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Are the Fama and French Factors
Global or Country Specific ?
John M. Griffin / Arizona State University
Speakers: 張博能/ 歐哲源/ 姚博⽂文
The Review of financial Studies Summer 2002 Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 783-803
ⓒ 2002 The Society for Financial Studies
1st group, 2nd presentation, 2015
Financial Management @ NCCU
Main Idea ?
Decomposition
World Factors =
Domestic Factors + Foreign Factors
“
”
Key Result
This paper proposed
1. Portfolio and individual stock
2. In-sample & out-of-sample pricing
3. Two practical applications
# Capital Caculation
# Performance Evaluation
# Additional Foreign Factor lead to pricing error.
# Country-specific model explains the return better.
Agenda
Background introduction |
Related literature | Basic research idea
Today’s presentation
Data & Descriptive statistics |
Sorted portfolios | Individual securities
Out-of-sample evidence |
Additional Evidence | Conclusion
1
2
3
1.
Three-factor model
Related Works
Expect return = Excess market return
+ Size factor (SMB)
+ Book-to-market factor (HMB)
Fama & French (1992,1993,1995,1996,1998)
1
Fama & French (1998)
Global Model = World market return
+ WorldBook-to-market factor (WHMB)
2
Global or Domestic
Important ?
In US stock market,
consider expected return estimates
Global Factors’
model
Country-Specific Factors’
model
8.41%
Difference!
好的模型帶你上天堂
錯誤的模型會提⾼高資本成本
Fama & French’s Factors’
Controversy
BE / ME Effect
Related Works
1
Book-to-the-market equity is spurious.
# Black(1993), Mackinlay(1995)
- Data Mining Bias / Data Snooping Fallacy
# Kothari(1995)
- Selection Biases
BE / ME Effect
Related Works
Book-to-the-market equity captures the
“Risk Factor. ”
# Fama & French (1992,1993,1996)
2
# Chan(1991), Davis(1994), Fama&French(1998)
In addition to US stock’s Market, B/M is
significant in other market in the long run.
Some Critics For
Fama's & French’s Idea
Other critics
Two main groups
1
Size and Book-to-market equity both are due to
inverstors’ overreaction. They [Lakonishok,
Shleifer, and Vishny(1994), Hauge (1995)] argue
that investor systematically overreact to
corporates’ news.
# Underpricing of the Value
# Overpricing of the growth
Other critics
Two main groups
2
Daniel and Titman (1997) challenge the risk-
based interpretation.
Firm characteristics(fundamentals) explain
returns better than Fama & French’s risk factor’s
idea.
# Davis, Fama, French(2000), challenge
Daniel’s and Titman’s idea again.
Fama & French:
“ 我要⼀一個打⼗十個!”
One way to further examine the
empirical validity is to use the
international data.
International data
Related Work
J
apanese stock return has powerful explanation
in characteristic instead of factor loading.
[Daniel, Titman, and Wei(2011)]
Liew and Vassalou (2000) shows that Fama & French’s
model still works in several international markets.
Fama & French (1998) implies that using world two-
factor model lead to explain international expected
return better.
The key point
This paper try to present
World-factor model and country-specific model
would be compared in this research.
B/M-sorted portfolio ,size-sorted portfolio and
individual security data should examined.
1
2
Three empirical models
Our objective work
1
World-factor regression-
rit = αi + bi(WMRFt) + si(WSMBt) + hi(WHMLt) + εi
WMRF: World market return in excess risk-free rate
WSMB: The difference between the returns on
small and large capitalization portfolio.
(SMB, small minus big)
WHML: The difference between the return on high
and low B/M portfolios. (HML, high minus low)
How to approach ?
Other empirical models
World Factors =
Domestic Factors + Foreign Factors
“
”WMRFt = wDt 1
DMRFt + wft 1
FMRT
WSMBt = wDt 1
DSMBt + wft 1
FSMB
WHMLt = wDt 1
DHMLt + wft 1
FHML
We should know,
Something details
egressions’ return is dollars-denominated.
RThe WDt-1 shows that the market capitalisation
of these countries in the sample attributable to the
domestic market in the previous month.
Also, WFt-1 indicates the similar reason that the
previous period foreign capitalisation would affect
the foreign capitalisation in this month.
Three empirical models
Our objective work
2
International factor regression-
rit = αi + εi
+bDi
(wDt 1
DMRFt) + sDi
(wDt 1
DSMBt) + hDi
(wDt 1
DHMLt)
+bFi
(wFt 1
FMRFt) + sFi
(wFt 1
FSMBt) + hFi
(wDt 1
FHMLt)
3
Domestic component driven model-
rit = αi + εi
+bDi
(wDt 1
DMRFt) + sDi
(wDt 1
DSMBt) + hDi
(wDt 1
DHMLt)
The “Big Three” in our work
To sum up,
World-factors regression model
International regression model
Domestic regression model
# Return = World factors
# Return = Domestic Factors + Foreign Factors
# Return = Domestic Factors
2.
Data description
& Descriptive Statistics
項⺫⽬目 來源
樣本國家 美國、加拿⼤大、英國及⽇日本
資料期間 1981.01⾄至1995.12每個⽉月報酬率
1995年⾮非美國樣本公司組成數
國家別 ⽇日本 英國 加拿⼤大
公司數量 1521 1234 631
國家別 ⽇日本 英國 加拿⼤大 美國
公司資料
來源
在PACAP資料庫
中,東京證券交易
所⾮非⾦金融企業
在PACAP資料庫
中,東京證券交易
所⾮非⾦金融企業
多倫多證券交易所
⾮非⾦金融企業。
在CRSP中,
NYSE、AMEX及
NASDAQ的⾮非⾦金融
企業。
Data
Appendix A
將股票的BE/ME按⼤大⼩小依序排列,最⼤大的30 %分類為
High(H),中間40%分類為Medium(M),最⼩小的30 %
分類為Low(L)。
同時將股票資本⼤大⼩小按依序排列,最⼤大的前50 %分
類為Big(B),後⾯面的50 %分類為Small(S)
1
2
Data
Appendix A
透過前兩步驟,可以組合成HS 、MS 、LS 、
HB 、MB及LB。
SMB= ( HS+MS+LS-HB-MB-LB)/3
HML=( HS+MS-LS-LB)/2
L=LS+LB ; H=HS+HB
3
4
Summary Statistics
# 美國的超額報酬與其他國家
超額報酬具⼀一定程度的相關性
# WSMB和WHML因是由樣
本國家組成,所以亦與其對應
的組成國家SMB和HML⾼高度
相關。
# 但各個國家間的SMB與HML
卻低度相關。→在迴歸式中可以
不必考慮國內因⼦子與國外因⼦子間
的共線性問題。
Time-series test
B/M ⾼高低
資本額⼤大⼩小及
B/M⾼高低形成
投資組合
評估

Domestic模型、
International模型
及World模型的表現
實證模型
rit = αi + bi(WMRFt) + si(WSMBt) + hi(WHMLt) + εi
rit = αi + εi
+bDi
(wDt 1
DMRFt) + sDi
(wDt 1
DSMBt) + hDi
(wDt 1
DHMLt)
+bFi
(wFt 1
FMRFt) + sFi
(wFt 1
FSMBt) + hFi
(wDt 1
FHMLt)
rit = αi + εi
+bDi
(wDt 1
DMRFt) + sDi
(wDt 1
DSMBt) + hDi
(wDt 1
DHMLt)
World 模型
International 模型
Domestic 模型
B/M-sorted portfolios
# 在資本⽐比重下⽐比較Domes&c模型與World模型:	
  
Domes&c模型截距項較World模型截距項低 →	
  Domes&c模型較World模型精確評價。	
  
Domes&c模型調整後判定係數較World模型調整後判定係數⾼高
→ Domestic模型解釋能⼒力較World模型⾼高。
B/M-sorted portfolios
#	
  在資本⽐比重下⽐比較Domes&c模型與Interna&onal模型:	
  
Domes&c模型截距項較Interna&onal模型截距項低	
  	
  
→	
  Domes&c模型較Interna&onal模型精確評價	
  
Domes&c模型調整後判定係數較Interna&onal模型調整後判定係數⾼高
→	
  Interna&onal模型解釋能⼒力較Domes&c模型⾼高。
B/M-sorted portfolios
B/M-sorted
Size-sorted
Portfolios
將投資標的根據BE/ME和Size各劃分成5組,因此會有25個
投資組合形成。(加拿⼤大因為企業數量關係,所以僅各劃分
成3組,故只形成9個投資組合)
透過橫斷⾯面資料⾼高報酬投資組合( Size⼩小BE/ME⾼高)與低報
酬投資組合( Size⼤大BE/ME低)的平均報酬差異,我們更能
夠清楚分辨全球與地⽅方模型的差異。
1
2
B/M-sorted
Size-sorted
Portfolios
# 在英國與美國,World模型極端投資組合的截距項差異較domes&c模型來得⼩小
# 相較其他兩者模型,Interna&onal模型下美國、⽇日本及加拿⼤大極端投資組合的分散程度較⼩小	
  
#	
  極端投資組合差異在Interna&onal模型下,加拿⼤大與英國達到統計上顯著⽔水準	
  
B/M-sorted
Size-sorted
Portfolios
# 透過F檢定檢視25個投資組合模型的截距項是否共同為零,
但是結果顯⽰示美國、加拿⼤大及英國的截距項顯著異於零。
B/M-sorted
Size-sorted
Portfolios
B/M-sorted
Size-sorted
Portfolios
# equal-weighted average intercept
美國、英國及加拿⼤大均Domestic模型
較World模型⼩小。
# Value-weighted average intercept
僅美國與加拿⼤大有上述情況。
# equal-weighted average intercept
全部國家均Domestic模型較World模型
⼩小
# Value-weighted average intercept
僅美國、⽇日本與加拿⼤大有上述情況
Unweighted
Factor
Weighted
Factor
B/M-sorted
Size-sorted
Portfolios
B/M-sorted
Size-sorted
Portfolios
解釋能⼒力皆是Domestic模型⾼高於World模型
在weighted factor下:
⼤大部分International模型的解釋能⼒力稍⼤大於Domestic模型
在unweighted factor下:
僅有美國與加拿⼤大International模型稍⼤大於Domestic模型
透過F檢定與無法解釋極端投資組合間平均報酬差異,
我們對於這三者模型的精確度仍然存疑。
⼩小結
然⽽而就這三模型間⽐比較,Domes&c模型是較佳的,雖然
Interna&onal模型的解釋能⼒力較⾼高,但誤差卻相對也提⾼高,
對使⽤用Interna&onal模型的附加價值也會減少。
1
2
Test with individual securities
◇ ⺫⽬目的:測試Domestic模型、 World模型及International
模型對個別股票報酬的解釋能⼒力。
◇ ⽅方法:以每五年為⼀一個觀測期間,⾃自1981年1⽉月起每⽉月計算,
共有132個觀察值,最後⼀一個觀測期間結束於1995年12⽉月
→可以考量到隨著時間經過,捕捉到迴歸式中係數的變化效果
• value&weighted-α-
Domestic World
International
Test with individual securities
Panel&A Panel&B
1981.01.1995.12 1990.01.1995.12&
Test with individual securities
•
Domestic
World
International
Domestic
Test with individual securities
Test with Individual Security
◇ ⺫⽬目的:檢測外國因⼦子的顯著性。
◇ 概念:透過加⼊入外國因⼦子的迴歸式,利⽤用P-值⽅方法,
檢視是否具更短的截距項與更⾼高的調整後判定係數。
◇ 發現:有些模擬迴歸式的截距項較實際迴歸式的
截距項低。實際迴歸式的解釋能⼒力較模擬迴歸式的
解釋能⼒力⾼高。
◇ 結論:具外國因⼦子的迴歸式,其解釋能⼒力稍佳,但是
並不會帶來更精確的結果
Appendix B
Test with Individual Security
美國 ⽇日本 英國 加拿⼤大
全期間
1.62%	
   1.30%	
   0.87%	
   2.97%	
  
1990之後
3.43%	
   0.26%	
   1.89%	
   4.58%	
  
➜ 雖然1990年代後外國因⼦子重要性提⾼高,但⽐比例僅有提⾼高些許,
且佔整體⽐比例很⼩小。
◇ 在解釋變異量⽅方⾯面:
Test with Individual Security
在全部期間(1981-1995) 或是1990年後,我們發現:
就Domestic模型與World模型⽐比較, Domestic模型不管就
解釋能⼒力或預測的精確度⽅方⾯面,表現均較佳。
(在weighted與unweighted下均有類似結論)
就Domestic模型與International模型⽐比較,雖然International模型
解釋能⼒力較好,但增加幅度並不⼤大 ; 另⼀一⽅方⾯面, International模型
的預測誤差較Domestic模型來得⼤大。
1
2
3.
Out-of-sample evaluation
模型的選擇是否對預期報酬估計造成影響?
三種模型在估計預期報酬上有顯著差異?
三種模型在預測誤差上相當⼤大,但domes&c	
  	
  
models	
  誤差較world	
  &	
  interna&onal	
  models	
  ⼩小
哪個模型對實際報酬有較好預測能⼒力?
動態回歸
Out-of-sample Evaluation
動態回歸
Rolling Regression
◇ 問題:模型的選擇是否對預期報酬估計造成影響?
◇ ⽅方法:利⽤用每五年的動態迴歸,並且⽤用個股分別去檢視
三種模型之間的差異。
◇ 不考慮有截距項的迴歸式,因為對期望報酬有更準確
預測能⼒力(Fama and French(1997) and Simin(2000))
◇ ⽤用整個樣本期間的平均報酬代替60個⽉月的平均報酬
(Ferson and Locke(1998))
◇ 結果:模型的選擇,對期望報酬的估計有明顯的差異。
動態回歸
Rolling Regression
(
)
Domestic)v.s.)world Domestic)v.s.)international
U.S 8.41% 7.14%
Japan 6.09% 6.43%
U.K 9.35% 5.33%
Canada 9.14% 6.25%
Out-of-sample evaluation
◇ ⺫⽬目的:哪個模型對實際報酬有較好預測能⼒力?
◇ ⽅方法:Out-of-Sample Evaluation
◇ 優點:此⽅方法對factor loadings所造成的成本上的估計誤差有
較好的評估能⼒力
◇ 舉例:利⽤用此⽅方法,若把foreign factor 加⼊入 domestic model裡,
預測的誤差會更⼤大,這是因為,此⽅方法可以有效評估foreign factor
loadings所造成的誤差
Out-of-sample evaluation
( )
International(6,factors) world domestic
US 9.9% 9.89% 9.87%
Japan 8.89% 8.9% 8.86%
UK 8.16% 8.22% 8.13%
Canada 7.3% 7.33% 7.25%
◇ 結果:三種模型在預測報酬的誤差上都相當⼤大,
但domestic models 誤差較world & international models ⼩小
Additional Evidence
Formation of the world factors
Other International model
Usefulness of factors
Cross-sectional tests
} Domestic
模型較好
} Foreign Factor
解釋⼒力低
Formation of the world factors
➜ 如此⼀一來,的確可以提⾼高world	
  model的解釋能⼒力	
  
但是不管組成國家為哪些,domes&c模型表現⽐比較好。
➜	
  前者分析是透過兩種⽅方式value-­‐weighted和
equal-­‐weighted各形成的三因⼦子模型
➜ 另⼀一種建構size和BE/ME的⽅方法是忽略各國間的差異
➜	
  foreign	
  factor也是以類似的⽅方法建構
Other international model
考量其他兩種international的模型:
1
2
domestic三因⼦子加外國報酬
domestic三因⼦子加外國報酬和對美元匯率的變動因素
➜ 經過迴歸後發現,仍發現domes&c模型的截距最⼩小	
  
➜	
  平均的絕對價格誤差,在world三因⼦子和interna&onal六因⼦子模型中,
都⽐比上⾯面的兩種模型⾼高	
  
➜	
  以上兩個結果都更⽀支持了domes&c	
  model⽐比較好
Usefulness of factors
Time-series test 指出foreign factor 解釋能⼒力不⼤大
投資組合資料個股資料
發現在foreign SMB和HML
間的factor loadings 的相關性
趨近於零且不顯著,也就是說
本期有⾼高的 foreign SMB或
HML loadings,不代表下期也
有!
發現在12個 foreign 係數
中,有9個不顯著,且foreign
HML factor 也是不顯著。聯合檢
定的結果,發現除了加拿⼤大,
其他國家的weighted foreign
SMB 和 HML factors 為不顯著
這些資料結果都說明了foreign factor
解釋能⼒力不⼤大!
Cross-sectional tests
➜ 在前⾯面的結果發現,foreign factor 為不太重要的因⼦子,因此⽤用
cross-sectional分析來看,在second-stage就會導致錯誤的結果
➜ 儘管這樣可能會造成foreign的risk premium上升,但實際出來的
結果,在12個foreign coefficients中,只有1個顯著為正
➜ 因此,利⽤用Cross-sectional分析來看,foreign factor 的確是不太
重要的因⼦子
Conclusion
1
2
沒有⼀一種模型能完整捕捉平均報酬(John M. Griffin),本研究
中所提出的domestic版的三因⼦子模型在解釋時序⽽而造成的報酬
變化有較好解釋能⼒力,所造成的平均誤差也較⼩小
額外的foreign factor 並無好的解釋能⼒力,加了foreign
factor 並不會使平均誤差變⼩小
3
4
在資⾦金成本的估計、績效評估、⾵風險分析上,domestic model
表現⽐比較好
這篇研究並沒有證據⽀支持 Fama and French 三因⼦子模型在
Global 情況下的推廣,⽽而是⽀支持解釋⼒力較好的Country-
Specific 的模型。
Future research should pay more
attention to understanding international
factors precisely to obtain more accurate
cost-of-capital estimates.
Thanks for your time.

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Are the fama and french factors global or country specific?