut to a street with
mattresses marked "Bedbugs. Do not take!" Reports roll in from other cities, describing bedbugs as a
nationwide epidemic.
How did we get here? For more than 50 years, bedbugs were all but eradicated in the U.S. Then they
returned, and exterminators, unprepared for the onslaught, had to go back as far as WWII for data on how to
stop an infestation. The unwelcome houseguests can live up to a year without feeding, can hide in the tiniest
of crevices, and take several pricey rounds of professional treatments to kill.
No one knows exactly why they are back now in such a big way, but theories include a boom in
international travel (with the bugs hitching rides on planes and in hotel beds); the elimination of pesticides
like DDT, banned in the '70s; and bugs that have developed a resistance to the less dangerous chemicals
currently approved by the EPA. Mix in a society where most of us had never seen a bedbug, and experts
who are frantically relearning how to deal with the pests, and it's easy to see how the problem has spread as
quickly as it has.
In August, Manhattan earned the dubious distinction of being named the most infested city in America,
followed by Philadelphia and Detroit. The city's pest problem made one of David Letterman's Top 10 Lists.
City officials announced a $500,000 initiative to educate and inform residents about the bugs and to better
coordinate efforts by city agencies.
The EPA, which held its first bedbug summit in 2009, continued its campaign to encourage approved
chemicals and treatments and stop the misuse of dangerous banned pesticides sometimes used by those
desperate for relief. The state of Ohio petitioned the EPA for an emergency exemption to use a specific
restricted pesticide, but it was denied.
As the hysteria grows, so does the booming bedbug business. In addition to exterminators, there's money to
be made from bug-sniffing dogs and protective mattress and pillow covers. And yes, there's even an app for
that.
This movie isn't over; we won't see the credits rolling as the sun rises over a bedbug-free Manhattan skyline
just yet. For now, the best we can do is educate ourselves on how to prevent an infestation and be careful,
especially while travelling.
--Melissa O'Neil
32. 32
Inbreeding in Bed Bugs is One Key to Massive Increases in
Infestations
2 days ago 0 Comments
Posted in News,Bed Bugs,PestControl, Environmental Hygiene
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New research on the bed bug’s ability to withstand the genetic bottleneck of inbreeding,announced todayat the American Society of
Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH) annual meeting,provides new clues to explain the rapidly growing problem ofbed bugs
across the United States and globally.
After mostlydisappearing in the U.S. in the 1950s, the common bed bug (Cimexlectularius) has reappeared with a vengeance over the
pastdecade.These stubborn pests have developed a resistance to the insecticides,known as pyrethroids,commonlyused agains t
them.
Scientists atASTMH also offered new insights into infestations in apartmentbuildings and homes;a novel approach for preventing
insecticide resistance;and new information aboutchemical compounds involved in attracting and repelling bed bugs.
While these blood-sucking parasites don’ttransmitdisease,their bites provoke allergic reactions—including inflamed welts and severe
itching—and they pose both a social and economic threatto owners and residents ofapartmentbuildings,hotels and public buildings.
The financial impacthas been substantial.
“New York City alone spends between $10 million and $40 million per year on bed bug control, and these numbers are repeated i n
other major cities across the U.S.,” notes Rajeev Vaidyanathan, PhD, associate director ofvector biologyand zoonotic diseas e atSRI
International.“Over 95 percentof pestcontrol agencies reported bed bugs as a priorityin 2010, thus superseding termites a s the
number one urban pest.” The number ofreported bed bug infestations in single familyhomes,hotel rooms and multi -unithousinghas
increased 10- to 100-fold since those recorded in 1990.Many reasons behind the increases are poorlyunderstood.
One of the newly discovered factors that appears to be contributing to the bed bugs’ effective infestation is their abilityto establish new
infestations through inbreeding.CobySchal, PhD, and Ed Vargo, PhD, entomologists atNorth Carolina State University (NCSU), and
colleagues carried outtwo studies now under peer-review examining the genetics ofbed bugs from three multi-storyapartment
buildings in North Carolina and New Jersey,and determined thatthere were high levels of relatedness within each apartmentand very
low genetic diversity within each building,indicating thatinfestations startfrom justone or two introductions ofthe insect.Being able to
withstand a very high level of inbreeding—i.e.,still produce healthyoffspring—allows the bed bug infestation to expand to other
apartments within the building.
Another study by this team confirmed this same conclusion bas ed on a study of 21 bed bug infestations from Maine to Florida in the
US, nearly all of which came from single rooms within homes.
“Inbreeding gives bed bugs an advantage in being able to colonize,” says Schal.“A single female thathas been mated is able to
colonize and starta new infestation.Her progeny and brothers and sisters can then mate with each other, exponentially expan ding the
33. 33
population.With many organisms,extensive inbreeding would cause serious mutations thatwould eventually bring abouta n end to the
population.” He also noted that cockroach populations are also able to survive inbreeding.
Further evidence of such resilience has been observed in the bed bugs’ resistance to previouslysuccessful insecticide strate gies.
However, new research has revealed that it is possible to “shutdown” the mechanism thatis linked to breaking down the insec ticide
and making the bed bug resistantto pyrethroid insecticides.
For the lastfive years, entomologistKen Haynes,PhD, and colleagues atthe University of Kentucky have been focused on inse cticide
resistance in bed bugs.He and his colleagues,Subba ReddyPalli and Fang Zhu, looked at a way to eliminate this resistance by
targeting specific enzymes inside bed bugs associated with the P450 detoxification system that destroy the insecticides befor e they
reach their molecular target.Rather than attempting to knock out all of the enzymes in the system,the scientists used RNAinterference
againstan enzymatic partner of the P450 family to selectively turn off the system inside bed bugs and preserve the utility o f the
insecticide—in this case deltamethrin.
Other potential options for controlling bed bug populations maylie in identifying and understanding the function of chemical compounds
secreted by the pests.The researchers revealed thatthey are still finding new compounds thatinfluence bed bug behavior .
Vaidyanathan’s group recently isolated seven new compounds thathad never been identified from bed bugs that mightserve as b ed
bug attractants. The researchers noted thatit mightbe possible to develop a trap with a “cocktail” of these bed bug compoun ds to
attract the pests.
Mark Feldlaufer,PhD, an entomologistwith the US DepartmentofAgriculture's Agricultural Research Service,is working to be tter
understand the underlying mechanisms ofthe chemical factors,or pheromones thataffect bed bug behavi or.He has examined the
chemical blueprintof“alarm compounds,” which warn animals ofthe same species thatthere is danger present.These alarm
compounds could be used as “dispersants” during a chemical treatment,therebyexposing more bugs to the treatm ent.
Feldlaufer's research has also recentlyidentified the chemicals associated with the bed bugs’ outer skeleton.His focus is n ow on the
role, if any, of these chemicals in the ability of dogs to sniffout bed bugs.When properlytrained and handled,ca nines are used bypest
managementprofessionals to find bed bugs justas canines are used to find explosives,drugs or lostpeople.
According to Vaidyanathan, “Bed bugs are our oldestroommates.There is even evidence of bed bugs in Pharaonic Egypt.”
Researchers saythe mostrecentUS resurgence ofbed bugs has been caused bya number offactors. “The problems we are seeing
with bed bugs in North America did not happen overnight,” says Vaidyanathan. “They are the consequence ofmultiple repeated
introductions from all over the world.We have the highestconcentration in the history of our species ofhumans living in cities.For as
long as we’ve been standing on two legs,we’ve lived in rural areas.Over the lastten years, the majorityof humans have moved to
urban areas.This is the perfect setting for creating a high densityof mammal nests for bed bugs.Bed bugs do not have wings ;they are
nestparasites,so our own population densityhas helped them to thrive.”
While there is limited genetic diversity within individual infestations,the NCSU team found that there is high genetic diversity across
infestations along the EastCoast;the bed bugs are coming from manydifferentplaces,either from within the U.S. or, more l ikely,from
abroad.Previous studies confirm thatturnover of residents is one ofthe biggestindicators for the presence ofbed bugs and that
increased domestic and international travel is one of the main factors driving bed bug infestations.Bed bugs also feed on ch ickens,and
industrial production ofpoultry is providing the perfect breeding grounds for bed bug populations,according to Vaidyanathan.But
researchers also attribute the spread to the increased introduction ofused furniture and household items into homes.
Rightnow, either insecticides or heattreatmentis used to deal with these infestations.The researchers noted thatinsecticides readily
available to the consumer have generallynot been tested againstbed bugs.Applying heat treatmentinvolves heating the whole home,
or packing all furniture and belongings in a box and heating the objects ata high temperature for one hour, but both are expe nsive
options and notideal for chronic infestations.The researchers called for better education aboutbed bugs,improving existin g detection
methods,and safe and more effective control methods.
“Justas with other global diseases once thoughtunder control and then neglected,bed bugs have shown the ability to resurge in great
numbers once our vigilance wanes,” says Peter J. Hotez, MD, PhD, presidentofASTMH. “To stay one step ahead of bed bugs and
other parasitic organisms,we need to sustain investmentin research for new tools.”
34. 34
Staying at a hotel, resort or taking a luxury cruise?
When traveling, think of the acronym S.L.E.E.P. to remember the following action
steps to help avoid taking bed bugs home with you.
Survey surfaces for signs of an infestation, such as tiny rust-colored spots on bed sheets,
mattress tags and seams, and bed skirts.
Lift and look for all bed bug hiding spots, including underneath the mattress, bed frame,
headboard, and furniture. Typically, they come out at night to feed, but during the day, they are
most likely found within a 5-foot radius of the bed.
35. 35
Elevate your luggage on a luggage rack away from the bed and wall, since bed bugs can often
hide behind head boards, artwork, picture frames and electrical outlet panels.
Examine your luggage carefully while repacking and when you return home. Always keep
luggage off the bed and store it in a closet or other area, far away from your bedroom.
Place all your clothing from your luggage immediately in the dryer for at least 15 minutes at the
highest setting upon returning home from travel.
36. 36
Life Cycle of the Bed Bug
Illustration by: Scott Charlesworth, Purdue University, based in part on Usinger, R. L. 1966, Monograph of the Cimicidae
Inspecting unusual locations:
37. 37
Bed bugs may turn up in unexpected places in moderate and
large infestations. If the infestation is large, every object in the
affected area should be carefully inspected.
Bed bugs have been found in such locations as:
Television and other remote controls, in the battery
compartment
Telephones, cell and cordless phones
Lamps and alarm clocks
Computers and other electronics
Cardboard boxes in closets and under the bed
Children’s toys and stuffed animals
Jewelry boxes
Brick walls and “popcorn” or other textured ceilings
Books, magazines, newspapers, and files
Inside hollow doors
Ceiling light fixtures, smoke detectors
Heating units, air conditioners and ducts
Wheelchairs
Behind electric outlet cover plates.
In the bed headboard.
Behind and in crevices of picture frames.
Bed Bug hiding in the tab of a dictionary.
Photo by P. Stravino
38. 38
Sustainability Efforts to Curb Bed Bugs
Green treatments for bed bugs won’t sacrifice quality or health.
There's nothing like a pestinfestation to interfere with your building's sustainabilitygoals.Luckily,there are a variety of eco-friendly
treatments to address bed bugs withoutsacrificing qualityor human health.
Bed Bugs: The Rundown
It's crucial to understand thatbed bugs are not a sign of sanitaryissues or a problem with your building.They're after one thing: fresh
blood.They thrive in locations where humans sitstill for more than an hour. Multi-family housing,hotels,offices,hospitals,and even
schools are prime locations for bed bugs to camp out.
Bed bugs are a problem with people as much as theyare a problem with an insect. Humans exasperate the problem bytaking in used
furniture, having too much clutter, and not reporting bugs.
Prevention = Green
The truly green approach to bed bugs is having a zero tolerance policy againstthem.A preventive attitude combined with a pl an of
action will greatly reduce the need to resortto chemical eradication.Have an open policy for reporting bugs,schedule regular
inspections,offer awareness training to staff and tenants,and immediatelyreact to potential infestations.
Inspections have the greatestpower of curbing bed bugs.They can be as simple as directing staff,particularlycleaning crews,to
search dailyto scheduling walk-through with a pestmanagementcompany. Dogs can be used particularlyfor large locations or
multiple rooms.These dogs are trained to smell bed bugs and can be useful either as part of preventive practices or after treatment.
The Alternatives
The mosteffective bed bug treatments use integrated pestmanagement,combining conventional products with eco -friendlyalternatives
to thoroughly kill the insects.There are two categories ofgreen solutions:
Bio-based: Bio-based dusts,sprays,hormones,and oils are applied to small areas,like insecticides.For example,diatomaceous earth
and silica aero gel are nontoxic because they kill bugs through a physical process,as opposed to chemical.While safe for hu man
exposure,these treatments are time-consuming and involve multiple applications.
Temperature: Bed bugs die after exposure to extreme levels of heat or cold.Heat treatments use large heaters to raise a room's
temperature.Though expensive,it is an immediatelyeffective, one-day solution.Steam and freeze dry applications are ideal for surface
treatments,such as furniture,mattresses,and baseboards.Unlike dusts and chemicals,however,there is no residual effect.
Conventional Treatments
If your facility is housing bed bugs,you may have doubts abouthow sustainable conventional treatments are.Because traditional
insecticides are designed for limited applications,such as in cracks and crevices,they can be used with a clear conscience.
All insecticides in the U.S. are registered with the Environmental Protection Agency, which provides a material safetydata sheet
(MSDS) and an instruction label.The risk of toxic exposure is drasticallyreduced ifthe directions are followed. There's n o room for
interpretation – if it's not on the label,then you can't do it. Only a professional properlylicensed and trained person should applythem.
Words of Caution
While exterminators can properly use conventional products,they become a serious hazard in the hands ofa flustered school or
building occupant. When untrained individuals use over-the-counter insecticides,especiallyatthe point of desperation,they're
obviouslynot going to read the label. Avoid the do-it-yourselfapproach temptation. You're buying pesticides thatare improper for use,
then misapplying them,spreading bed bugs throughoutthe process,and doing itin an unsafe manner.It's dangerous,the probl em gets
worse,and it costs you more money in the long run. In moststates itis illegal to spray any insecticide in a school unless you are
licensed.
Regardless ofwhich treatments you use or proactive measures you've taken, cooperation is essential atall levels, if everybo dy's on
board and carrying out an effective plan, then bed bugs can be addressed successfully.
39. 39
When a student is dealing with an infestation at home, it is important to be sensitive to their
problem. Although bed bugs have nothing to do with cleanliness or socioeconomic status, there is
still a stigma that can come with having bed bugs. As a result, parents may be hesitant to admit to
having bed bugs, and students may not want others to know they have an infestation at home.
Students living in an infested home mayalso feel anxious or tired during the school day.Schools
should work with the parents of any student living in aninfested home to develop strategies for
preventing the further spread of bed bugs.•Determine if the infested home is being treated. Home
remedies and do-it-yourself treatments are usually insufficient and could cause negative health
effectsor produce potential hazards in the home.•If a parent lacks the financial resources to hire a pest
management professional, they can reference the online resources at:
http://www.michigan.gov/bedbugs.•In an infested home, parents should store their child’s freshly
laundered clothing in sealed plastic bags until they are put on in the morning. This prevents bed bugs
from hiding in the clothing and being carried to school. •Backpacks, lunchboxes, and other items that
travel back and forth to school can also be inspected daily and stored in sealed plastic containers at
home to prevent bed bugs from getting into them. •At school, the student could be provided with plastic
bags or bins in which to store their belongings in order to prevent any bed bugs from spreading to other
students’ belongings. •If bed bugs are finding their way into the school, consider notifying the affected
classes. A sample notification letter is provided at the end of this document.•Continue to use these
measures until successful treatment of thehome has been verified.
When a student is dealing with an infestation at home, it is important to be sensitive to their problem.
Although bed bugs have nothing to do with cleanliness or socioeconomic status, there is still a stigma that
can come with having bed bugs. As a result, parents may be hesitant to admit to having bed bugs, and
students may not want others to know they have an infestation at home. Students living in an infested
home mayalso feel anxious or tired during the school day. Schools should work with the parents of any
student living in an infested home to develop strategies for preventing the further spread of bed bugs.
•Determine if the infested home is being treated. Home remedies and do-it-yourself treatments are usually
insufficient and could cause negative health effects or produce potential hazards in the home.
If a parent lacks the financial resources to hire a pest management professional, they can reference the online
resources at: http://www.michigan.gov/bedbugs.
•In an infested home, parents should store their child’s freshly laundered clothing in sealed plastic bags until
they are put on in the morning. This prevents bed bugs from hiding in the clothing and being carried to school.
•Backpacks, lunchboxes, and other items that travel back and forth to school can also be inspected daily and
stored in sealed plastic containers at home to prevent bed bugs from getting into them.
At school, the student could be provided with plastic bags or bins in which to store their belongings in order to
prevent any bed bugs from spreading to other students’ belongings.
•If bed bugs are finding their way into the school, consider notifying the affected classes. A sample notification
letter is provided at the end of this document.•Continue to use these measures until successful treatment of
thehome has been verified.
