Neurophysiology part 4 Structures Concerned with Movement

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Stephan Van Breenen

Neurophysiology part 4 Structures Conecered with Movement

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Neurophysiology Part 4
Systems and Structures Concerned with Movement

Neurophysiology part 4 Structures Concerned with Movement

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Damage to the spinal cord above the sacral region causes reflex incontinence. This condition causes loss of voluntary control of urination; but the micturition reflex pathway often remains intact, allowing urination to occur without sensation of the need to void Overflow incontinence occurs when a bladder is overly full and bladder pressure exceeds sphincter pressure, resulting in involuntary leakage of urine. Causes often include head injury; spinal injury; multiple sclerosis; diabetes; trauma to the urinary system; and postanesthesia sedatives/hypnotics, tricyclics, and analgesia Hyperreflexia, a life-threatening problem affecting heart rate and blood pressure, is caused by an overly full bladder. It is usually neurogenic in nature; however, it can be caused functionally by blockage Diseases that cause irreversible damage to kidney tissue result in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). uremic syndrome- An increase in nitrogenous wastes in the blood, marked fluid and electrolyte abnormalities, nausea, vomiting, headache, coma, and convulsions characterize this syndrome. As the uremic symptoms worsen, aggressive treatment is indicated for survival Nocturia - awakening to void one or more times at night An excessive output of urine is polyuria. . A urine output that is decreased despite normal intake is called oliguria. increased urine formation (diuresis) a stoma (artificial opening) Urinary Retention. Urinary retention is an accumulation of urine resulting from an inability of the bladder to empty properly. URINE OVERFLOW- The sphincter temporarily opens to allow a small volume of urine (25 to 60 mL) to escape. With retention a patient may void small amounts of urine 2 or 3 times an hour with no real relief of discomfort or may continually dribble urine. pain or burning during urination (dysuria) as urine flows over inflamed tissues blood-tinged urine (hematuria) Urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine that is sufficient to be a problem. It can be either temporary or permanent, continuous or intermittentUrinary elimination depends on the function of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Kidneys remove wastes from the blood to form urine. Ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder holds urine until the urge to urinate develops. Urine leaves the body through the urethra. All organs of the urinary system must be intact and functional for successful removal of urinary wastes. Intact efferent and afferent nerves from the bladder to the spinal cord and brain must be present INTAKE AND OUTPUT OF URINE Assess the patient’s average daily fluid intake. at home, ask him or her to estimate his or her intake by showing a measurement on a commonly used glass or cup Special receptacles (urimeters) that attach between indwelling catheters and drainage bags are a convenient means of accurately measuring urine volume. A urimeter holds 100 to 200 mL of urine. After measuring urine from a urimeter, drain the cylinder

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Male patients confined to bed usually prefer to use the urinal for voiding. The use of a urinal in the standing position facilitates emptying of the bladder If the patient is unable to stand, the urinal may be used in bed. Patients may also use a urinal in the bathroom to facilitate measurement of urinary output. Provide skin care and perineal hygiene after urinal use and maintain a professional manner EQUIPMENT Urinal with end cover (usually attached) Toilet tissue Clean gloves Additional PPE, as indicated ASSESSMENT Assess the patient’s normal elimination habits. Determine why the patient needs to use a urinal, such as a physician’s order for strict bed rest or immobilization. Assess the patient’s degree of limitation and ability to help with activity Assess for activity limitations, such as hip surgery or spinal injury, which would contraindicate certain actions by the patient. Check for the presence of drains, dressings, intravenous fluid infusion sites/equipment, traction, or any other devices that could interfere with the patient’s ability to help with the procedure or that could become dislodged. Assess the characteristics of the urine and the patient’s skin. Document the patient’s tolerance of the activity. Record the amount of urine voided on the intake and output record, if appropriate. Document any other assessments, such as unusual urine characteristics or alterations in the patient’s skin. SPECIAL CONSIDERATION Urinal should not be left in place for extended periods because pressure and irritation to the patient’s skin can result. If patient is unable to use alone or with assistance, consider other interventions, such as commode or external condom catheter. It may be necessary to assist patients who have difficulty holding the urinal in place, such as those with limited upper extremity movement or alteration in mentation, to prevent spillage of urine. The urinal may also be used standing or sitting at the bedside or in the patient’s bathroom, if patient is able to do so.

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When a patient uses a bedpan, promote comfort and normalcy and respect the patient’s privacy as much as possible. Be sure to maintain a professional manner. In addition, provide skin care and perineal hygiene after bedpan use Regular bedpans have a rounded, smooth upper end and a tapered, open lower end. The upper end fits under the patient’s buttocks toward the sacrum, with the open end toward the foot of the bed . A special bedpan called a fracture bedpan is frequently used for patients with fractures of the femur or lower spine Fracture bedpan - used for patients with fractures of the femur or lower spine. The fracture pan has a shallow, narrow upper end with a flat wide rim, and a deeper, open lower end. The upper end fits under the patient’s buttocks toward the sacrum, with the deeper, open lower end toward the foot of the bed. Ordinary Bedpan EQUIPMENTS Bedpan (regular or fracture) Toilet tissue Disposable clean gloves Additional PPE, as indicated Cover for bedpan or urinal (disposable waterproof pad or cover) ASSESSMENT Assess the patient’s normal elimination habits. Determine why the patient needs to use a bedpan (e.g., a medical order for strict bed rest or immobilization). Assess the patient’s degree of limitation and ability to help with activity. Assess for activity limitations, such as hip surgery or spinal injury, which would contraindicate certain actions by the patient. Check for the presence of drains, dressings, intravenous fluid infusion sites/equipment, traction, or any other devices that could interfere with the patient’s ability to help with the procedure or that could become dislodged. Assess the characteristics of the urine and the patient’s skin Assisting With Use of a Bedpan When the Patient Has Limited Movement Patients who are unable to lift themselves onto the bedpan or who have activity limitations that prohibit the required actions can be assisted onto the bedpan in an alternate manner using these actions

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